his 102 ch 29 a world without walls--globalization and the west

A WORLD WITHOUT WALLS: GLOBALIZATION AND THE WESTChapter 29

MOVEMENT OF MONEY & IDEAS BUT NOT PEOPLE?

WHAT WAS THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE SOVIET COLLAPSE FOR EUROPEAN POLITICS?

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WHAT MAKES GLOBALIZATION SUCH A CONTROVERSIAL TOPIC AT THE BEGINNING OF THE

21ST CENTURY?

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INTRODUCTION

• An age of globalization• What changes have accelerated the free flow of money, people, products and

ideas?• Postcolonial politics: the varied trajectories of former colonies—stability or

anarchy?• What is the role of Middle Eastern politics in contemporary global affairs?

• Definitions and characteristics• The Internet as stunning transformation of global communications and

knowledge• New possibilities and new vulnerabilities

INTRODUCTION

• Definitions and characteristics• Integration

• New political, social, economic, and cultural global networks• New technologies, new economic imperatives, changing laws• Information crosses national boundaries

INTRODUCTION

• Definitions and characteristics• Global exchange can be independent of national control• Economics

• Reorganization of economic enterprises from banking and commerce to manufacturing

• International Monetary Fund (IMF)• The International Criminal Court• New forms of politics

INTRODUCTION

• The effects of globalization• Did not necessarily produce peace, equality, or homogeneity• No uniform, leveling process• Obstacles and resistance• New kinds of cultural blending, new forms of sociability

• The new stage of globalization

LIQUID MODERNITY? THE FLOW OF MONEY, IDEAS, AND PEOPLES

• Money• A transformation of the world’s economy• Rapid integration of markets since the 1970s

• 1971: U.S. abandoned postwar gold standard• The dollar as keystone of international monetary system• Formal regulations on currencies, international banking and lending among countries

faded away• Replacement: International Monetary Fund and World Bank: informal networks of

arrangements managed autonomously by private lenders and their political backers in Western countries led by the U.S.

• Overturning economic agreements made since World War II• Neo-liberalism: Capitalism as a political ideology not an economic ideology

• Free markets; profit incentive and deficit reduction as replacing government by consent of the governed; freedom of speech; assembly and religion?

• Exponential growth in some countries vs. disastrous debt in other countries• Creditors: former colonial powers: U.S>; Great Britain; France; Germany• Debtors: former colonies in Africa; Asia; Central and South America


• Money• A network of local, national, and regional economies

• Export trade flourished• Technological advances and high technology• More industrial jobs in the postcolonial world• Exchange and use of goods became more complex

• Led to a broader interchange of cultures


• Ideas• Widespread flow of information• New commercial and cultural importance of information itself• Proliferation of devices to create, store, and share information• The personal computer

• New cultural and political settings• The “global village”


• Ideas• The Internet

• Entrepreneurs with utopian ambitions• Publishing all kinds of information quickly and easily• Grass-roots activism• Political struggles

• Entertainment• Producing entertainment as well as the technology to enjoy entertainment

“Checkerboard of Poverty and Affluence.”


• Demographics and global health• Public health and medicine

• New threats and new treatments• Exposure to epidemic diseases—a new reality of globalization

• Increased cultural interaction• Exposure of new ecosystems to human development• Speed of intercontinental transportation


• Demographics and global health• Public health and medicine

• Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) first appeared at the end of the 1970s

• Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) appeared in 2003


• Peoples• Free flow of labor as central aspect of globalization• After 1945, a widespread migration of peoples• Multiculturalism

• New blends of music, food, language, and other forms of popular culture• Raised tense questions of citizenship• Effects

• Xenophobic backlash and bigotry

AFTER EMPIRE: POSTCOLONIAL POLITICS IN THE GLOBAL AGE

• Postcolonial relationships• Former colonies gained independence and new kinds of cultural and political

authority• “Postcolonial”—underlines the fact that colonialism’s legacies outlasted

independence• Varied results


• Ideas• Bill Gates and Microsoft• Corporate headquarters remained in the West

An Afghan Girl Weeds a Poppy Field, 2004


• Emancipation and ethnic conflict in Africa• South Africa

• The politics of apartheid sponsored by the white minority government• Nelson Mandela led the African National Congress (ANC)• Intense repression and violent conflict



