BYCATCH MITIGATION ON SHRIMP TRAWL FISHERIES IN INDONESIA

BY:WUDIANTO and BAMBANG SUMIONO

2010 RESEARCH CENTER FOR CAPTURE FISHERIESAGENCY FOR MARINE AND FISHERIES RESEARCH

Presented in Meeting on Coral Triangle Fishers Forum

Denpasar, 15-17 June 2010

OUT LINE

1. INTRODUCTION

2. DEVELOPMENT OF TRAWL FISHERIES IN INDONESIA

3. BYCATCH AND DISCARD IN TRAWL FISHERIES

4. HOW TO METIGATE BYCATCH IN TRAWL FISHERIES

5. RESEARCH ON BYCATCH IN TRAWL FISHERIES

6. CONCLUSION

INTRODUCTION

Java Sea

South China Sea

Arafura SeaIndian Ocean

Pacific Ocean

Continental Shelf :• South China Sea• Malacca Strait• Java Sea• Arafura Sea

Deep Sea :• Indian Ocean• Pacific Ocean• Banda Sea• Sulawesi Sea

Based on this topography--- the species of fish resources are significantly diffrerent among those areas

Fisheries Management Areas in Indonesian Waters

STATUS OF FISH RESOURCES

DEMERSALUDANG

PELAGIS KECILPELAGIS BESAR

DEMERSALUDANG

PELAGIS KECILPELAGIS BESAR

2. Laut Cina Selatan

1. Selat Malaka

9. Samudera Hindia B(Selatan Jawa-Nusa Tenggara)

3. Laut Jawa 4. Selat Makassar dan Laut Flores

5. Laut Banda

7. Teluk Tomini danLaut Maluku

6. Laut Arafura

8. Laut Sulawesi dan Samudera Pasifik

DEMERSALUDANG

PELAGIS KECILPELAGIS BESAR

DEMERSALUDANG

PELAGIS KECILPELAGIS BESAR

DEMERSALPELAGIS KECILPELAGIS BESAR

DEMERSALUDANG

PELAGIS BESAR

UDANGPELAGIS KECILPELAGIS BESAR

DEMERSALUDANG

PELAGIS KECILPELAGIS BESAR

DEMERSALUDANG

PELAGIS KECILPELAGIS BESAR

DEMERSALUDANG

PELAGIS KECILPELAGIS BESAR

9. Samudera Hindia A(Barat Sumatera)

DEMERSAL

= Fully Exploited = Moderate Exploited = Overfishing = Uncertain

Source : Komnas Kajiskan, 2006

Distribution of Fish Resources and Type of Fishing Gears

Source: FAO, 1999

Continental shelf Slope

TRAWLERS AND PURSE SEINERS PURSE SEINERS AND LONG LINERS

OceanicCoastal

Littoral

DEVELOPMENT OF TRAWL FISHERIES IN INDONESIA

Based on commercially approach there are two type of shrimp trawling in Indonesia :

1.Small scale shrimp trawling fisheries

2.Industrial/commercial shrimp trawling fisheries

SHRIMP TRAWL FISHERIES

The shrimp fishery started commercially in Indonesia since 1969. There are three types of trawl used in the Arafura Sea, namely:

1) Double rig shrimp trawl: the head rope length is between 15 and 26 m. A try-net, with a head rope length between 2 and 4 m is used.

2) Single rig stern trawl: head rope length is between 26 and 35 m.

3) Quad trawl, this type has 4 cod-ends. The head rope length is between 20 and 25 m.

