HAWAIIANCULTUREGeography

SmallarchipelagolocatedclosetothemiddleofthePacificOcean Fourmainislands:Hawai'i,Maui,Oahu,Kauai MaunaLoa,MaunaKeaandHaleakalaHawaii'sthreetallestmountains(often

snowsinthewintermonths) HotspotbeneaththePacificPlatecreatedHawaii'svolcanicislands. Hotspotremainedstationaryoverthelast40millionyears,theplateabovehasdrifted

westnorthwestatarateofthreeandahalfinchesperyear.Climate

Generally,theHawaiianIslandsaretropical,butthetemperatureandclimatecanvarydramaticallydependingonwhereyouarelocatedonaparticularisland

MostofHawaiihasonlytwoseasonssummer(thesunisalmostdirectlyoverheadandtheweatheriswarmeranddrierandwindsblowreliablyfromthenortheast),kau,fromMaytoOctober,andwinter(thesunislowerinthesouth,thewindsaremorevariableandthereismorerainfallandcloudcover),ho'oliofromNovembertoApril

June,JulyandAugustarethedriestmonths Theeasternfacingsideoftheislandwindwardsidecooler,wetterandwindierside

Thewesternfacingsideoftheislandleewardsidewarmeranddryer Commontoseelightrainfallwhilethesunisshiningbrightly Acommongentlemistingrain,kilihune,

History

PolynesiansfromMarquesasIslanddiscoveredandsettledinHawaiion300AD.TheybuiltHeiautemplestoworshipKu,thegodofwar,andLono,thegodofpeaceandagriculture

in1200AD,theTahitianexplorersinvadedtheislandandmadetheMarquesasianstheirslave.TheybroughtthestoriesandchantsfromwesternPolynesia,whichsoongrewtoincludeeventsanddetailsderivedfromtheirnewhome.

TheTahitiansbroughtwiththemkindsofplantsandanimals,includingtaro,ti,kukuiandnoniwhichareherbsusedtotreatillnesses,olona,`uala(sweetpotato),wauke,limu(seaweed),chickens,pigsanddogs.

TheKapu(taboo)systemwasalsointroducedbytheTahitians IN1778,CaptainJamesCookarrivedinHawaiiwhichmadetheconnectionbetween

HawaiiandtheWest.HenamedHawaiiSandwichIslandinhonoroftheEarlofSandwich.

1810,KamehamehaunitedtheislandsofHawaiiintoonekingdom 1819,Kamehamehasson,KingLiholihoabolishedthekapusystem

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1820,ProtestantmissionariesarrivedinHawaii.Also,Hawaiibecameaportfortrade,seamen,andwhalerswhichcausedtheWhalingindustryinHawaiitoboomandflourish.

ForeignimmigrantscametoHawaiisuchasChinese(1852),Portuguese(1878),Japanese(1890),PuertoRicans(1900),Koreans(1903),Filipinos(1907),andSamoans(1919)whichinfluencedtheHawaiianculture.

SocialandPoliticalStructure

Mo`i,orking:highestauthorityinallarenas ultimateownerofallannualtaxes oversawimportantreligiousritesandactedasleaderduringtimesofwar Toptwoadvisorstothemo`i:kalaimoku,orchiefminister,andthekahunanui,

orhighpriest. Ali`i:holdsthehighestchieflyrankchiefsofallranks,

Allali`iheldtheirpositionatthepleasureofthemo`ibuttheirrankdependedonthecombinedgenealogiesoftheirparents.

Genealogy:Ifahighchiefcouldnotfindawomanofcomparableranktomarry,hemightmarryhissisterorthedaughterofhisbrother.

Achildfromthistypeofunionwouldmaintainahighrankandthestatusofthefamily.Afterthebirthofsuchachild,thehusbandandwifeareallowedtoremarry.

Ali`ioflesserrankwerethechildrenofmenfavoredbyachiefwhohadmarriedwomenofali`ilineage.

Leastrankswerethosecalledali`iduetoaspecialskillorstrength Ali`iintitleonlytheirpositioncouldnotbepassedtotheirchildren.

kapu,orrestrictions:regulatelivesofhighrankingali`i CommonerswererequiredtoprostratethemselvesinthepresenceofAli`i One'sshadowwasnotallowedtofallonthepersonorhouseofanAli`i Nonebutanali`icouldenterhishousebyitsprivatedoorway Anylowerrankingindividualwastokneelinthepresenceofanali`iwhowas

eating. Ali`iwerelookedafterbyattendants

AttendantstotheMo`i:mostoftenhighrankingAli`ithemselvessatwiththeMo`iwhileheate,entertainedhimatnightwithstoriesandgames,lookedafterhisfood,caredforhisreligiousidols,composedchantsforhim,andwatchedoverhimasheslept.

