+

History and Culture of the Hawaiian PeopleAllyx Smith & Taryn McGrew

+Original Colonization of the Hawaiian Islands

Archaeological evidence dates back to as early as 300 CE Polynesian settlers from the Marquesas and

possibly the Society Islands populated the islands between 300-500 CE

A second wave of migration took place from Raiatea and Bora Bora in the 11th century.

The first recorded European contact: 1778- British explorer James Cook

+Polynesian Triangle

The Polynesian Triangle Region of the Pacific Ocean Three island groups at its

corners: Hawaii Easter Island (Rapa Nui) New Zealand

A large imaginary triangle in the Pacific Ocean, encompassing over 1,000 islands.

Polynesia ("many islands")

+Traditional Culture Ancient Hawaiians had a structured social order with kānāwai

(strict regulations and a system of laws) Kapu (sacred or forbidden).

The mō‘ī (king, queen) and his/her ‘aha kuhina (chiefs and advisers) constituted the highest class--mana (divine power).

Below them were the nobility, known as ali‘i.

Next in rank were the kāhuna, priests as well as professionals with specific skills in particular

fields.

Maka‘āinana Common people- mostly farmers

Kauā/Kauwā Outcasts

+Making a Living Agriculture was the biggest industry in Hawaii

Sugar, coconut, and pineapple formed the core of the plantation system.

Plantations were established in the 1820s and 1830s Native Hawaiian men were employed as farm workers while

Hawaiian women worked in the houses of white immigrants as maids and washer women.

Fishing Took place both inshore and offshore. Many fishing techniques were used, each demanding

different equipment and procedures: hand catching, snaring, spearing, basket trapping,

netting, hook and line fishing, and poisoning.

+Hula Dance

Hula or Hawaiian dance, is as much a celebration of life as it is a proud statement of cultural identity.

According to legend, hula originated when Pele, the Hawaiian goddess of fire, commanded her younger sister Laka to dance.

Schools were begun in honor of the goddess of the dance and temples were dedicated to her.

Dancers lived on the temple grounds, subjected to strenuous training regimes and kapu (taboos) befitting the sacred art of hula.

+Hula (con’t) Hula passes along the stories and legends of the

culture to subsequent generations.

Hula kahiko: ancient hula, uses dance and chanting to relate the

proud and somber history, customs, ceremonies and traditions of ancient Hawaii and her people.

Hula auwana: modern hula, is the dance form most people are

familiar with, combining dance and music for a more playful, joyous and spirited recounting of contemporary life in the islands.

Missionaries who arrived in the islands in the 1820s thought the hula to be a little too suggestive and outlawed it as a pagan practice.

+

+Language Hawaiian:

language with the fewest letters in its alphabet a, e, i, o, u, h, k, l, m, n, p, w — 12 in all longer sounding vowels

marked with a bar or macron above the letter Hawaiians call it a kahakö.

Changes the length of the vowels

For example: kala is a type of fish kalä means 'the sun,’ kälä means 'dollar' or 'money.’

English vowels can be lengthened in pronunciation changes the emphasis but not the meaning of the word.

+Religion

Worship of all the powers of nature

There were four main gods: Kane (god of life, fresh water, provider of sunshine) Lono (god of rain, peace, agriculture, and the forest) Ku (god of war and medicine) Kanaloa (god of the ocean and ocean winds).

The Hawaiians believed that these gods took many forms.

Hundreds of lesser gods and goddesses. Pele (goddess of volcanoes) Lea (goddess of women and canoe builders) Laka (goddess of the hula).

+Religion (con’t) Aumakua:

Ancestral guardian spirits/family ancestors who became personal gods of their Ohana.

Prayed to for strength, guidance, and inspiration Appeared as: sharks, lizards, birds, fish, stones, owl, or the

eel.

Heiau: Temples or places of worship

Religions of Hawaiian People Today: Christians Catholics Buddhists many others

+Captain James Cook Three Voyages-

Thousands of Miles Mapped lands from

New Zealand to Hawaii in the Pacific Ocean in great detail.

1778-landed on Kauai at Waimea Bay.

natives believed he was a god, a great chief with divine power.

+Captain Cook (con’t) Cook was killed in a fight with Hawaiians

during his third exploratory voyage in the Pacific in 1779. The Hawaiians greeted Cook and his men by

hurling rocks. The captain and his men fired on the angry

Hawaiians, but they were soon overwhelmed, and only a few managed to escape to safety.

