high seas bottom trawl fisheries and their impact on deep sea … · 2014. 3. 13. · high seas...
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High Seas Bottom Trawl Fisheries and their Impact
on Deep Sea Environments
Lisa SpeerSenior Policy Analyst
Natural Resources Defense Council
Deep Sea Conservation Coalition
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40
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60
65
70
75
80
85
90
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Glo
bal c
atch
(t ·1
06 )
Uncorrected
Corrected
Corrected, no anchoveta
El Niño event
(a)El Niño events
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Biomass of table fish in 1900
(t/km2)
( Christensen et al. 2003)
and in 2000….
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Decade1950s
1960s
1970s
1980s
1990s
Deep Ocean Ecosystems Discovered in Past 30 Years
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• ~50,000 – 100,000 seamounts, half on the high seas
• < 1% biologically sampled
Seamounts and cold water corals
• Important nursery and feeding grounds
• Host vast numbers ofbenthic animals
• Hard, soft, horny corals, sponges, sea lilies, sea squirts
• Habitat and food for other animals
– Host high levels of endemism
– Stepping stones for spreading of species across ocean basins
– Refugia for relict species
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Bottom Trawling
Trawling gear is extremelyrobust – doors can be up to 5 tonseach
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Bottom Trawl Fishing
Bottom trawling on Seamounts
Untrawle
trawled
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Image from NIWA, New Zealand
Orange roughy
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Scientists Statement on Protecting World’s Deep-sea Coral and Sponge
Ecosystems, February 2004
• “the UN General Assembly should adopt a moratorium on deep-sea bottom trawl fishing on the High Seas effective immediately”
Current status of High Seas bottom trawl fishery: (IUCN, NRDC, WWF, CI)
• 170,000 – 215,000 mt ≅ 0.2% of world capture fisheries [UN FAO
2001]
• Value = US$300- US$400 m in 2001 <0.5% of total value of world capture
fisheries production [UN FAO 2001]
• Negligible contribution to global food security
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Current status of High Seas bottom trawl fishery: (IUCN, NRDC, WWF, CI)
• 11 countries responsible for over 95% of reported catch (2001)
Spain; Portugal; Russia; Lithuania; Latvia; Estonia; Iceland; Norway; Faroe Is (Denmark); New Zealand; Japan
(most OECD and/or Parties to UNFSA)
• 100-200 vessels - full-time, year round 3.1 million vessels worldwide [UN FAO 2001]
Gaps in Governance
• Bottom trawling in most areas of the high seas is completely unregulated
• In those high seas areas with RFMOs, few if any have restricted bottom trawling to protect vulnerable habitats
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64% Of World’s Oceans Lie Beyond National Jurisdiction
International Agreements
– UNCLOS – CBD– UN Fish Stocks
Agreement– FAO Code of
Conduct– RFMO Agreements– Antarctic Treaty
System– Regional Seas
Agreements
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UNCLOS• Article 117: duty to take measures necessary to conserve high seas living resources
• Article 118: duty to cooperate in the conservation and management
• Article 192. duty to protect and preserve marine environment
• Article 194.5: duty to protect rare and fragile ecosystems and vulnerable species
Convention on Biological Diversity
• Article 3 – Parties “to ensure that
activities within their jurisdiction or control do not cause damage to the environment of other States or to areas beyond the limits of national jurisdiction.”
• Article 5– Parties to cooperate in
respect of areas beyond national jurisdiction for the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity
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1995 UN FISH STOCKS AGREEMENT• Assess and minimize the impact of fishing on non-
target and associated or dependent species and their environment [5(d),(f)]
• Protect biodiversity in the marine environment [5(g)]
• Protect habitats of special concern [6.3]
UN World Summit on Sustainable Development
Plan of Implementation
“(a) Maintain the productivity and biodiversity of important and vulnerable marine and coastal areas, including in areas within and beyond national jurisdiction;”
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UN General Assembly Resolution A/57/141 (2002):
• “Encourages relevant international organizations, ..., to consider urgently ways to integrate and improve, on a scientific basis, the management of risks to marine biodiversity of seamounts and certain other underwater features within the framework of the Convention;”
United Nations General Assembly Resolution A/58/19
(2003)• · Paragraph 51
“.....reiterates its call for urgent consideration of ways to integrate and improve, on a scientific basis, the management of risks to the marine biodiversity of seamounts, cold water coral reefs and certain other underwater features…”.
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Convention on Biological Diversity, COP 7 - 2004:• COP 7, Decision VII/5:
30. Agrees that there is an urgent need for international cooperation and action to improve conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity in marine areas beyond the limits of national jurisdiction, …
Convention on Biological Diversity, COP 7 - 2004:• COP 7, Decision VII/5:
61. Calls upon the United Nations General Assembly … to urgently take the necessary short-term, medium-term and long-term measures to eliminate/avoid destructive practices, consistent with international law, on scientific basis, including the application of precaution, for example, on a case by case basis, interim prohibition of destructive practices adversely impacting the marine biological diversity
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Moving from CALLS for urgent action …
to ACTION ...
Immediate Moratorium on High Seas Bottom Trawling
• a ‘time out’ for high seas bottom trawl fishing to initiate a UN Coordinated approach to:
– assess deep sea biodiversity & ecosystems + vulnerability to fishing;
– negotiate, adopt and implement legally binding regimes to protect, conserve and sustainably and equitably manage High Seas biological diversity.
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