Kahuna:aclassofpriestsandhighlyskilledcraftsmen. Theirmasteryofreligiousritesandpracticespertainedtotheirspecific

profession(ex.canoebuilding). Maka`ainana:largestgroupinHawaiiansocietycommonpeople.

laborersandworkerswhoproducedmostofthegoodsinlife Didconstructionwork,farmed,fished,andfoughtfortheirchiefsduring

wartimes

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Taxedannuallybythemo`iandlocalali`i,payinginkindwithfood,clothingandothergoodsandkeepingathirdofwhattheyproducedforthemselves.

Hadtherighttomovetoadifferentareaorrebelifthelocalrulingali`iwasharshandunfair.

kauwa,oroutcasts:smallgroupatthebottomofthesocialladderwereborntotheirposition.

TempleWorship

TraditionalHawaiianlifestyletiedtospiritualitythattouchedallaspectsofeverydaylife.

Hawaiianculturehighlyritualizedtempleworshiptohonorthemajorakua,orgods. HeiauTemplesorshrines 2forms:walledenclosuresorraisedplatforms.

Madeofstone Hadsmallerwoodenstructures(houses)forparticularfunctionsandan`anu`u

ororacletower. 2maintypesofservices: Mapeleheiau:honoredLonoceremoniesinvokedblessingsforsuccessful

cropsandotherpeacetimeneedspigswereacommonsacrificialanimal. Luakiniheiau:awartemplehonoringKuservicesincludedhumansacrifice.

Largetempleimages: carvedofwood Oftenfiguresstandingwithflexedknees,armsandhandswithmouthsopenin

ateethbaredexpression. FeathergodimagesfoundonlyinHawai`i Othersmallerimages:oftenmadeofstoneadornedsmallerlocalorfamily

shrinessuchasko`a(fishingshrines). Whileworshipoffamilyorlocalgodswasconductedbyindividuals,templeworship

wasperformedbyali`iandpriests,orkahuna. Kahuna:thehighlytrainedcaretakersoftraditionandwisdom.

Specialistsinhealing(kahunalapa`au),diviningthefuture(kahunakilokilo),orinblessingpracticalundertakingslikecanoebuilding(kahunakalaiwa`a).

Politicaladvisorstothechiefsandheldpositionsofgreatpowerwithinsociety. Religiousceremonies:

honoredimportantlifeevents:birth,conception,attainingadulthoodanddeath,canoebuildingorthededicationofnewhomes.

Luakiniceremonies:soughtthegods'blessinginwarfare. MakahikiceremonieshonoredLono,theharvestbountyandtheseasonalreign

ofpeace.CommonGreetings

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GREETINGS

Aloha Greetings,hello,goodbye,affection,love

Alohakakou Alohatoall(includingspeaker)

Alohakaua Alohatoyou(singular)andme

Alohaoe Alohatoyou(singular)

Alohaoukou Alohatoallofyou(plural)

Alohakakahiaka Goodmorning

Alohaawakea Goodmidday(10am2pm)

Aloha`auinala Goodlateafternoon(aftermidday)

Alohaahiahi Goodevening(aroundsunset)

Alohapo Goodnight

Ekomomai Comein,welcome

Komomai Enter,comein

Komomaieai Comein,eat

Nohoilalo Pleasesitdown

`Olu`olukomomai Pleasecomein

Maika`inomahalo Fineindeed,thankyou.(Responseto"Peheaoe?")

`Owaikouinoa? Whatisyourname?

O____ko`uinoa _____ismyname

GOODBYE/PARTINGEXPRESSIONS

Ahuihou Goodbye,untilwemeetagain

Malamapono Takecare,beright

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THANKS

Mahalo Thankyou

Mahalonuiloa Thankyouverymuch

`A`olepilikia Noproblem(Canbearesponsetomahalo)

MISCELLANEOUS

Alohawauia'oe Iloveyou(Note:wauiswithasoft"v")

Ekalamai Pleaseexcuseme

E`olu`olu`oe/`Olu`olu Please

Hau`olilahanau HappyBirthday

Hemeaiki You'rewelcome

Mai`ai Comeandeat

Noka`oi Thebest(thisfollowsanoun)

Clothing

Becauseofclimate,Hawaiianrequirementsforshelterandclothingwereminimal. Basicgarments:

Men:malo,orloincloth, Women:apa`u,orskirt Both:kihei(arectangularshawl) Kapa:abarkclothmadefromwauke,mamaki,oloa,`akala,orhauplantfiberswhere

allthementionedgarmentsweremadeof. Uses:Kapawasusedformanythingsotherthanclothing,includingbeddingor

sheetmaterialandasbannersoraswrappingmaterial. ProducedthroughoutPolynesia Firstsettlersbroughtwaukeplants(papermulberry)withthem KapainHawai`idisplayedawidevarietyoftextures,weightsanddesigns. Techniques:Producingwatermarkswithpatternedbeaters,printingdesigns

withbamboostamps,achievinggreensandblueswithvegetabledyes,andbeatingperfumedfloraintotheclothtoimpartafragrance.