Captain Cook was killed by the mob. A few days later, the Englishmen retaliated

by firing their cannons and muskets at the shore, killing more then 30 Hawaiians

+The Beginning of a Kingdom

Kamehameha I aka ‘The Great’

Full Name- Kalani Pai’ea Wohi o Kaleikui Kaeli’ikui Kamehameha o’ Lolani I Kaiwikapu Kaui Ka Liholiho Kunuiakea

Halley’s Comet 1758

Naha Stone

Kanawai Mamalohoe- “Law of the Splintered Paddle”

+Unification Colonial Alliances

Cook- weapons and advisors

Battles Iao Valley- Maui Nuuanu Pali- Oahu Puukohola Heiau Fortress- Big Island- 1790

Kingdom of Hawaii- 1810 King Kaumualii- Kauai

+Monarchs of Hawaii:Queen Kaahumanu (1772-1832)Kuhina-nui for Kamehameha II

Regent for Kamehameha III

Leadership role in the overthrow of the Kapu systemWith the collapse of the system, she

as a woman could exercise political authority

+Kamehameha II (1797-1824)Liholiho

Split power with Kaahumanu

Broke Kapu Ate with noble

women in view of public

1823- England measles

+Kamehameha III (1814-1854)Kauikeaouli

Last son of Kamehameha the Great to rule

Most difficult time in Hawaiian History Increase in foreign

residents New problems in

trade, credit, land titles, and plague

29 year reign- longest of any Hawaiian monarch

+Kamehameha VI (1834-1863)

First grandson of Kamehameha I to rule

Beginnings of tension over potential annexation by the U.S.

+Kamehameha V (1830-1872)Lot

Last direct descendent of Kamehameha I to rule

Last King to rule in old Hawaiian style

Increased annexation anxiety

Racial troubles

+William Lunalilo (1835-1874) Confirmed King in 1873

Informal popular vote by Hawaiian Legislature

Amended Constitution of 1864 Property rights no

longer needed to vote

Attempted a reciprocity treaty with U.S.– too much protest

Died of tuberculosis after less than a year as ruler.

Left his home to the poor and the needy

+David Kalakaua (1836-1891)

Elected by Hawaiian Legislature in 1874

For the People Filled administrative

positions with Hawaiians

“Merry Monarch”

End of Reign Cabinet overthrown New constitution stripping

power Replaced

+Liliulokalani (1838-1917)

Regent prior to Kalakaua’s death

Rivalry between white businessmen and native politicians

Committee of Safety 1893

1895 Revolt

+ Princess Kaiulani (1875-1899)

Heir to throne Training equal to

European monarchs to be

Traveled widely Learned many

languages

Hawaiian’s “Last Hope”

After annexation- defiant

Died of rheumatism of the heart- March 6, 1899

+Immigrants in Hawaii in the 1900’s

English Cook

Chinese 1852-1856-

thousands 1884- 18,254

Japanese- 1890- 12,610 1900- 61,111 1924- Federal

Exclusion Act

Portuguese 1878-1887- 17,500

+Immigrants (con’t)

Koreans 1903- SS Gaelic 1911-1924- picture

brides

Filipinos 1907-1931-

120,000

Puerto Ricans 1900- Ship Rio de

Janeiro 1950- 10,000

Samoans 1919- Mormon

Temple 1952- 1000 1970’s- 13,000

+Our 50th State:Introducing Business Relationships

1826- Hawaii U.S. Treaty Opened trade relations

1849- Treaty of Friendship, Commerce, and Navigation Aimed for perpetual peace between the two nations Furthered trade privileges

1875- Treaty of Reciprocity Free access to U.S. market U.S. gained lands in Pu’u for Pearl Harbor Naval Base Large American investments in Hawaiian sugar

plantations

+Our 50th State:Annexation

President Grover Cleveland

President William McKinley -1896 June 1897- annexation treaty agreed upon 1898- treaty failed in the Senate – never ratified

Newlands Resolution Joint resolution written by Congressman Francis G.

Newlands Approved July 4, 1898 Signed July 7, 1898

+Our 50th State:Statehood

1950’s- shift of political power in Hawaii Plantation owners vs. Descendents of immigrated laborers

March 1959 Congress passes Hawaii Admission Act President Eisenhower signed the Act into Law

Vote cast to Hawaiian People

Modernization Construction Tourism State Programs

+Important Post-Modern Figures of Hawaii: Duke Kahanamoku

Practiced all throughout youth Studied top Australians

1911- Organized Hui Nalu Club of the Waves

Olympic Trials March 1912

13th- Chicago 100 yard race

15th- Pittsburgh

+Duke Kahanamoku

Five time Olympic medalist in swimming

Most famous name in surfing

Hollywood actor Hero

1925- Newport Beach Boating Tragedy

+Important FiguresDon Ho Hawaiian and traditional

pop musician and entertainer

Hawaiian, Chinese, Portuguese, Dutch, and German heritage

1953- University of Hawaii

1954- Joined U.S. Air Force

1959- left as a First Lieutenant

+Don Ho

One of Hawaii’s biggest entertainers for 40 years

1960’s- Tiny Bubbles

1970’s – TV projects

Don Ho Show

Died April 14, 2007

+Important Figures:Israel Kamakawiwo’ole aka Bruddah’ Iz

Born May 20, 1959 Hawaiian last name

means “Fearless Eyed, Bold Face”

Ukelele Performed as early

as age 10 Facing the Future-

1993 Somewhere Over the

Rainbow/ What a Wonderful World

+ Recycling Tradition: A Hawaiian Case Study Adrienne L. Kaeppler

Beginning in the late 1960s and growing stronger during the past forty years, old forms of Hawaiian structured movement systems have resurfaced in Hawaii.