• Mandela was released from prison in 1990

• Resumed leadership of the ANC• Turned toward renewed public

demonstrations and negotiation

Nelson Mandela Votes in South Africa’s First

Democratic Elections, 1994 (right)



• F. W. de Klerk succeeded Pieter Botha• De Klerk and Mandela began direct talks to establish majority rule in March 1992• Mandela chosen as country’s first black president in May 1994

• Defused the climate of organized racial violence• Popular among blacks and whites• A living symbol of a new political culture


• Emancipation and ethnic conflict in Africa• Rwanda

• Conflict between Hutu and Tutsi populations• Highly organized campaign of genocide directed at the Tutsi• Eight hundred thousand dead in a matter of weeks


• Emancipation and ethnic conflict in Africa• Rwanda

• International pressure• Forced those who had participated in the genocide to flee to Zaire• Became hired mercenaries in a many-sided civil war

• Public services, normal trade, and basic health collapsed in Zaire


• Economic power on the Pacific rim• East Asia as a center of industrial and manufacturing production• China

• World’s leading heavy-industrial producer by 2000• State-owned companies produced cheaply and in bulk for sale in the United

States and Europe• Established commercial zones around Shanghai

• Cold War rhetoric in the West against Communist China dissolves; hard questions remain

• Did “Capitalism” displace “Democracy” as a fundamental value of western nations?

• Was Democracy ever a fundamental value of western nations?

Cargo Ships in Kowloon Bay, 2002


• Economic power on the Pacific rim• The “Tigers”

• Japan led the way—an “economic miracle”• Most influential model of success

• South Korea and Taiwan• Treated prosperity as a fundamental patriotic duty

• Malaysia and Indonesia• Parlayed natural resources and expansive local labor pools into industrial investment

Filipino Protester on Labor Day, 2003


• Economic power on the Pacific rim• Boom and bust

• 1990s showed enormous slowdown in growth and near collapse of several currencies

• Japan: rising production costs, overvalued stocks, rampant speculation in real estate markets

• Indonesia• Inflation and unemployment• Reignited sharp ethnic conflicts

ISRAEL, OIL & POLITICAL ISLAM IN THE MIDDLE EAST

• The Middle East as crossroad• Western military, political, and economic interests• Deep-seated regional conflicts and transnational Islamic politics


• The Arab-Israeli conflict• National aspirations of Jewish immigrants clash with anticolonial nationalist

pan-Arabists• Holocaust survivors and allies argued that a Jewish state in Israel was the only

means to protect Jews from another genocide• Arab states argued that a “Jewish” state that gave preferential treatment to

Israeli Jews over Palestinians is racist• American-mediated peace efforts in the late 1970s, Soviet leaders remained

neutral but supportive• Anwar Sadat (1918–1981) argued coexistence with rather than destruction of

Israel

The Arab-Israeli wars of 1967 and 1973


• The Arab-Israeli conflict• Sadat and Carter broker a peace with Israel’s Menachem Begin (1913–1992)• Israel and Palestinian Arabs

• A blend of ethnic and religious nationalism on both sides• Younger Palestinians turned to the PLO and radical Islam


• The Arab-Israeli conflict• Intifada (“throwing off” or uprising)

• Fights escalated into cycles of Palestinian terrorism• International peace brokering• Yasser Arafat• Assassination of Yitzhak Rabin (1922–1995)

• The second intifada


• Oil, power, and economics• Postwar demand for oil skyrocketed• Automobiles and plastics• Needs, desires, and profits

• Drew Western corporations and governments to the oil-rich states of the Middle East


• Oil, power, and economics• Oil, a fundamental tool in new struggles over political power• Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)

• Founded in 1960• Arab, African, and Latin American nations


• Oil, power, and economics• Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)• Regulating production and pricing of crude oil• Militant politics of some OPEC leaders wanted to use oil as a weapon against the

West• 1973 oil embargo


• Oil, power, and economics• The West looks East

• Treated Middle Eastern oil regions as vital strategic center of gravity• Constant great-power diplomacy• The West always ready to intervene


