high school auditoriums are often much too large, serve a ... · light and air when the school was...
TRANSCRIPT
DOCUMENT RESUMEED 031 072
By-Kohn, SherwoodThe High School Auditorium, 6 Designs for Renewal. A Report from Educational Facilities Laboratories.Educational Facilities Labs., Inc., New York, N.Y.Pub Date Feb 67Note-56p.MRS Price MF-$0.25 HC-S2.90Descriptors-*Auditoriums, *Building Conversion, Building Design, Building Innovation, *Space Utilization
High School auditoriums are often much too large, serve a limited number offunctions, and are unused a maior portion of the year. This paper details designs forauditorium modification in six high schools aimed at making the space more usable forsuch functions as small lectures, lunchrooms, libraries, etc. This document previouslyannounced as ED 018 084. (JT)
EF 003 550
.,
4
U S
DE
PA
RT
ME
NT
OF
HE
ALT
H. E
DU
CA
TIO
N &
WE
LFA
RE
OF
FIC
E O
F E
DU
CA
TIO
N
TH
IS D
OC
UM
EN
T H
AS
BE
EN
RE
PR
OD
UC
ED
EX
AC
TLY
AS
RE
CE
IVE
D F
RO
M T
HE
PE
RS
ON
OR
OR
GA
NIZ
AT
ION
OR
IGIN
AT
ING
ITP
OIN
TS
OF
VIE
W O
R O
PIN
ION
S
ST
AT
ED
DO
NO
T N
EC
ES
SA
RIL
Y R
EP
RE
SE
NT
OF
FIC
IAL
OF
FIC
E O
F E
DU
CA
TIO
N
PO
SIT
ION
OR
PO
LIC
Y Inin P
Pr
The
Hig
h Sc
hool
Aud
itori
um6
_Des
igns
for
Ren
ewal
A R
epor
t fro
m E
duca
tiona
l Fac
ilitie
sLa
bora
torie
s
Portfolio of _Designs for Renewal1 Central Junior High School, Rochester, Minnesota2 John Marshall Senior High School, Rochester, Minnesota3 Roosevelt High School, St. Louis, Missouri
4 Penn High School, Mishawaka, Indiana5 Central High School, West Allis, Wisconsin
Roosevelt High School, Des Moines, lowa
Ton* indicates proposed renovations.
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UPP
ER
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AL
'r
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1-1-
4
fini
msh
issi
ssak
ilaki
iikai
fida
raig
o a
o-se
at m
ain
floo
r ar
ea tw
o si
de s
pace
s of
se a
redj
,,._f
_n th
e au
dito
rium
and
div
ided
into
_.A
light
and
air
whe
n th
e sc
hool
was
bui
lt, b
utno
w o
bvia
ted
by m
oder
nde
velo
pmen
ts in
art
i-fi
cial
ligh
ting,
ven
tilat
ion,
and
air
con
ditio
ning
,th
e au
d;to
rium
of
Cen
tral
Jun
ior
Hig
h Sc
hool
lend
s its
elf
easi
ly to
cha
nge.
On
its m
ain
floo
r,th
e ha
ll is
exp
ande
d by
bre
akin
g th
roug
h in
toth
e lig
ht w
ells
and
bui
ldin
g ne
w s
ide
area
s.T
hese
are
as a
re p
artit
ione
d of
f in
to tw
o 90
-sea
tle
ctur
e ro
oms
by s
ound
-ret
arde
nt f
oldi
ng w
alls
.Pu
ll-ou
t ris
ers
with
fol
ding
uph
olst
ered
cha
irs
perm
it th
e sp
aces
to b
e us
ed a
s si
de s
tage
s or
audi
tori
um s
eatin
g ar
eas
for
thea
ter
in th
ero
und.
As
rede
sign
ed, t
he a
udito
rium
con
sist
s
1 20
sea
ts e
ach
(whe
n pu
ll-ou
t ris
ers
are
fully
exte
nded
) an
d a
mai
n st
age.
The
fro
nt r
ows
ofse
atin
g ar
e re
mov
able
to le
ave
the
floo
r op
enfo
r a
plat
form
sta
ge, a
nd s
eatin
g on
the
mai
nst
age
mak
es th
eate
r in
the
roun
d po
ssib
le.W
hile
not i
ndic
ated
, 320
sea
ts u
nder
the
balc
ony
can
be s
epar
ated
fro
m th
e m
ain
hall
by f
oldi
ng p
ar-
titio
ns to
ser
ve a
s a
larg
e le
ctur
e ro
om. A
bove
the
new
sid
e ar
eas
of th
e au
dito
rium
, the
re-
mod
elin
g pr
opos
al c
alls
for
two
50-s
tude
ntcl
assr
oom
s an
d tw
o se
min
ar r
oom
s to
the
righ
t,an
d ad
min
istr
ativ
e an
d gu
idan
ce c
ente
r of
fice
sto
the
left
. The
bal
cony
is s
how
n pe
rman
ently
RO
LM
7M
CIO
N6
CE
NT
CR
two
lect
ure
room
s, a
sm
all o
ne s
eatin
g 70
and
ala
rge
one
seat
ing
134.
