highways & transportation i (eciv 4333) chapter 1 introduction to transport planning chapter 1...

Highways & Transportation I (ECIV 4333)

Chapter 1Introduction to Transport Planning

Chapter 1Introduction to Transport Planning

1.1 Background 1.1.1 Roads and Civilization

1.1Background 1.1.1 Roads and Civilization

The wheel was invented in 5000 BC years. This made necessary the construction of special hard

surfaces of roads. Ancient roads were built to suit the old mode of

transportation (horses, donkeys and carts). Motor vehicles used these roads and in many cases they were not very suitable.

Roads improve communication and hence civilisation. The prosperity of a nation is bound up with the state of its

roads.


1.1 Background1.1 Background

Paving material:1. Granite paving stones ... not comfortable and very noisy

2. Wood paving ... not very successful

3. Bituminous surfacing ... solved the problem

The first road was built before 4000 BC From Stone

In Iraq

After stone roads In England

3. Gravel (3 layers)

In England

1800sLarge Stones

Excavation Stones

Fine Gravel and Sand

The first one was in Paris in 1824 Then after that the new asphalt type in New York in 1872

However, solving the problem increased the number of motor vehicles and hence increased the effect on noise, pollution, visual intrusion

and community severance.


History of Car In 1769, the very first self-propelled road vehicle was a military tractor

invented by French engineer and mechanic, Nicolas Joseph Cugnot.


Cugnot used a steam engine to power his vehicle,

Speed (2.5 mile/h about 4 Km/h) The vehicle had to stop every ten to fifteen minutes to build up steam

power.


History of Car (continued)


In 1771, Cugnot drove one of his road vehicles into a stone wall, making Cugnot the first person to get into a motor vehicle accident.

This was the beginning of bad luck for the inventor.

After one of Cugnot's patrons died and the other was injured, the money for Cugnot's road vehicle experiments ended.

Between 1832 and 1839 Robert Anderson of Scotland invented the first electric car. Electric cars used rechargeable batteries that powered a small

electric motor.

The vehicles were heavy, slow, expensive, and needed to stop for recharging


History of Car (continued)


Around 1885s, the Early Gasoline-Powered Cars was invented which was better than the electric and steam engine cars


Each student is asked to prepare a short presentation on a selected topic such as:

Main modes of transportation systems:

1. Motor vehicles2. Rail roads3. Air transport4. Water transport5. Pipelines; (oil & gas)

1. The History of railroads and trains2. The History of air Transport (Planes)3. The History of water Transport4. Effect of motor vehicle on trip patterns5. Traffic Noise6. Any other related topic…




1.1.2 Definition of Traffic Engineering

It is that part of engineering which deals with traffic planning and design of roads, of frontage development and of parking facilities and with the control of traffic to provide safe, convenient and economic movement of vehicles and pedestrians.

1.1.3 History of Car In Britain, the speed limit before 1896 was 4mph (6.5 Km/h) in open

country and 2mph (3.2 Km/h) in a populous area. Each vehicle had to be preceded by a man carrying a red flag. In 1896 a new law allowed vehicles to travel up to 14mph (22.5

km/h). Motor vehicles had little effect upon mass movement or town

development for some time. -Motor vehicles were mostly enjoyed by the wealthy.


Year No. of Reg. vehicles

1 car for….. people

% of increase (average/year)

1903 1909 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

17,000 144,000

4,190,000 8,989,000

14,030,000 19,346,700 24,511,000 24,826,000 25,231,000 25,369,000 26,302,000 26,974,000 27,538,412 28,367,000 28,897,000 29,747,130 30,557,000 31,207,360 32,258,854 32,897,000

2249.2 292.2 12.0 5.9 4.0 2.9 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.2 2.2 2.1 2.1 2.0 2.0 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.8

124.5% 66.9% 11.5% 5.6% 3.8% 2.7% 0.6% 1.6% 0.5% 3.7% 2.6% 2.1% 3.0% 1.9% 2.9% 2.7% 2.1% 3.4% 2.0%

1.1.4 Growth of the number of motor vehicles


In Britain


Year Gaza Strip West Bank No. of Reg.

vehicles % of

increase No. of Reg.

vehicles % of

increase 1970 3,350 4,893 1980 13,587 305.6% 24,257 395.7% 1985 22,938 68.8% 49,316 103.3% 1987 24,865 8.4% 59,576 20.8% 1988 24,367 -2.0% 1989 23,008 -5.6% 1990 24,214 5.2% 70,774 1991 24,290 0.3% 76,076 7.5% 1992 24,892 2.5% 86,896 14.2% 1993 26,974 8.4% 96,506 11.1% 1994 32,467 20.4% 108,402 12.3% 1995 43,809 34.9% 93,566 -13.7% 1996 43,802 0.0% 105,572 12.8% 1997 46,433 6.0% 113,980 8.0% 1998 46,588 0.3% 1999 47,976 3.0% 2000 49227 2.6% 2001 50030 1.6% 2002 50833 1.6%

2003 51976 2.2%

2004 53097 2.2%



In Palestine

In 1997 there was 1 car for every 21 people in Gaza Strip. Based on a population of 963,026.