Source : Ditjen P2SDKP, 2006

Distribution of fishing ground in Arafura Sea

L o n g itu d e (E )

1 3 1 ° 1 3 3 ° 1 3 5 ° 1 3 7 ° 1 3 9 ° 1 4 1 °

8 °

6 °

4 °

2 °

0 °

Latit

ude

(S)

Papua

Laut Arafura

K ete rangan :

D aerah pe nangkapan perika nan rakyatD aerah penangkapan udang kom ers ia l (tra w l)

D aerah pe nangkapan ikan kom ers ia l (fish net)D aerah pe nangkapan te lor to ran i

Selat Malaka 1 Pukat apolo x 2 Pukat layang x 3 Mini trawl x 4 Lampara dasar x

5 Dogol berpalang/berpapan x

6 Cantrang berpalang/berpapan x

7 Fish net x

Selat Karimata dan Laut Cina Selatan 1 Pukat ikan x 2 Pukat udang x 3 Lampara dasar x x 4 Dogol berpapan x x

5 Lampara dasar berpapan x

Selat Makasar, Laut Flores, dan Selat Tiworo

1 Lampara dasar (Kaltim) x

2 Katrol/Rengreng x 3 Mini trawl x 4 Paddenreng x

5 Dogol berpapan (S. Tiworo) x

6 Dogol berpalang x

Laut Seram, Teluk Tomini, Laut Sulawesi dan Samudera Pasifik, Teluk Bintuni 1 Pukat udang x 2 Pukat ikan x 3 Dogol x 4 Lampara x

Arafura, Aru dan Laut Banda 1 Pukat udang x 2 Pukat ikan x

Laut Jawa 1 Arad x 2 Jaring WCW x

3 Dogol berpapan (DKI) x

4 Cotok x 5 Garuk kerang x 6 Payat Alit (Jatim) x 7 Krakat x

8 Mini beam trawl x 9 Arad berpalang x 10 Arad berpapan x 11 Cantrang berpalang x

12 Lampara dasar berpapan x

13 Lampara dasar berpalang x

14 Mini trawl (Jatim) x 15 Andu (DKI) x

Samudera Hindia 1 Pukek osoh (padang) x 2 Pukat ular (sibolga) x 3 Pukat ikan (sibolga) x

4 Lampara dasar (sibolga) x

Legenda Skala Kecil (< 5 GT) x Skala Sedang (5-10 GT) x Skala Besar (10 GT) x

Distribution Map of Trawl Net in Indonesia

DJPT-DKP (2005)

BYCATCH AND DISCARDS IN SHRIMP TRAWL FISHING

These shrimp trawls used for capturing shrimp as target species and demersal fish as the by-catch. The by-catch includes young fish and trash fish, which are comprised of small individual fish and that almost of fish are discarded at sea.

Since the trawl banning in some part of Indonesia waters in 1980 (presidential decree No.39/1980), only by-catch excluder device (BED) equipped shrimp trawl is allowed to be operated in Arafura Sea and its adjacent waters.

Year Sub Area Ratio By-Catch:Shrimp References

1992 II Bintuni 9:1 Iskandar et al. (1993)

1993 II Bintuni 5:1 Badrudin & Karyana (1993)

1993 III Kaimana 4:1 Badrudin & Karyana (1993)

1995 III Kaimana 5:1 Nasution (1997)

1996 III Kaimana 9:1 Widodo (1997)

1997 III Kaimana 8:1 Suharyanto (1997)

1998 III Kaimana 8:1 Sumiono et al (1998)

2001 III Kaimana 5:1 Badrudin (2001)

2002 III Kaimana 6:1 Budihardjo & Budiman (2002)

1982 IV Dolak 18:1 Sumiono (1982)

1982 IV Dolak 19:1 Naamin & Sumiono (1983)

1985 IV Dolak 21:1 Rusmadji & Soselisa (1985)

1993 IV Dolak 12:1 Badrudin & Karyana (1993)

1982 VI Aru 11:1 Sumiono (1982)

1991 VI Aru 13:1 Widodo (1991)

1993 VI Aru 12:1 Widodo (1997)

1996 VI Aru 8:1 Widodo (1997)

1997 VI Aru 11:1 Suharyanto (1997)

1998 VI Aru 13:1 Sumiono et al (1998)

2001 VI Aru 12:1 Badrudin (2001)

By-catch ratio to shrimps by sub areas caught by shrimp trawler in the Arafura waters