Atleast68individualtypesofkapaproduced(eachwithaspecificname) Kihei:atypeofcloakwornoveroneshoulder. Tileafcapes:providedprotectionagainstcoldorrain.

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Ali`i(Hawaiianchief)worefeathercapes,cloaks,helmetsandlei(floralgarland)assignsofrankandstatus.

Garmentsmadefromfeathersofhundredsorthousandsofbirdsattachedtoameshbacking.

Feathergarmentsusedstrikinggeometricpatterns,mostofteninyellowandred.Sinceonlyafewfeathersweretakenfromeachbirdcaught(thelivebirdwasthenreleased),gatheringthefeathersforonecapecouldtakedecadesorevengenerations.

FoodPreparation

ancienttimes:broiling,boilingandroasting lackedmetalutensilsorceramiccontainers usedwoodenandgourdbowls,stonesandthedryingpowerofthesuntogreateffect taskofmentopreparefoodandmeals

CookingMethods

broiling,grilling,boiling,steamingandroastingTechniquesUsedinCooking

Broilingfoodusinghotcoals(ko`ala)orhotashes(pulehu):commonwaytocookifamealwaspreparedoutinthefieldsawayfromhomeorifthesmallamountoffoodbeingprepareddidnotwarrantuseofalargerearthoven,orimu.

Foodwascookedbybeingspreadoutflatonalevelbedofcoals,oritwaswarmedoverornearafireandperiodicallyturned.

obreadfruitandunripebananas(intheirskins)ootherfoodsneededprotectionfromburning>wrappedintileaves

(laulau)ofishcouldbewrappedinaleafpackage(lawalu)owholefish:alsobebroiledwithoutbeingwrapped

Hawaiiansboiledfoodsbutastheircontainersmadeofwoodorgourdsweresusceptibletoburning,theheatwasintroducedbydroppingheatedstonesintothewaterfilledcontainerratherthanapplyingheattotheoutsideofthecontainer.

ofoodwasplacedinabowlwithwater>stonesaddedORofood&hotstones:placedincontainerinalternatinglayers>water

addedlastogreens(thetopsofnewtaroleavesorthetenderendsofsweetpotato

vines) Roastingandsteamingwereachievedintheimu,orearthenoven.

oprocessofcookinginimu:kaluaooven:shallowpitdugintheground(covered,protectedplaceoroutin

theopeniftheweatherwasfine)opit:filledwithkindlingsurroundedbylargerpiecesofwoodwithfistsized

stonesarrangedoverthewood

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okindling>lit:flameswerefannedbyblowingthroughalengthofbamboo

ofire:hotrocksspread(tocreateanevenfloor)>coveredwithalayerofgrassorleaves(topreventscorchingofthefood)

oTaro,breadfruit,sweetpotatoesandotherfoodsorfoodpackages:arrangedoverstonesandcoveredwithmoreleaves(preferablytileaves)

olastlayerofoldmats&kappa:laidoenoughtimetocookthefood:matsandkapa>peeledoffocookedfood&hotrocks:removed(protectbarehandsbydippingthem

firstinbowlsofcoldwater)ofood:placedincontainers(tocool)>servedcold

Cookingtimeinimudependedonthetypeoffood.osweetpotatoes:2hoursotaro:34hoursochickenorfish:cookedinalaulauortileafpackageorwithoutany

wrappingowholechickens/otherfowl:specialconeshapedstones>heated&

placedinbodycavityopig:cookedwholewithhotstonesaddedtoabdominal&thoracic

cavities(cookingspeededbyaddingheattobothinsideandoutsideofanimal)

olargepigs:notcookedinanimu>afterbeingdressed,theirinsidefleshwassalted&hotrocksplacedinside>wholebody:wrappedinoldkapa&mats>placedonapoiboardfor48hours>cookedmeat:removedfrominsideoutward

osalt:helpsmeatstaypreservedforaconsiderabletimeDiningEtiquettes

Inahomesetting,ithasbeenatraditionforgueststobringfood,usuallydessert. Guestsareexpectedtomakeplateortakeplatewhichmeansthattheymustbring

homesomefood.Thisisdonetolessenthehostsjobincleaningupleftovers. Whenoffered,atleasttastepoiwithyourfingers(2fingerstyle:middlefingerand

pointer) Usehandswheneating.Whenfooditemisextremelyhot,theyusepointedsticksto

getaholdofthefooditem. Theyateinacommonheapoftableclothofleavesofbananaorbreadfruit Whenfooditemsareinseason,foodispreparedinverygenerousamountswhich

oftencausesthemtogrowbiggerinsize.PreparedFoods

Taro:backboneofancientdiet Hawaiiansatetaroinseveralforms:

omostcommonwaywasaspoi(athickstarchypasteeatenwithfingers)