Bot
h ro
oms
are
equi
pped
with
fix
ed s
eatin
g an
d w
ritin
g su
rfac
es, a
ndad
equa
te c
ondu
its to
eac
h ch
air
wou
ld f
acili
tate
futu
re in
stal
latio
n of
teac
hing
aid
s. P
ortio
ns o
fth
e co
urts
are
ret
aine
d as
land
scap
ed g
arde
ns,
and
the
form
er d
ress
ing
room
spa
ce b
ehin
d th
est
age
can
be u
tiliz
ed in
terc
hang
eabl
y as
dre
ssin
gro
oms
or a
reh
ears
al h
all.
A s
tude
nt c
omm
ons
repl
aces
the
old
lobb
y, a
nd e
ntra
nce
traf
fic
isre
dire
cted
aro
und
it.
1111
0111
1111
11. ge
,
r
AU
DIT
OR
AN
Of/
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AS/
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FUT
UR
E m
um/
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es s
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UN
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CT
UR
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0041
ger-
CPI
/ON
11-
CO
MA
ILW
50.
ft
New
spa
ce is
enc
lose
d or
top
of th
e ex
istin
gdr
essi
ng r
oom
are
a as
an
audi
o-vi
sual
cen
ter
join
ed to
an
expa
nded
libr
ary.
A p
roje
ctio
n
cent
er a
nd c
ontin
uing
the
roof
line
of
the
pres
-en
t aud
itori
um, o
ffer
s sp
ace
for
a fa
culty
wor
kan
d re
sour
ce c
ente
r in
clo
se p
roxi
mity
to th
ebo
oth,
loca
ted
in th
e au
dio-
visu
al c
ente
r, p
ro-
libra
ry. S
hift
ing
of th
e pr
inci
pal's
off
ice
to th
evi
des
the
new
aud
itorr
im w
ith r
ear
scre
en p
ro-
seco
nd f
loor
of
the
new
ly c
reat
ed s
ide
area
ope
nsen
eral
o c
e s
ace
or u
se a
s a
re-
/0,
20'
indi
L.a
.:J2
in th
e ab
ove
cros
s-se
ctio
n, th
e ca
fe-
teri
a an
d th
e ki
tche
n, lo
cate
d on
the
floo
rbe
low
the
audi
tori
um, c
ould
be
enla
rged
by
ex-
cava
tion
of th
e si
de li
ght-
wel
l spa
ces,
thus
cre
at-
ing
acco
mm
odat
ions
for
.r8o
add
ition
al d
iner
s.A
ir c
ondi
tioni
ng is
con
tem
plat
ed in
all
spac
esL.
join
eto
an
expa
nded
libr
a.-y
. A p
roje
ctio
nan
d re
sour
ce c
ente
r in
clo
se p
roxi
mity
to th
ebo
oth,
loca
ted
in th
e au
dio-
visa
al c
ente
e, p
ro-
libra
ry. S
hift
ing
of th
e pr
inci
pal's
off
ice
to th
evi
des
the
new
aud
itori
um w
ith r
ear
scre
en p
ro-
seco
nd f
loor
of
the
new
ly c
reat
ed s
ide
area
ope
nsje
ctio
n fa
cilit
ies.
Ano
ther
flo
or, p
ovid
ed b
yup
exi
stin
g ge
nera
l off
ice
spac
e fo
r us
e as
a r
e-bu
ildin
g ov
er th
e ce
iling
of
the
audi
o-vi
sual
cept
ion
room
dir
ectly
abo
ve th
e co
mm
ons.
As
FOR
IPIN
,").
"
LI
1111
1111
.1m
1
In it
s ne
w c
onfi
gura
tion.
the
audi
tori
um c
an b
eea
sily
adj
uste
d on
sho
rt n
otic
e to
sea
t /4c
... 5
70,
or 2
50 p
erso
ns. I
t is
poss
ible
as
wel
l to
use
the
mod
ifie
d sp
ace
for
a va
riet
y of
cla
ssro
om a
nd
belo
w th
e au
dito
rium
, cou
ld 7
7717
7777
'c-
cava
tion
of th
e si
de li
ght-
wel
l spa
ces,
thus
cre
at-
ing
acco
mm
odat
ions
for
18o
add
ition
al d
iner
s.A
ir c
ondi
tioni
ng is
con
tem
plat
ed in
all
spac
esco
nnec
ted
with
the
libra
ry a
nd a
udito
rium
.
