Welcome to

History 06

History of the Americas II

Prof. Valadez

1

Week 10 Topics Review: The transition from neocolonialism to

nationalism in Latin America

The Great Depression in the U.S.

– What are the causes of the Great Depression?

– How does the Great Depression affect Latin America

World War II

What were the causes of the war?

Exam 2 Apr.23

2

Discussion

• Who was Eduardo Galeano?

• When was the article written? Who wrote the article?

• What does the article report? Is this a primary source or secondary source?

• Why was his book the Open Veins of Latin America banned in Latin America in the 1970s? What is his bias?

• When was the book published? Is his book a primary source or secondary source?

3

Neocolonial Period 1880-1930

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Neocolonial Model

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Nationalist

Nicolas Guillen Poet Diego Rivera Painter

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Mexican Revolution 1910

• Mexican Revolution

– The Overthrow of the Porfiriato

– Revolution to Civil War

– Constructive Phase

7

Aftermath of the Mexican Revolution • About 2 million deaths

• 1917 Constitution

– Increase in nationalism

8

Augusto Sandino • Nicaraguan

• Inspired by Mexican Revolution

• War against govt Somoza & U.S.

• Sandinismo, symbol of resistance in

• Latin America

9

• Uruguay President 1911-1915

• Greatest national reformer

• Batllismo

10

Argentina

• Hipolito Yrigoyen

• Man of the people

Peru

• Victor Manuel Haya de la Torre

• Influence by Mexican Revolution

• Indigenismo

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Porfirato 1876-1910

12

13

Mexican Muralist Movements

• Jose Vasconcelos

– Artist served the Revolution

• Diego Rivera

• Jose Clemente Orozco

• David Alfaro Siqueiros

14

Mexican Muralists

• Diego Rivera

– Indian motifs

– Europeans vilified

• Frida Kahlo

– human suffering

2010

15

1935

History of

Mexico

National

Palace

Agrarian Leader

Zapata , 1931

La Civilizacion

Tarasca, 1950

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1930s Man at the Crossroads

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Self-portrait on the Borderline Between Mexico and the United States, 1932 The Two Fridas, 1939

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Cortes and Malinche 1926 Jose Clemente Orozco

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Hospicio Cabañas Guadalajara, Mexico

Orozco’s Prometheus 1930 Pomona College

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1933 Orozco Mural at Dartmouth College

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David A. Siqueiros

• From the Dictatorship of Porfirio Diaz to the Revolution—

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Tropical America 1932 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4m8lhg6OBQg

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Mexican Muralists

• LA TORMENTA QUE AZOTO MEXICO pt7/8

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9GvZxHG6Y6Q&feature=relmfu

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• The Election of 1928

– Hoover seemed to exemplify what was widely called the new era of American capitalism.

– Hoover’s opponent in 1928 was Alfred E. Smith of New York.

– Smith’s Catholicism became the focus of the race.

A 1928 campaign poster for the Republican ticket

Of Herbert Hoover and Charles Curtis

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Three months before the stock market crash 26

• The Coming of the Depression

– On October 29, 1929 (Black Tuesday) the stock market crashed.

– The stock market crash did not, by itself, cause the Depression.

27

The Great Depression

Causes of the Depression

– Land speculation bubble in FL & CA

– Unequal distribution of wealth

– Agriculture recession

– Stagnated sales of consumer goods

Sales of new autos stagnated after 1926

28

The Great Depression

• Americans and the Depression

– The Depression transformed American life.

Unemployed men lined up at the New York

Municipal Lodging House in 1930

A Hooverville—a shantytown created by

homeless squatters—outside Seattle

29

Canada

• 1929 Crash – reliance on U.S., 25-27% unemp

– Prairie provinces hit hard

• Wheat prices

• Provinces responsibility

• Richard Bennett – Prime minister 1930-1935

• Relief from private sector

– Shantytowns

The Great Depression 1929 – Documentary PBS

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ccNilnpvbJg

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E6qnlFavdF8

BBC https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FXNziew6C9A

31

The Great Depression

• The Worsening Economic Condition

– Some administration remedies made the economic situation worse.

• Hawley-Smoot Tariff

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1930 1st World Cup

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“Perfect Dictatorship”

1929-2000

• Founded 1929 PNR – Plutarco Calles

– Inclusive: leftist to capitalists

• Dedazo – (candidates hand-picked)

34

Club America

1916

Owned by Azcárraga family 1959

Televisa

1955

Azcárraga family

1988 90% of Televisa’s ads favored the PRI

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Lazaro Cardenas 1934-1940 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o1bOJu6V728&feature=relmfu http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9GvZxHG6Y6Q

Castillo de Chapultepec Los Pinos

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Lazaro Cardenas Administration

• Agrarian Reform – Restoration of Ejidos

• 1938 nationalizes the oil industry – Pemex (Petroleos Mexicanos)

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The Rise of PRI Cardenas

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o1bOJu6V728&feature=relmfu

• Villa to Cardenas

• 4:30 mins

38

Spain 1936-1939

Republicans v.s Nationalists

39

Fascism

• a political philosophy, movement, or regime that exalts nation and often race above the individual and is headed by a dictator.

40

Italy

• Benito Mussolini

41

The First New Deal

• FDR and the Election of 1932

– FDR promised a “new deal”

42

The Great Depression 1929 – Documentary PBS

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ccNilnpvbJg

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E6qnlFavdF8

BBC https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FXNziew6C9A

43

• Good Neighbors

– FDR embarked on a number of departures in foreign policy.

• Latin America • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6nZgBViSs9Q

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Brazil

• Getúlio Vargas

• president 1930 to 1945

• "O Pai dos Pobres“

• Estado Novo 1937

47

Military-Industrial Complex

Asia • 1854 Japan opens

trade with the U.S.

• Adopts Wakon-Yosai

• 1894-1895 War with China = Taiwan

• 1904-1905 War with Russia

• 1931 Manchuria invasion

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49

Europe: German Aggression

• 1919 Treaty of Versailles

• 1920-21 NAZI Party & Hitler

• 1938 Austria Annex.

• 1939 Poland

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Fascism

Axis https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jfRq-JeUCSM

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• Isolationism

– Many Americans were reluctant to get involved in international affairs because of the legacy of World War I.

– Congress favored isolationism

• War in Europe

– For nearly two years, Britain stood virtually alone in fighting Germany.

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• Toward Intervention

– FDR froze Japanese assets in the U.S. and ended trade with Japan (including oil).

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• Pearl Harbor

– On December 7, 1941 attack

– FDR asked for a declaration of war against Japan.

54

Mexico Manuel Avila Camacho 1940-1946

• May 1942 Germans sink 2 Mexican tankers Potrero de Llano & Faja de Oro (May 24)

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Air Force Squadron 201

• Escuadron 201, Aguilas Aztecas

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• The Bracero Program 1942-1964

– The bracero program allowed contract laborers to cross into the United States to work.

– Purpose is to relieve the labor shortage during WWII.

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Natal, Brazil U.S. Base

World War II Latin America

Brazil Getulio Vargas

• Natal Base

• German submarines sank Brazilian freighters in Nov. 1941

• Brazilian Expeditionary Force

• 25,000

• http://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3ABrazil_at_War_%281943%29.ogv

Argentina & Panama

• Arg. Declares Neutrality – Pro-German officers

– Later 1945, cut ties with Germany

• Panama cooperated with the U.S.