• Oil, power, and economics• Growing energy demands of postcolonial nations

• China and India• Violent conflict inside Middle Eastern oil-producing states

• Haves and have-nots• Continued official corruption• New wave of radical politics


• The Rise of Political Islam• North Africa and the Middle East

• Shared characteristics of “kleptocracies”• Corrupt state agencies• Cronyism based on ethnic or family kinship• Decaying public services

• Criticism of Nasser’s Egypt• Powerful new political movement in revolt against foreign influence and corruption• Denounced Egypt’s government as greedy, brutal, and corrupt


• The Rise of Political Islam• The roots of the Arab world’s moral failure: centuries of colonial contact with

the West• Sayyid Qutb (1906–1966)

• Arrested several times by Egyptian authorities, ultimately executed• Ruling Arab elites were at fault

• Frayed local and family bonds• Abandoned government’s responsibility for charity and stability


• The Rise of Political Islam• Sayid Qutb (1906–1966)

• Arab elites lived in the pockets of Western imperial and corporate powers• Caused cultural impurity• Eroded authentic Muslim faith

• Arab societies should reject all Western political and cultural ideas• Building a new world on conservative Islamic government


• The Rise of Political Islam• Radical Islam

• Combined popular anger, opposition to Western forces, and an idealized vision of the past

• The Muslim Brotherhood• Put Qutb’s policies into practice• Secretive society rooted in anticolonial politics, charity, and fundamentalist Islam

• More liberal Islamists were fragmented and easier to silence

Gamal Abdel Nasser and Soviet Minister Aleksey Kosygin, 1966


• Iran’s Islamic revolution• An example of modernization gone sour• Shah Reza Pahlavi—installed by Britain and the United States in 1953

• Received oil contracts, weapons, and development aid• Thousands of Westerners introduced foreign influences• New economic and political alternatives


• Iran’s Islamic revolution• Shah Reza Pahlavi—installed by Britain and the United States in 1953

• The shah kept these alternatives out of reach• Denied democratic representation to middle-class Iranian workers and students• Governed through a small aristocracy divided by religious infighting• Secret police and campaign of repression


• Iran’s Islamic revolution• Shah Reza Pahlavi—installed by Britain and the United States in 1953

• Supported by Richard Nixon as a strategic ally• Retired from public life in 1979 and his provisional government collapsed


• Iran’s Islamic revolution• Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini

• Returned from exile in France• Supported by nation’s unemployed, deeply religious university students• Joined by radical Islamists


• Iran’s Islamic revolution• Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini

• The new regime• Limited economic and political populism• Strict constructions of Islamic law• Restrictions on women’s public life• Prohibition of ideas linked to Western influence

• Attacked Sunni religious establishment and atheistic Soviet communists• Attacked Israel and the United States• Teheran and the hostage crisis


• Iran, Iraq, and unintended consequences of the Cold War• Iran-Iraq War (1980–1988)

• Iraq attacked Iran over control of oil fields• Iran defeated—left Iranian clerics more entrenched at home

• Used oil reserves to back grass-roots radicals in Lebanon• Engaged in anti-Western terrorism


• Iran, Iraq, and unintended consequences of the Cold War• Iran-Iraq War (1980–1988)

• Threats to Iranian regime came from within• New generations of young students and disenfranchised service workers


• Iran, Iraq, and unintended consequences of the Cold War• Iraq as the new problem for the West

• France, Saudi Arabia, the Soviet Union, and the United States supported Iraq in 1980

• Coalition patronage supported the dictatorship of Saddam Hussein• Hussein invaded Kuwait in 1990

• Coalition forces conducted a six-week air campaign and then a ground war• Iraq forced out of Kuwait


• Iran, Iraq, and unintended consequences of the Cold War• Iraq as the new problem for the West

• Results of the Gulf War• Encouraged closeness between coalition forces• Encouraged anti-American radicals angry at a new Western presence


• Iran, Iraq, and unintended consequences of the Cold War• Afghanistan

• Socialist government of Afghanistan turned against its Soviet patrons in 1979• Moscow overthrew the Afghan president and installed a pro-Soviet faction• Soviets at war with militant Islamists (mujahidin)


• Iran, Iraq, and unintended consequences of the Cold War• Afghanistan

• Conflict became a holy war• Mujahidin assisted by advanced weapons and training given by Western powers• Soviets withdrew in 1989• Hard-line Islamic factions took over the country