11m
oum
mit
imni
rmos
Tii1
/4/
lect
ure
situ
atio
ns, s
till l
eavi
ng 2
50 s
eats
in th
em
ain
port
ion
of th
e ha
ll fo
r ge
nera
l ass
embl
ypu
rpos
es. A
llow
ing
for
a 55
per
cen
t util
izat
ion
of la
rge
spac
es, i
t is
poss
ible
to in
crea
se th
e st
u-
ME
I
MC
n10.
8=.
dent
cap
acity
of
Cen
tral
Jun
ior
Hig
h Sc
hool
by
Goo
whi
le m
akin
g m
ajor
impr
ovem
ents
in b
oth
libra
ry a
nd c
afet
eria
fac
ilitie
s. T
he e
stim
ated
cost
: $1,
966
per
stud
ent.
Supe
rint
ende
nt, J
ames
V.M
oon
Prin
cipa
l, Je
nnin
gs 0
. Joh
nson
Arc
hite
ct f
or th
e or
igin
al s
truc
ture
, Cra
wfo
rd &
Bro
ss, A
ssoc
iate
Arc
hite
cts
Cen
tral
Jun
ior
Hig
h Sc
hool
, Roc
hest
er, M
inne
sota
Cen
tral
Jun
ior
Hig
h Sc
hool
, bui
lt in
192
7, is
loca
ted
near
the
dow
ntow
n ar
ea o
f R
oche
ster
,M
inne
sota
. Lan
d fo
r ad
ditio
ns is
pro
hibi
tivel
yex
pens
ive.
The
nee
d fo
r im
prov
emen
t of
or a
d-di
tions
to th
e ca
fete
ria,
libr
ary,
fac
ulty
off
ices
,gu
idan
ce a
reas
, and
gro
up in
stru
ctio
n ro
oms,
as
wel
l as
the
clas
sroo
ms,
will
bec
ome
cruc
ial b
y19
70, w
hen
the
pres
ent e
nrol
lmen
t of
1,60
0w
ill e
xpan
d to
2,0
00. C
entr
al's
1,3
00-s
eat a
udi-
tori
um is
ple
asan
tly a
nd c
entr
ally
loca
ted,
but
alre
ady
too
smal
l for
the
tota
l stu
dent
bod
y an
dto
o la
rge
for
inst
ruct
ion.
Its
sta
ge c
anno
t com
-fo
rtab
ly a
ccom
mod
ate
the
scho
ol o
rche
stra
and
is s
uita
ble
only
for
trad
ition
al f
orm
s of
dra
ma.
The
rem
odel
ing
prop
osal
illu
stra
ted
here
cal
lsfo
r m
ajor
mod
ific
atio
ns, a
nd a
ccor
ding
to c
on-
sulta
nt e
ngin
.-,:.
.rs,
"is
eco
nom
ical
ly f
easi
ble
only
in c
onne
ctio
n w
ith s
choo
l pla
nts
on li
mite
dsi
tes
with
in a
maj
or m
etro
polit
an a
rea.
" E
sti-
mat
es, i
n fa
ct, p
lace
d th
e pr
ice
of p
ropo
sed
mod
ific
atio
n at
$1,
180,
000,
whi
le th
e co
st o
fbu
ildin
g ne
w le
ctur
e ro
om s
pace
for
Goo
stu
-de
nts,
con
stru
ctin
g ad
ditio
nal c
afet
eria
sea
ting
and
libra
ry s
pace
, plu
s th
e gu
idan
ce a
rea,
stu
-de
nt c
omm
ons,
and
aud
itori
um m
odif
icat
ions
,w
ould
be
$1,3
20,0
00, e
xclu
ding
the
proh
ibi-
tivel
y ex
pens
ive
land
req
uire
d. O
n th
e ot
her
hand
, the
impr
ovem
ent o
f C
entr
al's
stu
dent
capa
city
a m
atte
r of
Goo
new
pla
cesr
epre
-se
nts
the
larg
est i
ncre
ase
of a
ny o
f th
e sc
hool
spr
esen
ted
in th
is s
tudy
.
Con
vers
ion
for
Tea
mT
each
ing
,.....
:,'
LO
ASV
STA
&C
07,
4.-7
5Sr
AG
E
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IE
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OM
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ON
/WR
EN
CE
AA
P SR
/DV
-ni
n
1--1
Size
and
sig
ht-l
ine
redu
ctio
n of
fer
the
easi
est
and
mos
t eff
ectiv
e ap
proa
ch to
eff
icie
ntus
e of
the
was
ted
spac
e in
Joh
n M
arsh
all's
aud
itori
um.
In th
is p
ropo
sal,
the
5 r6
-sea
t bal
cony
is p
er-
man
ently
sep
arat
ed f
rom
the
hall
and
divi
ded
into
thre
e le
ctur
e ro
oms,
two
with
146
sea
tsan
.-1
one
with
70.