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opreparepoi: taro>firstwashed&cookedinanimu cookedtaro(`aipa`a)>peeledorscrapedusingshellscrapers

orstoneflakes(couldbeeatenatthisstageorslicedanddriedinsunandpreserved)

continueprocessofmakingpoi:freshlycookedtaro>poundedintoastiffdoughconsistency(pa`i`ai)

mendidpounding:sittingongroundatoneendofapoundingboard,kneelingoverorwithlegsstraddlingeithersideoftheboard

pounder:withapileofcookedtaroonhisrightandabowlofwateronhisleft

handfulsofwater:keptboardandstonepoundermoist(tarowasaddedtoboardandpoundedintoapastewithshort,quickstrokes)

pa`i`aitobestoredortransportedelsewhere:madewithverylittlewater

stiffpaste:storedinlargecoveredbowlsortiedupintileafbundles

consideredasasacredpartoftheHawaiianculture

timetoeatpa`i`ai:osmallquantity>mixedupintopoiomorewater>addedandmixedinwithhandsuntilpastesmooth&

consistentopoi>servedinbowls&eatenwithoneortwofingersoHawaiianspreferredsourtasteofagingpoileftsittingadayortwo

poi:

omadefrombreadfruit,sweetpotatoorbanana,&tarooripebananasorcookedbreadfruit:softenoughtomashwithfingersosweetpotatopoi:madeby:

mashingcookedsweetpotatowithfingers woodenspatula>usedtomixinwater(toachieveasmooth

paste) sweetpotatopoi>souredquickly sweetpotatopaste>couldnotbestoredlongtermastaropa`i

`aicould

Hawaiianscookedavarietyoffoodsinapuddingform,includingkuloloandhaupia.omostdishesused:coconutcream(commoningredientthroughout

Polynesia)

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oKulolo:combinedgratedrawtaro&coconutcreamand/orshreddedcoconutmeat

omixture:wrappedintileaves&cookedinanimu

piele:anotherpuddingtypefoodmadewithsweetpotatoorbreadfruitocookedsweetpotatoorripebreadfruit>mixedwithcoconutcream

and/orshreddedcoconutmeat>wrappedintileaves>cookedinanimu

Pepeie`e:similartopiele`ulu,orbreadfruitpiele,butproportionofcoconutcreamismuchhigher

oaftercooking:pepeie`e>cooled&cutintoslices>driedinsunodriedstate:pepeie`e>remainedpreserved&edibleforawholeseason

Haupia:sweeterdessertlikepuddingmadeofarrowrootstarchmixedwithcoconutcream

owrappedintileaves&cookedinimu

saltoconstantelementofallancientmealsoaccompaniedeverythingasaflavorenhancerohelpedpreservefoodoHawaiians:onlyPolynesianswhomadetheirsaltfromseawaterusing

speciallyconstructedpans builtclaylinedearthpans,sixtoeightfeetsquareandeight

inchesdeep alsousednaturalrocksassaltpans,fillingdepressionswithsea

water&lettingsunevaporatewater householduse:Hawaiiansgroundcoarseseasaltwithmortar&

pestle someareaslikeKaua`i:redearth>mixedwithsalttoaddother

elementslikeiron

Hawaiians:addedrelishestotheirbasicfooddishesofavorite:`inamona(akukuinutrelish)

Kkukuinuts:roastedonembersorhotstones nuts:cracked kernels:groundinastonemortar saltedtotaste eateninsmallpincheswithotherfood

manytypesofseaweed:eateninancienttimes

oLimukohu:usedasarelish washed&pounded(tobreakdownlargerparts) eateninsmallquantitiesalongsideotherdishes

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notcookedwithheat

beverages:Hawaiiansdrank:ofreshwaterococonutwatero`awaorkava:slightlynarcoticdrinkmadefrom`awaroot

drunkbyali`i&farmers&fishermen usedasmedicine&anofferingtogods plant:broughttoHawai`ibyPolynesiansettlers producedrink:

rootsofa3to5yearoldplant>dugup,washed,scraped&dried

roots>poundedintosmallpieceswithastone>giventomenandwomenwithstrongteethwhochewedthemtofurtherbreakdownwoodfibers.