In 2004 there was 1 car for every 25 people in Gaza Strip. Based on a population of 1337236.


No. of Regestered vehicles In Gaza Strip

0

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

60,000

1970

1972

1974

1976

1978

1980

1982

1984

1986

1988

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

Year

Veh

icle

s



In Palestine


Transport in general and particularly highway transport plays an essential role in the life of any community today. Good highway transport facilities are the result of sound planning.

Transport planning and land use planning must not be isolated, they affect each other.

Journey Types

The journey-to-work trip

It is of critical interest to the highway planner and designer because it creates peak period travel demands

Non-journey-to-work trips

Such as social visits, holidays, recreational. It is done mostly by car

1.2 Highway and Traffic Planning1.2 Highway and Traffic Planning



General Modes of Highway Transportation:

private car bus bicycle motor cycle walking

Car Walking Busused mostly for very local journeys for those without a car

Public Transport

Buses, trains and taxis


Why do people prefer not to use public transportation?


distance from bus stops long waits at bus stops changing buses long journey time inconvenience on bus

Cycling as a transport mode

In recent years, there has been considerable renewed interest in cycling as a transport mode. This is possibly related to:

environmentalhealthand recreational desires

It may also be related to the higher cost of petrol.

The highway and traffic engineer is now expected to take cycling into account in decisions related to the planning, design and management of many transport facilities.


Special needs of elderly and disabled people


The special needs of the handicapped are not always taken into account by transport planners.

1. Ramps about 5% and <8% and no longer than 10m (like the one lies in front of administrative building)

2. Steps (with the associated handrail, which should be provided with both sides)


3.Street furniture ( like seats should not opposing the pedestrian movement along footways; its colour should contrast with surrounding objects)

Special needs of elderly and disabled people (continue)



4.Information needs (like directional information to reach destination)

5.Walking surface quality ( footways and pedestrian areas)

Special needs of elderly and disabled people (continue)



1.3 Environmental Assessments1.3 Environmental Assessments

Concern has been expressed at various times in history at the detrimental environmental impacts associated with the development of highways.

Effects of transport on the environment:

• Air quality (CO, NO2, HC, Pb, SPM...)• Traffic noise and vibration• Cultural heritage مثل الثقافي التراث

األثرية المناطق• Disruption due to construction تشويش

المشروع أثناء الناس لحياة

• Ecology( البيئة ) and nature conservation (Wildlife)• Landscape effects جمال الطبيعة• Community effects• Vehicle travelers (View from driver; speed, layout, geometry • Water quality and drainage• Geology and soil considerations ( تأكل

انجرافها و ( التربة


1.4 Urban Road Systems1.4 Urban Road Systems

There are 3 principal types of road pattern in urban areas.


Gridiron

Adopted extensively in the USA


Advantages:1. Easier for surveyors to set out, using straight lines and rectangular co-ordinates.2. It encourages an equal spread of traffic over the grid, therefore, the impact at particular location is reduced. 3. It facilitates the implementation of one-way street systems.4. If there is a central business area in the middle of the grid, it is easy for through traffic to bypass it.

Disadvantages:1. Extra distances must be travelled when going in a diagonal direction.2. Providing a diagonal route has an unfortunate effect on the buildings producing acute angles.


Omar Elmokhtar

It is also used in Gaza


Part Of Gaza


This type of urban road pattern developed as a result of local topographic difficulties. (Alongside a valley)

Advantages:Main traffic flow is canalised into one major roadway.

Disadvantages:The major roadway serves as a route both to the completely internal traffic and for the internal-external traffic as well as for external-internal and through traffic...This leads to congestion and the major roadway becomes overloaded.


Linear


Part Of Nabuls




Mainly in old cities. A network of roads connecting town centre to town centre. Thus any given town had several roads radiating from its centre to other towns and villages around it.

Advantages:Providing a direct access to the town centre.

