historical foundation of education

COLLEGE OF EDUCATION AND BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Presenter: Muhammed Kedir HikoDate: 30/12/2015

Historical Foundation of Education

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Presentation Outline

Education in Preliterate Societies

’’ ’’ Ancient Chinese Civilizations

’’ ’’ Ancient Egypt, Greece & Rome

Islam, Arabic Learning and Education

Medieval Culture and Education

The Religious Reformation and Education

The Enlightenment's Influence on Education

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1. Education in Preliterate Societies

• Education before the invention of writing and reading

• Transition of cultures from adult to children orally –

enculturation

• Learning survival skills and abilities: hunting, fishing

and making weapons and other tools, language and etc.

• Characterized by enculturation, trial and error learning,

moral codes, oral tradition, story telling and literacy.

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………..continued

Example: hunting, fishing and etc

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Example: story telling

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2. Education in Ancient Chinese Civilization

Chinese Civilization Long history and vast influence on education

Confucian Education

Master Kung (Confucius)•551 B.C to 479 B.CLived scholarly life:•Thought history, music and moral character• Develop Filial Piety ‘devotion to parents & family members’• Philosopher (Confucianism)

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…………continuedConfucian Education: made influence on

Chinese schools

Teaching ethics and wisdom

Spirit and truthfulness

Developing good relationship in the society

Five key relationship

Ruler to subject and Elder to younger

Father to son and Friend to friend

Husband to wife

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…………..continued

China’s Contribution to World and Western Education

System of national examination

Makes school and teachers accountable for students academic achievements

Chinese Great Wall Chinese Temples

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3. Education in Ancient Egypt • Ancient Egypt- the world’s earliest civilization • Nile river……..agriculture……small village

settlements………tribal kingdom…….empire • Divine origin of pharaoh as the bases for

knowledge and value • Education in ancient Egypt: worldly & other

worldly• At the beginning, education preoccupied by

supernatural beliefs

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………..continued Later Egyptians,

◦Developed technology for irrigation

◦Design and build massive pyramids and temples

◦Studied statecraft to administer and defend their

empire

◦Mummification led to study of medicine, anatomy

and embalming (conserving)

◦Developed system of writing script (Hieroglyphics)

◦Established schools as parts temple complex

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Part of Egyptian Pyramids Mummification Practices by picture

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…………….. continued• Nature of Education in Ancient Egypt – Children learn skills & knowledge from elder via

imitation – Basic education at home: girls (mother) & boys (father) – Education not allowed for women and boys from poor

families – Develop moral character of individuals through

attaching higher values for spiritual upbringing – Advanced in formal education system as compared

with other African countries – Contributed for science, medicine, astronomy…..etc.

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• Greece society was composed of classes–Monarchs, nobles, free born, commoners and slaves–Determine position in the society and types of education

• At the beginning, education carried out at home or in the communities

• Plato’s idea give birth to the state involvement in education

• Later education for every one was adopted

• Adopted curriculum focused on practical and vocational skills, as well as moral and spiritual values and practices

4. Education in Ancient Greece

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State controlled education system in Athens and

Sparta……..male trained to be soldiers

Liberal education for free people and vocational

training for slaves

Male dominated society, few women get access to

formal education

Sapho’s struggle contributed for foundation of women

schools in Mytilene of Greece

………….Continued

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Are group of educators designed a new approach to

teaching which relied on abstract & highly

generalized thinking

In fifth century BC, colonial expansion generated

social and educational changes

Purposes of learning logic, grammar and rhetoric – to

be an orator that persuade audience to get

status/power

Rhetoric (persuasive speech) used to win public debate

The Sophists

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The techniques of political debate remain useful in today world. Protagoras (485-414 BCE)-prominent sophist, devised five step of teaching:

Deliver outstanding speech, Examine the great speeches of famous oratorStudy logic, grammar and rhetoric Deliver practice orientations Student delivered public speeches

This resembles present-day pre-service teacher program


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Sophists were moral relativist ‘what we need to know depends on the circumstances in which we live’ Precursors of the cultural relativism

Pragmatism Postmodernism Critical theory

Challenged by Socrates, Plato and Arstotle and insisted on the existence of enduring truths that all people must know. Later modified “know the truth and how to apply it’’


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Socrates (469-399 BCE) ‘Knowledge was based

on what was true universally’

Defended academic freedom to think, question and teach

Stressed on ethical principles for moral excellence, live wisely and act rationally The role of teachers were to stimulate learners Promote rigorous dialogue approach ‘Socratic Methods’ Being critical on all issue leads him to death

Socrates: Education by self-examination

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Plato (427-346 BCE)- student of Socrates Founded philosophical

school academy Wrote ‘Protagoras’,

‘The Republic’ and ‘The Law’ Argued that ‘reality existed in an unchanging world of perfect ideas’ –Universal concepts Philosophy was an early form of Idealism Theory of knowledge ‘reminiscence’-process of remembering. Expected individual to remember what is in the subconscious mind. (learning is rediscovery/recall) Knowledge is not relative and sensory but universal

Plato: Eternal Truths and Values

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Plato’s ideal society Plato’s Republic: perfect soceity-ruled by philosopher king or intellectual elites Divide inhabitants in to three classes Class assignment determined by intellectual capacity Test results determine kind of education a person to receive Believed that women possessed the same intellectual ability as men. Curriculum fits the educational objectives of a hierarchical society


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Children reared by experts in state nurseries to acquire positive moral values. The stages and types of education

6-8 ages – Study music and gymnastic 8-20 ages- Physical and military training At 20 age- future philosopher selected – abstract and theoretical subjectAt 30 age – less intellectual to civil services and more intellectual -higher philosophical study- Metaphysics At 50 age – Philosopher kings become republic’s elder statemen