2lumpsofchewedrootweremixedwithwater(toproduceacupof`awa)

solidremains>strainedoutbeforeserving adrinkof`awa:usuallyfollowedbyalargedoseofwater

aswellassomethingtoeat foodpreparedtoaccompany`awa:pupu

Lei influenceoftheTahitis traditionalleisweremadefromflowers,leaves,shells,seeds,nuts,feathers,andeven

bonesandteethofanimals. worntobeautifyanddistinguishoneselffromothers leismustneverberefusedandmustneverberemovedinfrontofthepersonwho

gaveit duringtheearlytimes,leisarewrappedcarefullyintileavesandaregiventoguests

forthemtowearitonthemselves. Duringthelate1800sandearly1900s,peoplewouldcometovisitHawaiibyboatand

vendorssoldleistovisitorsastheyarrived,welcomingthemwithanaloha.ThetraditionofHawaiianLeiGreetingshasbeenembracedeversince.TodaypeoplecanstillgetanauthenticleiandthewelcomingalohaspiritwhentheyarriveinHawaii.

Leimeanings: MaileLeiItisalong,scentedvinemadefromintertwiningtheleavesand

stems,usuallyintoanopenendedstyle.Signifiesrespect,admiration,andappreciation.Oftenusedasgiftsingraduations,weddings,anniversaries,andeveninfunerals.

LehuaLeismadefromlehuaflowerswhicharered,yellow,pink,andwhitecolors.ThisflowerisconsideredsacredandisofferedtoPelethefiregoddess.Alegendthattheflowerwasoriginallyagirlwhohadapartnerwhorefusedthe

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adviceofgoddessPele.thegoddessturnedhimintoatree,Lehuabecamesosadandthegodssympathizedwithher,turningherintoaflower.

HalaLeimadeofyellowororangefruitsofthehalatree.GoddessHiiaka,thesisterofgoddessPele,isassociatedwiththisflower.Peoplewhowerethisleiareconsideredtobeunlucky,also,itiswornduringfunerals.

RoyalLeisymbolofrank,privilege,andpower leinihopalaoamadefromwhalesteeth.onlywornbytheali'i,the

royaltyofHawaii.Whaleteethiscarvedtolooklikehooks. leihulumanufeatherleiswornbytheelites

Luau

TheluauhasbeenaHawaiianfeastheldinhonorofimportantmilestonesandspecialoccasions.Thetastes,soundsandsightsevokeafeelingofwarmth,togethernessandappreciationforaculture

LuauHistory: Beforecontactwiththewesternworld:importantfeastsan'aha'aina(aha

gatheringandainameal).Thesefeastsmarkedspecialoccasions(reachingasignificantlifemilestone,victoryatwar,thelaunchingofanewcanoeoragreatendeavor).Theybelievedincelebratingtheseoccasionswiththeirfriendsandfamilies.

Foodandpracticesatan'aha'ainawererichwithsymbolismandtheentireeventwasdesignedtounitetheparticipants.

Symbolsofunification:Hawaiiansbraidstrandsofcoconuthuskfiber,orsennit,intothicker'ahacordsandrope.

Symbolsoffood:strength,virtuesorgoalstheparticipantshopedtoachieve. Certainfoodsthatwereofflimitstocommonersandwomen:

moi(exquisitetastingnearshorereeffish) pork,and Bananas:forbiddentoallbuttheAlii(chiefsofancientHawai'i)

includingthegreatKingKamehameha. Menandwomenalsoateseparatelyduringmeals.

1819:KingKamehamehaIIendedtraditionalreligiouspractices. Celebratedthiseventbyfeastingwithwomentosignifymajorsocietal

changes. Thetermluaugraduallyreplaced'aha'aina:Luau,(nameoftaroleaf) Thetraditionalluauiseatenontheflooroverlauhala(leavesofthehala

treewereweavedtogether)mats. Luauattendeesenjoyedpoi(stapleofPolynesianfoodmadefromthe

cormofthetaroplant),driedfish,andporkcookedinthetraditionalHawaiianimu(undergroundoven),sweetpotatoes,andbananas

Everythingwaseatenwithonesfingers. Traditionalluausweretypicallyaverylargegatheringwithhundreds

andsometimesoverathousandpeopleattending.

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"Wheneveryou'reataluau,youare'ohanafamily."Hula

Dancedforsocialenjoyment(Beforesocialcontacts) Chantspreservedepictales,myths,historyandphilosophy. Adancer'srigoroustrainingandperformanceweretakenseriously DancerswerepaidandmateriallysupportedbytherulingAli`i. Tales:

Manydescribethemythicbeginningsofhula Mostoftenheard:PeleandhersisterHi`iaka.