Disadvantages:1. Concentration of traffic generators within the central area2. Radial roads converging on the main sources of attraction3. Lack of suitable bypass routes for through traffic.

In order to minimise these disadvantages, ring roads are used.The ring road is a highway that is roughly circular about the centre of an urban area, and which permits traffic to avoid the centre of this area.

In practice, there are 3 forms of ring roads:1. an inner ring road2. an outer ring road3. intermediate ring roads

Radial



Part Of London


1.5 Highway system classification1.5 Highway system classification

Roads are classified by function, rural and urban are slightly different: In the USARural roads are classified as follows:

Arterial roads Principal - interstate, Minor

Collectors:MajorMinor

Local roads

Since the cities and larger towns generate and attract a large proportion of the relatively longer trips, the arterial highways generally provide direct service for such travel.

The intermediate functional category, the collectors, serves small towns directly, connects them to the arterial network, and collects traffic from the bottom-level system of local roads, which serves individual farms and other rural land uses.

Source: http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/planning/fcsec2_1.htm


Urban roads are classified as follows:Arterials:

PrincipalMinor

Collector streetsLocal streets


In the USA (continue)

Source: http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/planning/fcsec2_1.htm

the same basic concepts apply in urban areas as well. A similar hierarchy of systems can be defined;

however, because of the high intensity of land use and travel throughout an urban area, specific travel generation centers are more difficult to identify.

In urban areas additional considerations, such as spacing, become more important in defining a logical and efficient network. A schematic illustration of a functionally classified urban street network is shown in Figure II-3.


In rural areas:

Motorways:

dual carriageway with 3 or more lanes in each direction. The speed limit is 70mph (110 km/h). They connect between major cities (Inter-city).

A- Roads:

dual or single carriageway with 2 lanes in each direction. Speed limit is between 60 and 70 mph (95 - 110 km/h).

B-Roads:single carriageway with one lane in each direction. Speed limit is between 50 and 60 mph (80 - 95 km/h).


In Britain


In urban areas: Primary distributors:

They serve the town as a whole. They form the primary network for the urban area as a whole, and all longer- distance traffic movements are canalized onto them.

District distributors:

They serve large areas within the town. They feed traffic from the primary road network to local areas.

Local distributors:

They go through local areas and provide the link between district distributors and access roads.

Access streets:They give direct access to buildings and land.


In Great Britain (continue)


In Gaza (Palestine):

Main Road Serves for national or inters district traffic

Regional road Branching off from, or lining, main roads

Access Road Leading from a main or regional road to a certain point within a locality



1.6 Highway Revenue (Finance)1.6 Highway Revenue (Finance)

Roads cost a lot of money to construct and maintain.How to raise this money? Is it fair?

1. Payments by the General Public

It is raised in the form of grants from the central government.

This is used to cover the costs of highways that are in the national or general interest. Such as, rural roads (motorways) and some main urban roads

Money would come from non-motor vehicle taxation sources.


2. Payments by property owners / occupiers

For roads that directly provide access to houses and land

Roads which provide internal communication within the local community, e.g. the streets of a town or a local district.


3. Payments by motorists

It is generally accepted that motorists should contribute in financing road building and maintenance.

But how much should they pay towards the construction and upkeep of roads?

And how should this money be allocated amongst the various users of the highways?

- private cars; buses; commercial; vehicles; taxis.



Concepts of highway costs allocation between different classes of road users

1. Differential-cost concept-The first costing is made assuming the users are only cars, then all vehicles. (all vehicles should pay)- The additional costs needed to adapt the structural and geometrical requirements for heavy vehicles. (only heavy vehicles should pay)

2. Mass-distance conceptCost to be related to the: mass of vehicles, and the distance they travel.

3. Operating-cost conceptPayments are related to the operating cost of different vehicles

4. Differential-benefits conceptPayments in direct proportion to the benefits and savings incurred by each class of vehicles.

5. Area-occupied conceptPayments on the basis of the carriageway space occupied by the different classes of vehicles.



Income and TransportThe transport planner should make an estimate of how the likelihood of having a car may vary with household income.


People spend a lot of money on transportation (travel):

In the UK in 1983, the sum of 50,475million pounds were spent on inland transport. 96% of which was spent on road transport.

In Gaza strip people spend no less than $300million on transportation, in 1977.


The PCBS stated that in 2007 the Palestinian family spent about JD 62 per month on transportation and communication.

highways & transportation i (eciv 4333) chapter 1 introduction to transport planning chapter 1...

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