FISHING GROUND FOR SHRIMP TRAWL IN ARAFURA SEA

23

5 6

91011121314

16171820

21222324252627

2829

3031323335 363738 40414445464748

495051525354

a b c d e

f g h Ij

k l mn o

pqrs tuvw

xyzzazbzczd

zezf zgzhzi

zjzkzlzm

130 .0 131.0 132.0 133.0 134.0 135.0 136.0 137 .0 138.0 139.0 140.0

Longitude (E )

-8.00

-7.00

-6.00

-5.00

-4.00

-3.00

-2.00

-1.00

0.00La

titud

e (S

)

II

III

IV

V

VI

Papua

Arafura Sea

Family / Species groupsPercentage (%)

1991 1) 1997 2) 2003 3)

LutjanidaePomadasydaeNemipteridaeFormionidaeLeiognathidaeMullidaeSciaenidaeTheraponidaeSynodontidaeOther fishes

3,688,951,534,385,031,75

32,290,876,84

28,94

2,115,221,213,336,052,25

17,500,514,45

29,02

0,100,471,172,706,840,81

13,410,260,59

32,83Demersal fish 52,97 60,03 57,05

Pelagic fish 22,87 19,08 25,68Non fishes 3,14 4,44 5,18

Shrimp 21,22 16,45 12,09

Catch rate (kg/hr) 103,2 286,6 148,8

Catch composition of shrimp trawl net in Arafura sea, 1991-2003

References:1) Badrudin & Karyana (1993)2) Sumiono et al. (1998)3) Budihardjo & Budiman (2003)

Bycatch Reduction Efforts in Trawl Fisheries using BRDs

For reducing bycatch:Choosing a BRD or TED ?

Eayrs (2005)

BRDs is any modification designed principally to exclude fish bycatch from a shrimp trawl, and also exclude other animals and non-living material (debris).

TED or Turtle Excluder Device is any modification to a shrimp trawl designed to reduce the capture of turtle, and large animal including sharks, stingrays, jellyfish and some large fish.

TED super shooter (US type)

Grid length (cm) 120 cmGrid breadth (cm) 90 cmGrid bar shape and

size45 º

Grid material Aluminium pipeDiameters of grid (mm) 16 mmNo of element 8Bar distance (cm) 10 cmGrid setting angle (º) 47,5 ºGrid position Front part of cod

end

Technical specification of BRDs used in sea trials at Arafura sea

Source: Purbayanto et al. (2007)

Square mesh window Mesh type Square mesh windowWindow positioning -

Window length 22 M = 978 mm (in stretched)

Window breadth 48 M = 2136 mm (in stretched)

Mesh opening (mm) B1 = 22,5 mm (A,B,C) and B2 =31,75 mm (D)

Netting material PE 380, 60 flyKnotted/knotless KnottedTwine type Multifilament (raschel net)Twisted/braided twine TwistedSingle/double twine SingleTwine diameter (mm) 1,60 mm (A,B,C) and 2,30

mm (D)Twine colour Green

Source: Purbayanto et al. (2007)

Fish eye Code -Fish eye material Stainless

steelDiameter of fish eye (mm) 12,7 mmLength of frame (cm) 55 cmBreadth of elliptical opening

(cm)20 cm

Width of elliptical opening (cm)

45 cm

Fish eye position -

Source: Purbayanto et al. (2007)

RESEARCH ON BYCATCH REDUCTION DEVICES (BRDs)

IN SHRIMP TRAWL FISHING

Research on selective devices for industrial shrimp fishing had been carried out by Research Institute for Marine Fisheries (RIMF) and other institution ; Agency for Assessment and Application of Technology, Bogor Agricultural University (IPB) and Directorate General of Capture Fisheries.