ThefirsthulawasbornwhenPelebeggedhersisterstodanceandsingforher.OnlyHi`iakasteppedforwardtoperform.ShedancedforPeleusingmovementsshedpracticedwithhergoodfriendHopoe.IntheHawaiianpantheon,Hi`iakaisjoinedbyKapoandLakaasthespiritualpatronsofhula.

Kapo:alsoasisterofPelewhoisassociatedwithhealingandsorcerycouldbecaringorvengeful.

Lakaismoreprominentlyassociatedwithhulaandwassymbolizedinthehalau(hulaschool)asablockoflamawoodplacedonanaltarandswathedinyellowkapa.

alsoasisterandwifetoLono,godofagriculture, hulawasamajorpartofcelebrationsduringMakahiki,theharvestfestival

Tikimasks

handcarvedwoodenmasksthatwereusedtostandinfordeities,protecttheirusersfromevilspirits,orevenincreasethemaskwearersfertilityandluck.

Legend: SimilartothewaytheChristianreligionseesAdamasthefirstcreatedhuman,

MaorimythologyreferstoTikiasthefirstman. OneofthemostpopularlegendsstatesthatTanecreatedthefirstman,Tiki,

thenmadeawifeforhim. 2ndversion:saysTikimixedhisownbloodwithclaytocreatethefirsthuman, 3rdversion:claimsthatTikilivedalonelylifeandcravedcompanionship.He

wasoverjoyedwhenhesawhisreflectioninapoolofwater,buthisjoyquicklyfadedastheimageshatteredwhenhedoveintothepoolinanefforttoembracehisnewfoundfriend.Inhisanguish,hecoveredthepoolwithdirt,andtheearthgavebirthtoafemalecompanion.

FourmajorHawaiianTikiGods: KutheGodofWar LonotheGodofFertilityandPeace KanetheGodofLightandLife,and KanaloatheGodoftheSea.

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AncientfollowersworshipedtheseGodsthroughprayer,chanting,surfing,lavasleddingandevenhumansacrifice.

Someservedasavaluableformoffolkartandartisticexpression. Muchcareandattentiontodetailgoesintothecreationofeachandeverytikimask. Typicallycarvedfromverystronghardwood,andfinishedwithamixtureofoils,

waxesandfinishestoprovideasturdy,lacqueredlookandfeel. Achievedpopularityinthewestinthe1930sand1940s. History:

December7th,1934DontheBeachcomber(DonBeach)openedaPolynesianthemedrestaurantinHollywoodCalifornia.

ServedCantonesecuisineandtropicalrumpuncheswithdecorfeaturingcarvedtiki's,masks,flamingtorches,rattanfurniture,flowerleisandbrightlycoloredfabrics.

Others,likeTraderVic,begantocopythePolynesiantheme. WhentheAmericansoldiersreturnedhomefromthesouthpacific

theatreofWorldWarIItheybroughtwiththemstoriesandsouvenirsfromOceania.

TheAmericatoldromanticizedversionofPolynesiaandthepopularityofeverythingPolynesianbecameafad.

TikiStatues carvedbyhighrankingtribesmenwereconsideredsacredandpowerful,andthese

wereusedinspecialreligiousceremonies.Tikistatuescarvedbyanyoneotherthanahighrankingtribesmanwereusedsimplyasdecoration.

TIkiexpressions: threateningexpressionsareoftenusedtoscareawayevilspirits amicableexpressionsarecreatedforuseinreligiousceremonies,healing

services,ortobringgoodluck.KingKamehamehasFeatherCape

madefrombirdsfeathers Eachchiefhadhisownuniquedesign. notonlyservedasasignofstatustheywerealsofunctionalwhengoingtowar.

Withitsfoldsitmadeithardtotellwherethechiefsvitalorganswerealsoitcouldhelpdeflecttheaimedspear.

Thefrontofthecapewouldbeabovethechiefskneessoastoenablehimtomaneuverbetter.

HeMeleNoLilo

HonorsthelasttwomonarchsoftheHawaiianKingdom: QueenLili'uokalani

QueenLiliuokalaniwasanaccomplishedwriterandherstoryisrecordedinherbook,HawaiisStory.

Liliuokalaniplayedtheguitar,zither,ukelele,pianoandorgan.

