Primer ParcialAgrarians & Classical

Fernanda Hernández

Politics Society Achievmentz

Mesopotamia

Tigris & Euphrates

Laws are based on social class

Protection of property

Large urban centers

First writting system (cuneiform)First code of law (muraibi code) Invention of wheel

Both Kingdom

Centralized rule

Women work in farming

Develpment of calendarsmath

Egypt

Nile

God-given power to pharaoh

Orotection of people by the pharaoh

Most people lived in small farming villages along the nile

Piramids pharmacology

Fernanda Hernández

Politics Society Achievmentz

India

Indus

Small and unstable principalities

No written laws

Large towns

Caste system

Navigation artsEngineering skills

Both Dynastieswar-oriented reigns

Discrimination of women (submissive to men)

Metalwork

Philosophy (budhism & confusianism)

China

Yellow & Yangtze

Centralized dynasty

Extensive written records

Small farming villages

Apreciation of family

Use of money

Language arts develpment

Fernanda Hernández

Fernanda Hernández

Greece

0 Polis: city as a political unit0 Athens, Sparta

0 Types of Gov:0 Monarchy0 Aristocracy0 Democracy0 Oligarchy

Fernanda Hernández

Athens & Policies

0 Senate: Patriachs0 GA: Plebeyans0 2 Consuls 1 year term0 Censors for reviewing

senate0 Tribunes to speak for

people

0 Ekklesia:0 Town meeting0 All free men could go

0 Boule:0 500 in 1 year term0 Legistaltion, executive

0 Deme:0 Territorial unit0 Could select

representatives

Fernanda Hernández

Rom

eRome foundation by estruscans

Augustus starts empire• Also called Octavio• Made many political, social reforms

Marcus Aurelius = Empire decline• End of Pax Romana

Diocletian Divides empire in 2• Westen: fall into germanic tribes & Dark Age

begins

Bizantine Empire founded• eastern Half by Constantine• Constantinople was its capital

Fernanda Hernández

Politics Society Achievmentz

Greece Cities= PolisMass political activity = ekklesia

Rightful society to citizensMassive urban development

Philosophical developmentMathematical development

Both

Mediterranean sea

Belic statesMarine people

Slavery was commonShared theology

Science based upon greekLiterary works are based upon greek models

Rome RepublicEmpire later on

Impose of culture to other places

Arquitectual developmentRoman empire

Fernanda Hernández

Country Beliefs Teachings

Buddha India Spiritual Eightfold path

Both No gods, more like a philosphy

Confucious China Secular Personal and governmental morality

Segundo ParcialAmerica, Islam & Mongols

Fernanda Hernández

Government Economy Religion Art

Olmec State governmentelite priest classTheocracy

Long distant trade

Natural religionShamanismAnimal spirits

Colosal headstones

Mayas Hereditary kingdom

Trade of goods Natural gods stubborn

Public buildingsTemplesConcept of cero

Inca MilitaristicInherited powerConquering lands

Labor attolmentclothes

Rulers descent from sun god

Metalurgy, symetricla pottery

Aztec Central governmetRoyal family

Trade, agriculture

Natural gods,huitzilopochtli

Payed tributes to their godsAztec calendar

Toltecs Quetzalcoatl cultural hero

agriculture Quetzalcoatl: feather snake tezcatlipoca

Chac mol, Works in stone

Fernanda Hernández

Muhhamad& Islam

0 His life:0 Archangel Gabriel showed

him mystical revelations0 He starter preaching &

converting people0 He fled to Medina0 He returned to Arabia &

gained control there0 His beliefs

0 5 pillars of islam0 Qu’ran0 Straight doctrine of salvation

0 Islamic Authorities0 Allah: God0 Caliph: Muhammad

Succesor0 Sultan: mulsim leader0 Qu’ran: Muslim Bible

0 After the death of 4 of the Caliphs, they decided to made a Dynasty instead of elections. This created 2:

Fernanda Hernández

Islam Branches

Sunni Shia

0 Mayority (90%)0 Supported Umayad

& elected caliphates.

0 Made Damascus the Capital

0 Believed bloodline from Muhamad is important

0 Support Dynasty & hereditary caliphate

0 Rejected Umayad DynastyLater on Changed Capital to

BAGHDAD

Fernanda HernándezRIS

E O

F CH

RIS

TIA

NIT

Y

Council of Nicaea Decides theological stuff

Christians start gaining throug RE

Constantine (Roman Emperor) made Edcit of Milan to accept Christians

Disciples go and spread the word

Saul de Tarsus (San Pablo) spread the word

Teachings & Gatherings of Jesus affect Roman Empire Order, so he es sent to death (Golgota, under Pilatus)

Jesus Born during Cesar Augustus

Fernanda Hernández

Christianity Spread

Cause Effect

Economical Church gained economical support

Disciples preached northConstantine’s mother was christianConstantine wanted to be united with his people

Political Stablishment of Church in Roman EmpireLater on, papacy controlss europe

People liked Catholic ideasOther religions offered very little

Social Many people converted to christianityMoral values changed to those of christians

