hist 202. we are anglo-saxons, and must obey our blood and occupy new markets, and, if necessary,...
TRANSCRIPT
AMERICAN FOREIGN POLICY, 1865-1914
HIST 202
Two Views: We are Anglo-Saxons, and must obey
our blood and occupy new markets, and, if necessary, new lands. - Sen. Albert Beveridge (1898)
Our form of government, our traditions, our present interests, and our future welfare, all forbid our entering upon a career of conquest. - William Jennings Bryan (1898)
Prior to Civil War Isolationism Looking westward
in U.S. George
Washington’s final speech
Civil War changes the way we see ourselves in the world
Early Foreign Relations William H. Seward
Secretary of State Under Lincoln and
Johnson Helped prevent
British and French from entering war
Convinced annexation of Hawaii and purchase of Alaska
The Purchase of Alaska
Alaska (“Seward’s Folly”) Russia and Great Britain
claimed it Russia – used it for
hunting Economic burden Found a buyer in Seward 1867 – purchased
Alaska for $7.2 million
The “New Imperialism” 19th Century
industrialization led to Worldwide markets Growing surpluses Open sources for raw
materials
U.S. NEEDED TO STRETCH OUT AND EXPAND!!!!
International Darwinism Only the strong
survive! Expansionists
believed: U.S. had to be
strong Militarily Religiously Economically Politically
Imperialism Imperialism
To gain territory Gain political and
economic life of other countries
Britain, France, Russia, and Japan had possessions throughout the world!
Advocates for American Expansion Missionaries
Josiah Strong – Our Country
Politicians Henry Cabot Lodge
(MA) Theodore Roosevelt
(NY)
Advocates for American Expansion
Military Alfred Mahan – The
Influence of Sea Power Upon History
Popular Press Increased circulation Told Americans
about exotic places abroad
Latin America America was the
protector of Latin America
Pan-American Conference (1889) James Blaine Pan-American Union
(1948)
Cleveland & the Monroe Doctrine President
Cleveland/Richard Olney (1895-96) Venezuela/British
Guiana Used Monroe
Doctrine against Britain
Britain sided with U.S.
The Spanish American War Causes:
Jingoism – aggressive foreign policy
Cuban revolt – Cuba v. Spain
Yellow journalism – sensational stories Joseph Pulitzer William Randolph
Hearst
The Spanish American War
Causes (cont.) De Lome Letter
Dupuy De Lome – critical of Pres. McKinley
USS Maine 260 Americans killed
McKinley’s Ultimatum April 1898
Protect Cuban interests
Protect American interests (sugar)
Protect commerce and trade
End “constant menace to our peace”
Teller Amendment April 20, 1898
U.S. declared war on Spain
Teller Amendment U.S. did not want to
take anything away from Cuba
Cuba would be in control of its govt.
Fighting the War Philippines
Under Spanish control since 1500s
Roosevelt ordered George Dewey to invade Philippines
War was won quickly by capturing Manila Bay
Fighting the War Cuba
Ill-prepared Army San Juan Hill
Theodore Roosevelt “Rough Riders” Buffalo Soldiers
U.S. Navy crushed Spanish at Santiago Bay
War ended August 1898
Annexation of Hawaii Hawaii
Settled by missionaries and businessmen
1893 – U.S. overthrew Queen Liliuokalani
1900 – U.S. territory U.S. state in 1959
Election of 1900 W
William McKinley - R William Jennings Bryan - D
Open Door Policy in China John Hay
Sec. of State under Pres. McKinley
“Open Door” trade with China
Boxer Rebellion (1900) – Society of Harmonious Fists
Roosevelt’s “Big Stick” Policy “Speak softly and
carry a big stick”
Panama Canal
Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine More extension in
Latin American affairs
William Taft & Dollar Diplomacy William Taft (1909-
1913) Focus was in China
and Latin America Believed that
investors and cash could help with relations
Financial investments = greater stability
The Lodge Corollary Henry Cabot Lodge
R – Massachusetts Attention was on
Latin America and Asia
Believed that no non-western countries should own territories in West
Infuriated Asia
Woodrow Wilson & Moral Diplomacy Woodrow Wilson
First term – 1913-17 Wanted to “right” all
of the “wrongs” Set up over 30
conciliation treaties throughout the world Puerto Rico Panama Canal