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Shehasalsowrittenmanysongs,mostfamousbeingAlohaOe KingDavidKalakaua

loverofmusic,poetryandphilosophy attributedtorestoringtheartformsofthechant,hula,mythsand

legends,andthepublicperformanceoftheseartforms.HawaiiNutritionalStatus

Nearly56percentofHawaiiadultsareoverweightorobese almost22percentareobese,androughly34percentareoverweight. Over64percentofmalesareoverweightorobesecomparedtoalmost47percentof

women.REFERENCESHawaiiHistory.org.FoodPreparation&CookingMethods.RetrievedApril29,2015 fromhttp://www.hawaiihistory.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=ig.page&PageID=524.HawaiiHistory.org.PreparedFoods.RetrievedApril29,2015 fromhttp://www.hawaiihistory.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=ig.page&PageID=525.]\LyricsTranslate.com.ASongForTheGenerousOnes.RetrievedApril30,2015from http://lyricstranslate.com/en/hemelenolilosonggenerousones.html.mauimapp.com.HAWAIIANEXPRESSIONS.RetrievedApril29,2015from

http://www.mauimapp.com/moolelo/hwnexprns.htm.HawaiiDepartmentofHealth.(n.d.).HawaiiPhyisicalActivityandNutriPlan.RetrievedMay4,2015from

http://health.hawaii.gov/physicalactivitynutrition/files/2013/08/HawaiiPANPlan20132020.pdf

Winter,M.(n.d.)MeaningofHawaiianLeis.RtreivedMay2,2015fromhttp://traveltips.usatoday.com/meaninghawaiianleis61680.html

Winter,K.(2012).HistoryoftheTIkiCulture.RetrievedMay4,2015fromhttp://www.homewetbar.com/blog/historyofthetikiculture/

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HeMeleNoLilo ASongForTheGenerousOnes

MahaloNuiiaKeAli'iWahine'OLili'ulani'OKaWoHiKuKaPipioMaiOKeAnuenueNaWaihooLuuAHalikeoleeENanaNaMakaIKeAoMalamaMaiHawai'iAkeaIKaua'iKeKuiniOHawai`iKuIKaMokuIKeKalaunuNaHanaAKeAlohaMa'aloAnaIKaUaLanaMalieIKaLaniMalamaHo`ikeMaiAnaLaIKaNani'OKalakauaHeInoa'OKaPuaMae'OleIKaLaKaPuaMailaIKaMaunaIKeKuahiwiOMaunaKeaKeAmailaIKilaueaMalamalamaIWahineKapuAKaLunaOUwekahunaIKaPaliKapuOKa'aueaEaMaiKeAli'iKiaManuUaWehiKaHuluOKamamoKaPuaNaniA'oHawai'i'OKalakauaHeInoaOKalakauaHeInoa'OKaPuaMae'OleIKaLaKaPuaMailaIKaMauna

GreatestThanksToHerMajestyTheQueenOfHawaiiStandsAtTheCrownOfTheIslandsTheTallestOfRainbowsTheWorkOfPassingLoveBeamsOfColoursUnrivalledAlongWithTheGentlyFlowingRainsLookAtTheBreakingDawnInTheHeavenlySkiesFromTheVastnessOfHawaiiToKauaiTheBeautyIsRevealedKalakauaIsHisNameTheFlowerThatNeverFadesInTheSunTheFlowerBloomsOnTheMountainTheHighHillOfMaunaKeaGlowingWhiteIsKilaueaIlluminatingTheSacredWomanAtopUwekahunaIsTheSacredCliffOfKa'aueaRaiseUpTheKingOfBirdcatchersToAdornHimInTheFeathersOfTheMamoTheBeautifulFlowerOfHawaiiOKalakauaIsHisNameRaiseUpTheKingOfBirdcatchersToAdornHimInTheFeathersOfTheMamo

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IKeKuahiwiOMaunaKeaKeAmailaIKilaueaMalamalamaIWahineKapuAKaLunaOUwekahunaIKaPaliKapuOKa'aueaEaMaiKeAli'iKiaManuUaWehiKaHuluOKamamoKaPuaNaniA'oHawai'i'OKalakauaHeInoaHeInoaNoKalaniKalakauaKulele!

TheBeautifulFlowerOfHawaiiOKalakauaIsHisNameGreatestThanksToHerMajestyTheQueenOfHawaiiStandsAtTheCrownOfTheIslandsRaiseUpTheKingOfBirdcatchersToAdornHimInTheFeathersOfTheMamoTheBeautifulFlowerOfHawaiiOKalakauaIsHisNameANamesongForOurChiefKalakauaCastForth!