The
fro
nt r
ows
of s
eats
are
rem
oved
to p
rovi
de le
ctur
e pl
atfo
rm s
pace
, and
AG
e. :R
AF'
II
In th
e ce
nter
, con
trol
boo
ths
hous
ing
proj
ectio
n,re
mot
e sw
itchb
oard
, spo
tligh
t, an
d te
levi
sion
equi
pmen
t cou
ld b
e co
nstr
ucte
d. T
he e
xist
ing
stag
e is
wal
led
off
from
the
hall
by th
e cy
clo-
ram
a of
the
new
sta
ge. f
itted
with
tier
ed p
erm
a-ne
nt s
eatin
g, a
nd e
quip
ped
for
the
inst
alla
tion
of in
divi
dual
aud
io te
rmin
als,
aut
omat
edre
-sp
onse
sys
tem
s, a
nd o
ther
ele
ctro
nic
teac
hing
1,i
f -
1111
1111
ME
5MG
E
a
51ar
466
&O
N
ILi.-
LA
MA
StX
/55
SPO
TL
I6R
75it
it r -
-1. o
wE
N N
Eam
_Lco
irA
kt-
aids
, as
a hi
ghly
eff
icie
nt le
ctur
ero
om. T
be
frst
eigh
t rot
vs a
re r
emov
ed f
rom
the
mai
n se
atin
gar
ea, r
educ
ing
the
capa
city
of
the
hall
to 8
5o.
A la
rge,
ope
n-pl
atfo
rm s
tage
take
sov
er th
ene
wly
cre
ated
spa
ce, g
nd th
e ol
d au
dito
rium
exits
ser
te a
s st
age
entr
ance
s.
5TA
LR
LE
CT
UR
ER
OO
M
Win
n-
Abo
ve th
e st
age,
the
ceili
ng is
reb
uilt
toac
com
-m
odat
e sc
ener
y pr
ojec
tion
equi
pmen
t. A
stag
eto
wer
lead
s fr
om th
e au
dito
rium
up
to th
e ca
t-w
alk,
pro
vidi
ng a
per
man
ent a
ctor
's b
alco
ny o
nth
e w
ay. T
he c
eilin
g, s
et a
t new
ang
les
for
im-
prov
ed s
ound
pro
ject
ion
and
acou
stic
al c
ontr
ol,
cont
ains
new
sta
ge li
ghtin
g eq
uipm
ent a
nd s
up-
port
s a
grid
for
han
ging
min
or p
rope
rtie
s an
dsm
all p
iece
s of
sce
nery
. The
fiy
loft
of
the
old
stag
e is
con
vert
ed to
use
as
a st
Gra
ge r
oom
.The
old
proj
ectio
n bo
oth
beco
mes
a n
ew s
tair
case
lead
ing
to a
n ar
ea a
bove
the
balc
ony
ceili
ng,
291
whe
re a
team
pla
nnin
g ce
nter
, div
ided
into
offi
ces,
com
mon
wor
k sp
ace,
and
a c
onfe
renc
ear
ea is
pro
vide
d. S
kylig
hts
and
glas
s pa
rtiti
ons
lend
a s
paci
ous
feel
ing
to th
is r
ecla
imed
loft
are
a.
......
1111
1111
111
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Ca)
mod
ate
scen
ery
proj
ectio
n eq
uipm
ent.
A s
tage
tow
er le
ads
from
the
audi
tori
um u
p to
the
cat-
wal
k, p
rovi
ding
a p
erm
anen
t act
or's
bal
cony
on
the
way
. The
cei
ling,
set
at n
ew a
ngle
s fo
r im
-pr
oved
sou
nd p
roje
ctio
n an
d ac
oust
ical
con
trol
,
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NIT
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fickl
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oNC
AnN
ALx
.
ImA
&E
.
One
of
the
bonu
ses
deri
ved
from
the
John
Mar
-sh
all s
tudy
is th
e ha
ll's
capa
city
to a
ccom
mod
ate
proj
ecte
d sc
ener
y. I
n th
ese
sket
ches
, sta
ge d
e-si
gner
Jam
es H
ull M
iller
has
det
aile
d th
e si
mpl
e
port
s a
grid
for
han
ging
m:n
or p
rope
rtie
s an
dsm
all p
iece
s of
sce
nery
. The
tly
loft
of
the
old
stag
e is
con
vert
ed to
use
as
a st
orag
e ro
om. T
he
old
proj
ectio
n bo
oth
beco
mes
a n
ew s
tair
case
lead
ing
to a
n ar
ea a
bove
the
balc
ony
ceili
ng,
offi
ces,
com
mon
wor
k sp
ace,
and
a c
onfe
renc
ear
ea is
pro
vide
d. S
kylig
hts
and
glas
s pa
rtiti
ons
lend
a s
paci
ous
feel
ing
to th
is r
ecla
imed
loft
are
a.