Fernanda Hernández

Mongols

0 Sang dinasty was doing great in China

0 Mongols were nomads who practised pastoral nomadism.

0 Their leaders where called KHANS and made campaigns to size land

0 Chingis Khan conquests:0 Fail china, move to

persia & turks0 South russia=tartars0 Invade China

(chanchanchan)0 Destroyed Baghdad =

end muslim golden age

Fernanda Hernández

Fernanda Hernández

Pax Mongolica

0 Unified Asia0 Supported the Silk Road0 Move China Technology

to europe0 Spread diseases

0Yuan Dynasty0 Imposed by Kublai Khan0 Based upon Chinese

costumes0 Peaceful0 Foreigners had higher

state0 Gunpowder, cunfusianism

& budhism

Fernanda Hernández

Fernanda Hernández

Mongols Conquest

Cause Effect

Mongols had a greater warrior powerConstant threats from north

Economical Silk roadExpansion of chinese invntions

China asked Chingis to defend from other tribe Political Pax mongolica

Yuan DynastySupport to foreigners

Mongols were really united tribesMongols believed they were entitled to conquer the entire world

Social People tired of mongol impositionCultur stuck for a while

Fernanda Hernández

European Middle Ages

0 Feudal system: peasant were part of gained land

0 Classes were strictly stablished

0 Improved agriculture, trade

0 Important cities:0 Berlin0 Munich0 Moscow

0 Black death killed thousands and changed geography

Fernanda Hernández

Social Classes

Peasants

Serfs who worked land

Knights

Fighted & protected

upper classes

Nobles

• Owned land • Lords,

barons, etc

King

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Rennaisance 1300

0 Started in Italy 0 Because of trade

advantages and financial genius

0 Patrons were those who paid artists so they could develop art

0 Attitude:0 Individualism0 Secularism0 Classical Values

0 Humanism: government need to change instead of people (Utopia)

0 Theory of State0 Legitimacy0 Sovereignity0 Territory

Fernanda Hernández

Renaissance

Cause Effect

Wealth in Italy because of financial genius & tradeSurplus of agriculture

Economical Cities developed artistsMore Stable economical system

Important families supported artirsts (patrons)Kingdoms settle

Political Theory of StateStates unified

Rainnasance AttitudeUrban towns and middle class

Social Cultural advances in art and literatureRise from obscurantism

Third PartialModern World

Fernanda Hernández

Age of Explotarion

Mercantilism Motivations

0 To improve economy trough trade, countries only let their conquered lands to trade with them.

Gold

Glory

God

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Explorers

Origin Discovered/conquered

Vasco da Gama Portugal Indian Sea

Alvarez Cabral Portugal Brazil

Columbus Spain America

Cortés Spain Mexico

Magallanes Spain Cirvumnavigate the world

Pizarro Spain Peru

Walter Raleighs England Carolina Coast

Fernanda Hernández

Tordecillas

0 Treaty that separated Spain & Portugal territories0 Allowed other countries to attack Portugal.

Fernanda Hernández

Age of Explorations

Cause Effect

New inventions Good trade = money Economical Mercantilism got more

money to European StatesExchange of products

Countries wanted controlCountries wanted to prove their power

Political Countries gained new territories in AmericaAmerica changed of government

Church wanted to spread christianity Explorers wanted glory & adventure

Social Racial mixtureAmerica was subject of slavery & poverty

Fernanda Hernández

Japan

0 Protugal arrived0 Jesuitst wanted to convert people to Chriatianity0 They had a Feudal system:

Peasants Samurais Daimyos Shogun

Fernanda Hernández

ReformationCause Effect

Church was getting all the money

Economy Money was now in hands of kingsChurch left without taxation = has to beg for money

Church CorruptionCountry leaders tired to follow orders from Church

Political Separation of States from ChurchMany religions created

Change of point of view from the RenaissanceThey wanted the promise of eternal life

Social Church starts Inquisition to keep followersPeople change of religion

Fernanda Hernández

Reformants

Causes Major ch.

Luther – Lutheranism - Germany

Church selling indulgencies

Posted 95 thesisFaith gets you to heaven

Calvin – Calvinism - France

French lawyer, tired of corruptionHe wanted no politics in religion

Spread through EuropePredestination

Henry – Anglican Church - England

He wanted to divorce Same beliefs of RCC, different leadership

Loyola – Jesuir Order - Spain

Church needed to preserve followers

Orderof misionairesWent to many places to preach

Fernanda Hernández

Henry’s Succesors

Edward• Sick boy, died shortly afterwards

Mary• Catholic Bloody Mary

Elizabeth• Virgin Queen, Succesful ruler

Fernanda Hernández

CounterReform

0 Council of Trent0 Reunion to decide what does the church believe in0 Completely separated RCC from Protestants

0 Jesuit Order0 Attempet to gain back followers

0 Index0 Books that catholics should not read

0 Inquisition0 Savage acts to asure people won’t go to other church

Peace of Augsburg:

Ended war between RCC &

Protestants

Fernanda Hernández

AbsolutismCause Effect

Surplus in wealth because fo tradeMoney owned by the state- not the church

Economical Empoverishment of common peopleState wasted a lot of money in luxuries

Reformation gived power to monarchsRaison d’etat allowed them to do what they wanted

Political State gain strenght as a central governmentConflicts between countries (provocated by kings)

Common people was ignorant so didn’t complainRenaissance ideals of individualism

Social Huge gap between rich and poorSocial unconfort for poverty

Fernanda Hernández

Luis XIV

0 Started governing at age 50 “Sun King”0 “founder” of Royal Absolutism0 Removed aristocrats from states to form a central gov0 Palace of Versailles: kept his court close to him

Fernanda Hernández

Elizabeth I

0 Used her status of unmarried queen in her favour0 Avoided religious wars0 Supported arts0 Let people had the religion they pleased

Fernanda Hernández

Peter the Great

0 Modernized Russia from middle ages0 Brought experts from Europe 0 Supported arts & education0 Made great navy0 Saage & brutal leader

Fernanda Hernández

Without words,

without writing and

without books there

would be no history,

there could be no

concept of humanity.

-Herman Hesse