WAR & TERRORISM IN THE 21ST CENTURY

• Terrorist organizations• 1960s: Organized terrorist tactics as a part of political conflict

• Middle East, Europe, and Latin America• Specific goals

• Ethnic separatism• Establishment of revolutionary governments


• Terrorist organizations• 1980s and 1990s: A new brand of terrorist organization

• Apocalyptic groups called for decisive, world-ending conflict• Eliminating enemies and martyrdom• Origins

• Groups from social dislocations of the postwar boom• Radical religion

• Divorced themselves from local crises


• Al-Qaeda• Radical Islamist umbrella organization• Created by leaders of the foreign mujahidin who fought against the Soviets in

Afghanistan• Osama bin Laden (1957–2011): official leader and financial supporter• Ayman al-Zawahri (b. 1951): linked directly to Sayyid Qutb


• Al-Qaeda• Organized broad networks of self-contained terrorist cells around the world• Goals

• Did not seek territory or to change governments of specific states• To destroy Israel and America and European and other non-Islamic systems of

government• To create an Islamic community held together by faith alone


• Al-Qaeda• Terrorist attacks on American embassies in Kenya and Tanzania in 1998• September 11, 2001

• Hijacked airliners hit the Pentagon, leveled the World Trade Center in New York• Fourth plane crashed in Pennsylvania• A new brand of terror

• Deeply indebted to globalization• Extreme, opportunistic violence of marginal groups

Twenty-First Century Terrorism


• Al-Qaeda• United States’ response

• Attacked Afghanistan, central haven for al-Qaeda• Routed Taliban forces• Did not capture bin Laden• Rebuilding Afghanistan

• Does nation building work unless it comes from within?


• Al-Qaeda

• New arms race• Israel: widely believed to have nuclear weapons but this has never been

confirmed• India and Pakistan• North Korea• Iran: does not yet have nuclear weapons but is attempting to develop nuclear

energy capabilities. Israel and other western nations including the U.S. insist on international inspections and monitoring

• Weapons of Mass Destruction• Biological• Chemical• Nuclear


• Al-Qaeda• America-led invasion of Iraq (2003)

• Hussein deposed and captured in December 2003• No WMD found• United States inherited complex reconstruction of broken state

HUMAN RIGHTS

• Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948)• No state should have absolute power over its citizens• Defined the crime of genocide• Established social rights (education, work, standard of living)

HUMAN RIGHTS

• Citizenship, rights, and law

• International courts and organizations

• The globalization of judicial power

• Human rights and the Western political tradition

EUROPE AND THE UNITED STATES IN THE TWENTY-FIRST

CENTURY• Limits of political and economic integration

• Russians unlikely to support former satellite states aligning to the West• Resistance to admitting Turkey to European Union

• Financial Meltdown: 2007–2010• Rethinking of central ideas of neoliberalism• Global failure of the largest financial institutions

• Do corporate entities need oversight by the state?• Are profit motive and free market sufficient to safeguard individual liberties?• Outsourcing of governmental functions to private corporations

• Military contractors not governed by the Geneva Convention or Military Code of Justice• For-profit prisons:--as private entities are the directors and executives required to act in

accordance with Constitutional safeguards on individual liberty?

CONCLUSION

• Globalization: challenges and opportunities• Triumph of global free market capitalism?• Impact of political instability and economic crises• Significance of interconnected global economy

CONCLUSION

• Globalization: challenges and opportunities• Effect of terrorism on Western governments• Consequences of “uncertainty” in setting national priorities• Climate Change• Immigration• How limited should government be?

• When government is ineffective in meeting the needs of its citizens, does history demonstrate that instability is the result?

• Pakistan, Guatemala, Honduras, Democratic Republic of Congo, Sudan• Are these countries examples of too much government or too little government?

• Rise of authoritarianism?• Competing perspectives and polarization of citizens along social, religious,

economic and ethnic divides

his 102 ch 29 a world without walls--globalization and the west

Education

peoples money

new vulnerabilities

movement of money ideas

free flow of money

new stage of globalization

liquid modernity

new economic imperatives

new forms of sociability