Bite
r-G
I-IO
N U
NIT
' 4 v
Apa
E S
Hol
t4/1
-1IN
Eti4
11cp
4 to
61A
Ge.
com
pone
nts
of a
n ef
fect
ive
proj
ectio
n m
etho
d.A
hig
h-po
wer
ed la
mp
prov
ides
suf
fici
ent l
ight
to c
ast a
n im
age
from
a c
lear
or
colo
red
tran
s-pa
renc
y on
to th
e st
age
cycl
oram
a. M
r.M
iller
's
furt
her
rem
arks
on
"sta
ge d
esig
n" w
ill b
efo
und
on p
age
r6.
Supe
rin'
ende
nt, J
ames
V.M
oon
Prin
cipa
l,Rob
ertW
hale
yA
rchi
tect
for
the
orig
inal
str
uctu
re,E
llerb
e &
Com
pany
John
Mar
shal
l Sen
ior
Hig
h Sc
hool
, Roc
hest
er, M
inne
sota
John
Mar
shal
l Hig
h Sc
hool
is r
elat
ivel
y ne
wbu
ilt in
195
8and
loca
ted
in a
sub
urba
n ar
eaof
Roc
hest
er, M
inne
sota
. It i
s sh
ort o
f sp
ace
tosu
ppor
t a m
uch-
desi
red
team
teac
hing
pro
gram
.T
he 1
,928
-sea
t aud
itori
um is
too
smal
l to
seat
John
Mar
shal
l's 2
,262
stu
dent
s in
one
ass
embl
y,an
d to
o la
rge
and
clum
sy to
hou
se e
ither
teac
h-in
g or
stu
dyin
g si
tuat
ions
. The
dis
tanc
e fr
omth
e ba
ck o
f th
e ba
lcon
y to
the
fron
t of
the
stag
e is
120
fee
t, fa
r in
exc
ess
of th
e 65
to 7
5fo
ot m
axim
um r
ecom
men
ded
by th
eate
r co
n-su
ltant
s fo
r su
cces
sful
com
mun
icat
ion
betw
een
audi
ence
and
per
form
er. A
t Joh
n M
arsh
all,
spac
e fo
r m
ore
stud
ents
is n
ot th
eba
sic
prob
-le
m, a
lthou
gh a
dditi
onal
enr
ollm
ent c
apac
ityw
ould
res
ult a
s a
by-p
rodu
ct o
f re
mod
elin
g.E
ffic
ient
use
of
exis
ting
spac
e is
the
cruc
ial f
ac-
tor,
and
the
stud
y w
as u
nder
take
n to
sho
w h
owJo
hn M
arsh
all's
aud
itori
um c
ould
be
mod
ifie
dto
sui
t the
cha
ngin
g ne
eds
of b
oth
stud
ents
and
teac
hers
. The
res
ult i
sa
mor
e ap
prop
riat
ely
size
d as
sem
bly
hall
supp
orte
d by
an
exce
llent
team
teac
hing
com
plex
con
sist
ing
of a
pla
nnin
gce
nter
, lar
ge-g
roup
inst
ruct
ion
spac
es, a
nd in
-de
pend
ent s
tudy
are
as. C
onsu
ltant
s es
timat
eth
at th
is m
odif
icat
ion
of th
e ex
istin
g sp
ace
toad
d fo
ur n
ew le
ctur
e ar
eas
and
to im
prov
e th
eau
dito
rium
wou
ld c
ost $
448,
000
as c
ompa
red
to $
622,
000
for
the
cons
truc
tion
of n
ew, e
qui-
vale
nt f
acili
ties.
1
i
..