“Recycling traditions” for the Hawaiians is a main aspect of how they choreograph new styles of dances.

Dancing for Hawaiians is a ritual and a way of expressing religion.

Taking religious movements and transforming them into entertaining dances.

Hula is another structured form of movement which is considered a form of theater and entertainment.

Understanding Hawaiian dances is difficult for most. The dancers use movements that suggest a certain language using specific gestures.

+ The Life of the Land: Missionary geography in the Hawaiian Islands

R.D. K. Herman Argument: Privatization of land in Hawaii due to missionary pressures Benefited foreign investors Native Hawaiians became a landless underclass Missionaries both victims and perpetrators of

the industrial-capitalist power shift

One Eye on the Land, One Eye on the Souls

Missionaries first educated westerners to reside and try to learn the native customs Transitions from

preachertradesmenscholaradvisor to the Crowngovernment figures and businessmen

+ The Life of the Land: Missionary geography in the Hawaiian Islands

R.D. K. Herman 1820’s-1850’s

Missionaries only people with access to printing press

Only Westerners with Hawaiian language ability

Missionaries torn between spirituality and ambition “The people are making progress in civilization,

increasing property” (MH 4/48:140) “As civilization advances…. We find it more and

difficult to keep an assembly together.”

+Conclusions

Regardless of the purpose of the missionaries, the change they brought about raised the material status of living of Hawaiians.

Purpose of the changes were for the benefit of the West

Political and economic greed combined with disease made foreign contact with Hawaii more of a taking relationship than a giving one.

This taking climaxed with the annexation of Hawaii.

+Literature Cited Anissimov, Michael, and Bronwyn Harris. WiseGeek. Conjecture, 02 Nov. 2013. Web. 08 Apr. 2013.

"Captain Cook Killed in Hawaii." History.com. A&E Television Networks, n.d. Web. 08 Apr. 2013.

De Mello, John. "IZ." The Official Site of Israel IZ Kamakawiwo`ole. Apple Mountain Company, n.d. Web.

"Don Ho." 2013. The Biography Channel website. http://www.biography.com/people/don-ho-271668.

"Duke Kahanamoku." Duke Kahanamoku, Official Web Site for The City and County of Honolulu. City and County of Honolulu, n.d. Web.

"HawaiiHistory.org - Hawaii History - Home." HawaiiHistory.org - Hawaii History - Home. N.p., n.d. Web. 08 Apr. 2013.

"Hawaii's Languages | Polynesian Cultural Center." Hawaii's Languages | Polynesian Cultural Center. N.p., n.d. Web. 08 Apr. 2013.

"Hawaii-United States Treaty - 1826." Hawaii-United States Treaty - 1826. N.p., n.d. Web.

"Hawaii-United States Treaty -1849." N.p., n.d. Web.

Herman, R.D. K. "The Life of the Land: Missionary Geography in the Hawaiian Islands." Missiology: An International Review XXXIX.1 (n.d.): 59-74. ATLA Religion Database with ATLASerials. Web.

"Immigrants." Hawaiian Roots: Genealogy for Hawaiians. N.p., n.d. Web.

Kaeppler, Adrienne L. Recycling Tradition: A Hawaiian Case Study. Dance Chronicle , Vol. 27, No. 3 (2004), pp. 293-311

"King Kamehameha 1 and His 4 Statues." Hawaii's Official Tourism Site. Hawaii Tourism Authority, n.d. Web.

"The Monarchy." Hawaiian Roots: Genealogy for Hawaiians. N.p., n.d. Web.

Pitzer, Pat. "Winds of Profound Change Swept over Hawai`i in the 1890s, Turbulent times That Altered the Islands' Future Forever." The Overthrow of the Monarchy. Spirit of Aloha, n.d. Web.

“William Charles Lunalilo." HawaiiHistory.org. Hawaii History, n.d. Web.

+Photos Cited http://lunaticoutpost.com/Topic-The-Bermuda-Triangle-The-Polynesian-Triangle

http://stockphototops.blogspot.com/2012/08/hawaii-beach-stock-photos.html

takemoretrips.blogspot.com/2012/12/hawaii_13

www.travactours.com/tours/hawaii

hawaiiguide.com

http://www.zazzle.com/captain_james_cook_postcards-239468933722212894

http://www.biography.com/people/kamehameha-i-9359827

http://pacific-islander.blogspot.com/2007/05/we-will-remember-you.html

http://ukenewbie.blogspot.com/2011/11/what-pros-play-israel-kamakawiwoole.html

http://archives.starbulletin.com/1999/07/29/sports/story1.html

http://www.imdb.com/media/rm1511628032/tt0477500

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Johnny_Weismuller_and_Duke_Kahanamoku_smiling.jpg

http://www.hawaiiforvisitors.com/monarchy/king-william-lunalilo.htm