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SALMON(LOMILOMI)http://recipes.sparkpeople.com/recipedetail.asp?recipe=981975Ingredients:1kgsaltsalmon12pcsripetomatoes,smalldice3pcmauionionfinelydiced601.5cupgrendonions2Hawaiianchilipeppersor1/4tsp.redpepperflakes(optional)*Limejuice(optional)MixeverythingtogetherFishSaltingofSalmonPutalayerofHawaiiansaltorkoshersaltinalargeglassbakingdish.Notethattablesaltisnotsuitableforsaltingfish.Youmustusecoarsesalt.Rinsesalmonfillets,drythemwell,andplacethemontopofthesaltinasinglelayerSprinklemoresaltontopandmakesureallsidesofthesalmonarecoveredwithsalt.Coverthesalmonwithplasticwrap,andweightitdownusinganotherglassdishorheavypan.Refrigeratethesalmonfor24hoursto3days.Alongersaltingperiodwillpullmorewateroutofthesalmonandwillresultinasaltierandmoreheavilycuredfish.Rinsethesalmonanddryitwellbeforeusingtomakelomilomisalmon.POIhttp://www.foodnetwork.com/recipes/poirecipe.htmlIngredients:700gcookedtaroroot700mLcupswaterPeelthecookedtaroandcutinto1inchcubes.Grindthetaroinameatgrinder,placethegroundtaroinacalabash(woodenbowl)anduseapoipoundertomashthetaro.Wetyourotherhand,slipitunderthetaroandturnthepoundedtarooversothatitwillnot

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sticktothecalabash.Continuetomashandturnthepoundedtaroovereachtime.WetthepoipounderfromtimetotimesoitdoesnotstickandkeepworkingMAPorkatituntilitissmoothandthick.Tomix:Addalittlewaterandstirroundandroundwiththehanduntilallthewaterisabsorbed.Keepaddingwateralittleatatimeuntilpoiistheconsistencyasthickorasthinasyouliketoeatit.Storeinacoolplaceorserveimmediately.WHITERICE1kgriceHAUPIAhttp://www.foodnetwork.com/recipes/haupiawithpineapplerecipe.html120gsugar177gcornstarch375mLlukewarmwater375mLfreshcoconutmilk(Mayusefrozenorcanned)Inamixingbowl,combinesugarandcornstarchandmixwell.Addwaterandstiruntilsugarandcornstarcharedissolved.Setaside.Inaheavybottomedpot,heatcookthecoconutmilkonlowheatuntilwarmedthrough.Addinthesugar/cornstarch/watermixture,stirringconstantlyuntilthickened(about57minutes).Pourintoa8"squarepanandrefrigerateuntilfirm,about45hours(overnightisbest).KALUAhttp://nomnompaleo.com/post/111934821818/pressurecookerkaluapigIngredients:2500gPorkShoulderOil(12tbsp)250mLwater1tablespoonHickoryLiquidSmoke(Wright's)20gcoarseKoshersalt(orHawaiiansalt)SelectBrowningandaddoiltothecookingpot.Whenhot,brownporkroastonbothsides,about3minutesperside.Browneachhalfoftheroastseparately.Removetoaplatterwhenbrowned.

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Turnpressurecookeroffandaddwaterandliquidsmoketothecookingpot.Addbrownedroastsandanyaccumulatedjuicestothepot.Sprinklethesaltoverthetopoftheporkroasts.SelectHighPressureandsettimerfor90minutes.Whenbeepsounds,useanaturalpressurerelease,toreleasepressure(approximately20minutes).Whenvalvedropscarefullyremovelid.Removethemeatfromthepressurecookerandshredwithtwoforks(discardexcessfatasyoushredded).Addsomeofthejuicesfromthepressurecookertomoistenthemeat.HULIHULICHICKENhttp://www.seriouseats.com/recipes/2011/07/grillinghulihulichickenrecipe.htmlTomakethebrine,combinethewaterandsoysauceinalargebowl.Heatoilinlargesaucepanovermediumhighheatuntilshimmering.Addgarlicandgingerandcookuntilfragrant,about30seconds.Stirintosoysaucemixture.Addchickenandrefrigerate,covered,foraleast1hourorupto8hours.Whenreadytocookthechicken,allowittorestonthecounterwhileyoupreparetheglaze.Placealltheglazeingredientsinasaucepanandbringtoaboiloverhighheat.Reducetheheattomediumandsimmerfor1520minutes,untilithasreducedandthickened.GRILLINGDIRECTIONS:Preheatthegrilltohighandthenreducetomediumlowwhenreadytogrill.Removechickenfromthebrineandpatdrywithpapertowels.Arrangechicken,skinsideup,onthesideofthegrillawayfromthewoodchunks.Coverandgrilluntilchickeniswellbrownedonthebottomandmeatregisters120degrees,25to30minutes.Flipchickenskinsidedownandcontinuetogrill,covered,untilskiniswellbrownedandcrispandthighmeatregisters170to175degrees,20to25minuteslonger.Flipchicken,brushwithhalfofglaze,andtransfertoaplatterandletrestfor5to10minutes.Servewithremainingglaze.

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