i r-
41
4,
-
Or
3G
othi
c E
ffic
leiw
yor
San
dwic
hing
in a
Lec
ture
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ter
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Sinc
e G
othi
c ar
chite
ctur
e af
ford
s gr
eat v
aults
of
ver:
ical
spa
ce, i
t see
med
logi
cal t
o di
vide
Roo
se-
velt
Hig
h Sc
hool
's a
udito
rium
hor
izon
tally
, at
the
balc
ony
leve
l. In
this
way
, it w
as p
ossi
ble
to s
ave
the
char
acte
r of
the
hous
e w
hile
red
uc-
ing
its s
eatin
g ca
paci
ty b
y on
e-ha
lf a
nd p
rovi
d-in
g a
dram
atic
am
ount
of
spac
e fo
r ot
her
uses
.A
s sh
own
here
, the
exi
stin
g st
age
pros
ceni
umis
wal
led
off,
tran
sfor
min
g th
at a
rea
into
a p
er-
man
ent g
ymna
sium
. The
new
flo
or o
f th
e au
di-
tori
um is
bui
lt up
to th
at w
all,
supp
ortin
g a
new
sta
ge. T
he c
urve
of
the
balc
cwy
seat
ing
isex
tend
ed a
roun
d th
e si
des
and
the
cent
er f
lat
floo
r is
use
d fo
r a
fore
stag
e or
por
tabl
e se
atin
g.Pu
ll-ou
t sea
ts a
re s
tore
d ag
ains
t the
new
gym
wal
l at t
he h
ack
of th
e st
age
and
coul
d be
use
dfo
r th
eate
r in
the
7 nu
nd. H
oriz
onta
l div
isio
n of
the
exis
ting
stag
e an
d fl
y lo
ft p
rovi
des
spac
e
for
the
mus
ic r
oom
, dis
plac
ed b
y th
e ne
w u
pper
leve
l of
the
libra
ry, a
nd s
uppl
ies
3,20
0 sq
uare
feet
at t
he to
p fo
r po
ssib
le f
utur
e de
velo
pmen
t.T
he s
econ
d-fl
oor
libra
ry is
exp
ande
d in
to a
brow
sing
loun
ge b
y re
mov
al o
f th
e st
orag
e ar
eas
belo
w th
e ba
lcon
y's
rear
sea
ts a
nd r
erou
ting
ofth
e se
cond
flo
or c
orri
dor.
Exi
stin
g st
udy
area
son
eith
er s
ide
of th
e m
ain
libra
ry b
ecom
e its
new
sta
ck s
pace
.
000
CO
NV
OA
K 0
LE
CT
EIR: ,7
PRE
AR
AT
ICW
STO
RA
6e
p8/A
75
8spo
l
0C
OM
MO
NS
a
/a
a
k
/322
11
LE
CII
IRE
furr
ow(s
ou o
zwo
NE
W94
INA
5/1/
41
11-n
-3 R
I
As
rede
sign
ed, t
he a
udito
rium
sea
ls 8
14, w
ithan
add
ition
al 2
16 f
olda
way
sea
ts o
n th
e st
age,
and
rem
ains
acc
essi
ble,
thro
ugh
new
cor
ner
stai
rway
s an
d ex
istin
g do
ors
at th
e ba
ck o
f th
eha
ll, f
rom
bot
h se
cond
and
thir
d fl
oors
. The
hall'
s fo
rmer
mai
n fl
oor
ir d
ivid
ed v
ertic
ally
into
thre
e pe
rman
ent l
ec;u
re r
oom
s. T
he
room
s
/11
111
.I
1111
111:
1 5
11 P/X
605e
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0
100
12;1 II.
ar
.-?.
(k/
illS
.N
I/TO
R/L
aiV
FW
/WW
1
/0'
IT
at th
e si
des
can
each
acr
omin
odat
e 17
0 st
uden
ts,
and
are
equi
pped
with
fix
ed w
ritin
g su
rfac
esan
d sw
ivel
sea
ting,
for
use
as
med
ia-o
rien
ted
orel
ectr
onic
ally
sup
plem
ente
d le
ctur
e ar
eas.
The
cent
ral l
ectu
re r
oom
hol
ds 2
24 s
tude
nts
inst
anda
rd a
udito
rium
sea
ting
equi
pped
with
fold
ing
tabl
ets.
A p
latf
orm
sta
ge m
akes
the
LT
AK
I,A0e
.45
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ta/r
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eta
611.
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ER
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(Mag
i? 5
TA
GE
.,1
IMA
MS
RO
OM
room
usa
ble
as a
littl
e th
eate
r. T
he r
ear
wal
lof
the
low
er f
loor
is m
oved
for
war
d to
the
balc
ony
colu
mns
of
the
old
hall,
leav
ing
spac
efo
r a
plea
sart
stu
dent
com
mon
s ar
ea ju
st o
ff th
em
ain
corr
idor
, opp
osite
th-
scho
ol's
ent
ranc
e.
Supe
rint
ende
nt,W
illia
m K
ottm
eyer
Prin
cipa
l,Wilm
ar R
. Sch
neid
erA
rchi
tect
for
the
orig
inal
str
uctu
re, R
. M. M
illig
an
Roo
seve
lt H
igh
Scho
ol, S
t. _L
ouis
, Mis
soar
iSt
. Lou
is' v
ener
able
Roo
seve
lt H
igh
Scho
ol, i
ts42
-yea
r-ol
d sp
ires
infl
uenc
ed b
y th
e ar
chite
ctur
eof
the
city
's 1
904
expo
sitio
n, a
nd it
s si
te s
wal
-lo
wed
by
the
tide
of u
rban
con
cent
ratio
n, s
uf-
fers
, lik
e m
any
othe
r la
rge
scho
ols,
fro
m a
grow
ing
enro
llmen
t and
an
inab
ility
to e
xpan
don
to a
djac
ent l
and.