Some types of selective devices had been researched through fishing experiment method, namely ;1. BED (By-catch Excluder Device)

or rigid hooped TED (Turtle Excluder Device)

2. SS-TED (Super Shooter-Turtle Excluder Device) and

3. JTED for juvenile excluder device

rigid hooped TED

single-grid hard TED

The research was aimed to determine design & construction of by-catch excluder devices that would be easy to use, would not affect the catch (especially for shrimp) and would be easily accepted by fishermen.

The research was began with a collaborative fishing trial by introducing BED (the first type TED) to shrimp fishing companies in Arafura Sea in 1982.

Source, Dept. PSP, FPIK-IPB

Type of BRD

Year Location Vessel Type of Trawler

Institution

BED/TED 1982 Arafura Comm Double rig RIMF, AAAT,IPB

BED/TED 1982 Southern Cilacap

R/V Stern trawl RIMF

SS-TED 1997 Aru and Dolak

Comm Double rig RIMF

SS-TED 2002 Northern Java

R/V Stern trawl RIMF

SS-TED 2006 Makassar strait

R/V Stern trawl RIMF

SS-TED 2007 Arafura waters

Comm. Double rig IPB, DGCF

JTED 2007 NorthernJava

RV Stern trawl RIMF

Some fishing experiment of selective devices on shrimp trawling fisheries

Avarage rate of by-catch reduction and loss of shrimp per towing

Catches BED in Arafura waters BED in Southern Cilacap waters

Kg/hour % Kg/hour %

By-catch 80.1 42.51 86.2 63.9

Shrimp 4.3 27.48 1.4 31.4

RESULTS OF FISHING EXPERIMENT

Fishing exp in Arafura waters used pair towing of two nets and in Cilacap waters used single towing net.

These results could not prove the potential benefit of BED to be promoted to industrial shrimp fishing in the Arafura Sea. In addition the BED was heavy, large and difficult to handle.

Average of by-catch reduction and loss of shrimp per towing

By-catch ShrimpKg/jam % Kg/jam %

SS-TED Aru ’82 128.4 41.15 3.4 34.07

SS-TED Dolak ’82 196.6 45.65 9.3 33.09

SS-TED Arafura ‘97 219.9 64.2 3.2 21.9

SS-TED Northern Jawa ‘02

14.95 – 96.27 5 - 60 0.34 – 1.55 13 - 59

SS-TED Arafura ‘07 19.5 32.9

Fishing exp in Arafura, Aru and Dolak waters used pair towing of two nets and in Northern Java waters used single towing net

These results still could not prove the potential benefit of the SS-TED, because high loss of shrimp catch occurred. However the construction of SS-TED simpler than BED and easy to handle

125 cm

110 cm

12 mm

10 mm

4,6,8,10,12 cm

Spesification frame of SS-TED in Java Sea fishing experiment

Exit hole

Cover net

codend

funnel

Frame

top cover over the window (Wileman et al., 1996)

Data collecting method

Mahiswara (2004) reported that: TED super shooter decreased bycatch/towing/

hour by 5% (12 cm grid space) and by 60% (4 cm grid space).

Ari Purbayanto, Prof.Dr.

TED performance (815 shots, 3 years period)

turtle reduction 99% stingray reduction 96% large shark reduction 80% sponge reduction 80%

shrimp loss 2 – 38%Source: Eayrs (2006)

JTED (bar 1.75 mm) save fish of 33 % (Widodo & Mahiswara, 2007)

0

20

40

60

80

Kantong Lolos

%

67 %

33 %

Juvenile fish

Retained Escaped

Experiment result on the use of JTED on mini trawl at Northern Java waters

Conclusion The ratio of by catch and shrimp as target species are fluctuated depend on fishing areas. The catch of bigger size of fish tend to decrease in the recent year.

Result from experimental fishing indicated that technically BRD and SS-TED were effective enough in reducing by-catch.

The use of by-catch excluder devices is compulsory on board for shrimp trawlers in Arafura Sea. In general, the fishing operators have still not perceived the benefit from using the devices because some loss of shrimp.

Research for improving by-catch excluder devices should be carried out, include to study of soft BRD (square mesh and fish eye) and JTED.

Thank You