Believed that reality exists in the realm of pure ideas Encouraged the learner to aim for a better and higher world that lies above

Plato’s ideal society

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Plato’s student who lived b/n 384 to 322 BCE

Tutor of Alexander the Great

Wrote on physics, astronomy, zoology, botany, logic, ethics and metaphysics

‘Objects exit outside of our minds and we can acquire knowledge about them via sensation and abstraction’

Human being possess intellect- the power to think and reason

Sensory experience as the beginning of knowledge

Aristotle: Cultivation of Reality

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Aristotle on EducationPurpose of education is to cultivate liberally educated, rational people who govern society using reasoning Education – Liberal arts – enlarge persons horizon

- Vocational training – learn specific skills Schooling

Infant: Play, Physical activity & appropriate stories 7 -14 years- Basic literacy and numeracy 14- 21 years- mathematics, geometry, grammar 21 years – theoretical subjects: metaphysics


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Endorsed that education was intended to prepare a person for higher studies Concerned only with male education Knowledge in the school curriculum focuses on the classification of objects in to subjects School primary goal is to cultivate each student’s rationality Teacher need to be –expert in subject matter knowledge, learn the methods to motivate learners Aristotle philosophy became a foundation of medieval scholastic education.


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Ancient Rome focused on administration, law and

diplomacy to maintain the empire

Developed extensive legal system

Highly skilled in architecture and engineering

Schools were private and attended by males who could

pay tuition

Secondary school teachers are educated Greek slaves,

pedagogues- pedagogy- art of instruction

5. Education in Ancient Rome

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Quintilian /Marcus Fabius Quintilianus/ - 35-95 CEMaster of Oratory: highly

recognized rhetoricians First chair of Latin rhetoric Instruction based on learner’s

readiness and stage of development

Recognize the importance of students’ individual differences

Urged teachers to motivate students by making lessons interesting and engaging


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Quintilian developed stage based learning (human dev’t) 1st stage: Birth to age 7- satisfy immediate needs and

desires 2nd stage: 7 to 14- Learn from sense experiences, form

clear idea and train memory. Also learn to write languages already spoken recommend breaks for games and recreation

3rd stage: 14-17- liberal arts, bilingual and bicultural 4th sage: 17 -21- rhetorical studies – law, philosophy,

declamation and etc Resembles contemporary pre-service teacher education


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Shaped cultural and educational structure of western

world

Promote the role of education in maintaining political

well being of society

However, created curricular controversies on distinction

b/n liberal education and vocational training

Greek & Roman Contributions to World & Western Education

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Origins of Islamic culture began with Prophet

Mohammed (569-632) and sacred book ‘Koran’.

Mohammed started his religious mission in Mecca in 610

Islam expanded through conquest and conversion

Islamic scholars translated the texts of leading ancient

Greek authors (contact Arab with Europeans)

Islamic scholar contributed to astronomy, mathematics

and medicine

Islam, Arabic Learning, and Education

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Do not bore the listener Speak to the intellectual level of the listener Use question and debate Use analogies Use diagrams or drawings Use gestures while talking Use tangible examples, exhibits, or artifacts Answer question before they are asked Answer with more than what you asked Turn the questions into something that will be of more benefits Allow others to answer the question Use playful fun, repeat………..repeat ………etc

Techniques used in Islamic Teaching

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Period b/n fall of Rome and Renaissance (500-1400 GC) Characterized by decline in learning and revival by scholastic educators Formal Education failed on the hands of Catholic church in EuropeWomen continued to be consigned to traditional gender prescribed roles In education and other sectors, male dominance continuedHildegard of Bingen (1098-1179 CE): scholar, teacher, writer and composer

Tried to guide the spiritual development of women via ‘The Ways of God and The Books of Divine Works’

Medieval Culture and Education

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Dominican theologian at the university of Paris

Link Christian doctrine with Aristotle Philosophy

Scholasticism- theological & philosophical scholarship

Agreed with Aristotle ‘human knowledge begins in sensation and is completed by conceptualization’Suggested prospective teachers have a vocation, a willing to teach and in-depth knowledge of their subject matter

Thomas Aquinas (1225-74): Scholastic Education

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Used syllogism –deductive reasoning to create organized body of knowledge Recognize both formal and informal schooling Thomism serves as the basis school-faith community

Medieval Contribution to Western Education

Medieval educator transmitted knowledge by

presenting it in a scholastic framework based Christian

religion and Aristotle’s philosophy

Humanist criticism of scholastic authorities and rise of middle class and later emergence of centralized national state weakened central authority of catholic church Protestant reforms- John Calvin, Martin Luther, Philipp Melanchthon, and Ulrich Zwingli

Formulate their own educational theories Established school & structured their own curriculumEvery person had the right to read Bible as the central sources of religious truth Established vernacular schools to instruct children in their common languages Promoted catechistic method & memorization

9. The Religious Reformation and Education

Reformers allowed both boys and girls to attend primary schoolsPrestigious classical humanist preparatory and secondary schools reserved for upper class boys

Martin Luther (1483-1546)- Protestant Reformer

Most religious reformer in shaping western history and education

…………continued

Recognized education as a potent ally of religious

reformation

Promote vocation training in creating productive citizens

Pushed public officials to take educational responsibility and

emphasized schooling’s political, economic, and spiritual

benefits

Promote boys and girls to join primary schools but

secondary as well as university education for young men

…………continued

Institutional development - dual-track system of schools

Enlightenment’s Influence on Education Emphasized on using reason and scientific methods to deal with

different issues

Rousseau, Pestalozzi and etc are contributors

Instruction of children depends on their need and interest

Influenced Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson

Contributes for separation of church and state and education in

state-supported schools

The Reformation’s Contribution to Western Education

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