Its
2,1
04-s
eat a
udito
rium
, asp
lend
idly
det
aile
d G
othi
c sp
ace
pier
ced
bylig
ht th
roug
h fl
oor-
to-c
eilin
g w
indo
ws,
is lo
-ca
ted
at th
e he
art o
f th
e sc
hool
. As
an a
ll-sc
hool
asse
mbl
y ha
llit
has
been
out
grow
n by
the
3,00
0-m
embe
r st
uden
t bod
y. C
onve
rsel
y, it
ism
uch
too
larg
e fo
r an
y ef
fect
ive
teac
hing
pur
-po
ses.
The
hal
l's m
ain
floo
r se
ats
1,46
0,bu
t its
gene
rous
sta
ge is
sel
dom
use
d fo
rth
eate
r an
dno
w d
oubl
es a
s ph
ysic
al e
duca
tion
spac
e.T
he64
4-se
at b
alco
ny is
vir
tual
ly d
orm
ant.
The
gra
-ci
ousl
y cu
rved
"dr
ess
circ
le"
of th
e ba
lcon
ym
akes
fle
xibl
e pa
rtiti
onin
g al
mos
t im
poss
ible
.A
mor
e ef
fici
ent a
udito
rium
, add
ition
al c
lass
-ro
om s
pace
, lar
ge-g
roup
lect
ure
room
s,be
tter
libra
ry f
acili
ties,
a li
ttle
thea
ter,
and
a g
ymna
-si
um a
re a
ll ba
dly
need
ed, b
ut a
ny p
lan
for
vert
ical
div
isio
n of
the
larg
e ha
ll to
for
m th
ese
need
ed a
reas
pre
sent
ed d
iffi
culti
es. I
t was
als
ofe
lt th
at a
ny d
ivis
ion
shou
ld b
e ac
hiev
ed w
ith-
out d
estr
oyin
g th
e di
stin
ctiv
e ar
chite
ctur
alch
ar-
acte
r of
the
hous
e. T
he r
esul
t was
a b
old
pro-
posa
l tha
t can
ful
fill
all r
equi
rem
ents
, inc
reas
eth
e st
uden
t cap
acity
of
the
scho
ol b
y 48
0 pl
aces
,tu
rn a
littl
e-us
ed b
ut h
ands
ome
audi
tori
um in
toa
high
ly a
ctiv
e gr
oup
of s
pace
s, r
etai
nth
e di
g-ni
ty o
f an
arc
hite
ctur
al c
lass
ic, a
nd c
ost a
n es
ti-m
ated
$69
1,00
0 --
sub
stan
tially
less
than
the
$1,4
40,0
80 c
alcu
late
d fo
r co
nstr
uctio
n of
an
equi
vale
nt a
dditi
on.
.-{ I
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177X
PIN
E A
VN
I,
The
sce
nery
loft
of
the
old
stag
e is
now
ava
il-ab
le f
or h
oriz
onta
l div
isio
nby
the
cons
truc
tion
of a
flo
or a
bove
the
new
lect
ure
room
. The
new
spa
ce p
rovi
ded
can
form
eith
ertw
o or
thre
e cl
assr
oom
s (p
rovi
ding
7 5
addi
tiona
lte
achi
ng s
pace
s)or
can
be
used
as
dres
sing
room
s. S
tage
sce
nery
and
ligh
tsca
n be
sup
-po
rted
and
hun
g fr
oma
grid
cei
ling
abov
e th
e
new
sta
ge. A
thir
d fl
oor
can
be b
uilt
in th
est
age
loft
for
a f
utur
e te
ache
r w
ork
area
and
conf
eren
ce r
oom
.
0-yro"
rrr,
,(-111-1I), Cr rl
f
0'1
r'
11
t"- I
1K 0 ,111 1111
YIrrri it rcrr-1,,
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AT
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rrr)
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(,rrY)^rr- rI rr,
r
ET
qt-
IME,-,
um
Aft
er s
tudy
of
the
sigh
t lin
es in
Pen
n's
audi
-to
rium
, the
sta
ge w
as m
oved
for
war
d fa
r en
ough
to p
erm
it a
full
dram
atic
per
form
ance
in f
ront
of th
e ol
d pr
osce
nium
. The
ori
gina
l sta
ge th
enbe
com
es a
ful
ly ti
ered
lect
ure
room
, div
ided
LE
CT
UR
E R
OO
M U
cED
4L
./IT
LE
TH
EA
'Elf
H05
6475
AU
PIT
OR
IUM
HA
S L
JAPT
EO
574
6571
3 56
4T5
W h
en th
e le
ctur
e ro
om is
use
d as
a li
n'h
eate
r,its
ope
rabl
e pa
rtiti
on f
lexe
s ba
ck f
rom
the
sem
i-ci
rcle
of
seat
s, a
llow
ing
sim
ulta
neou
s pr
oduc
-tio
ns o
n bo
th s
ides
of
the
part
ition
.
from
the
new
sta
ge b
y a
soun
d-re
tard
ant o
per-
able
par
titio
n an
d eq
uipp
ed w
ith a
pro
ject
ion
boot
h an
d co
mpl
ete
cond
uitin
g fo
r el
ectr
onic
stat
ions
at e
ach
of th
e iio
sea
ts. A
n ad
ditio
nal
soun
d-re
sist
ant d
ivid
er is
pro
vide
d up
stag
e, a
nd
LE
CT
UR
E R
OO
MIL
O %
.-4T
5
II 11
111.
1117
111,
rua.
-7.,4
66 P
RO
DU
CT
/ON
: 71
356
/75,
SF
The
sm
alle
r ha
ll be
com
es a
lect
ure
room
whe
nits
sou
nd-r
etar
dant
ope
rabl
e pa
rtiti
on is
pul
led
stra
ight
acr
oss
the
open
ing
betw
een
the
two
hous
es. H
ere,
a f
ull s
tage
pro
duct
ion
is p
ossi
ble
in th
e m
ain
audi
tori
um w
hile
a le
ctur
er s
peak
son
the
othe
r si
de o
f th
e pa
rtiti
on.
the
com
bina
tion
of th
e tw
o op
erab
le w
alls
, the
mai
n st
age,
and
the
lect
ure
room
off
ers
a w
ide
vari
ety
of te
achi
ng a
nd p
erfo
rmin
g op
port
uni-
ties
in p
erm
issi
ce s
pace
.
LE
CT
UR
E R
OO
M U
S64'
47-
11E
4TE
R O
VIR
E R
OU
ND
: Z
5e3
564-
5
MA
NX
IUM
5E
7fO
R P
IM 0
R L
EC
771R
E :
713
SE
,75
'71
For
thea
ter
in th
e ro
und,
the
lect
ure
room
isex
pand
ed b
y th
e us
e of
the
seco
nd, l
arge
r op
er-
able
par
titio
n. I
n th
is c
ase,
the
larg
er h
all m
aybe
em
ploy
ed s
imul
tane
ousl
y fo
r fi
lm o
r as
ale
ctur
e ro
om.
Supe
rint
ende
nt, G
eorg
e J.
Huy
sPr
inci
pal,
Mic
hael
Gre
enA
rchi
tect
for
the
orig
inal
str
uctu
re, C
harl
es W
.C
ole
& S
on, A
rchi
tect
s an
d E
ngin
eers
Penn
Hig
h Sc
hool
, Mis
haw
aka,
Ind
iana
Penn
Hig
h Sc
hool
in M
isha
wak
a, I
ldia
na, w
asop
ened
in 1
958.
Its
stu
dent
bod
y nu
mbe
rs1,
650
and
is e
xpec
ted
to g
row
to 1
,800
. Pen
n's
conv
entio
nally
des
igne
d au
dito
rium
sea
ts 1
,296
,w
hich
mea
ns th
at, l
ike
man
y of
the
halls
in th
isst
udy,
it is
too
smal
l for
a m
ass
asse
mbl
y an
dto
o la
rge
for
inst
ruct
iona
l pur
pose
s. M
oreo
ver,
the
hous
e is
too
deep
for
thea
ter,
par
ticul
arly
that
pro
duce
d by
the
stud
ents
. Sch
ool a
dmin
is-
trat
ors
at P
enn
have
long
fel
t tha
t the
aud
ito-
rium
cap
acity
cou
ld b
e re
duce
d to
hol
d a
thir
dof
the
stud
ent b
ody,
or
one
grad
e le
vel,
plus
teac
hers
and
gue
sts,
fre
eing
the
rem
aini
ng a
rea
for
teac
hing
fun
ctio
ns. P
lans
are
alr
eady
und
erw
ay to
con
stru
ct a
n im
prov
ed li
brar
y, a
dd a
vo-
catio
nal t
rain
ing
win
g, a
nd c
onve
rt th
e pr
esen
tlib
rary
into
cla
ssro
om_
The
num
ber
of n
ewcl
assr
oom
s to
be
built
dep
ends
upo
n th
e nu
m-
ber
of te
achi
ng s
pace
s pr
ovid
ed b
y au
dito
rium
rem
odel
ing.
The
stu
dy's
obj
ectiv
es, t
hen,
wer
ere
duct
ion
of th
e ha
ll si
ze a
nd p
rovi
sion
of
asm
uch
usef
ul in
stru
ctio
nal a
rea
as p
ossi
ble.
Re-
mod
elin
g pl
ans
prop
ose
a 72
3-se
at a
udito
rium
,a
II o
-sea
t lec
ture
roo
m th
at c
ould
be
used
as
alit
tle th
eate
r or
mus
ic r
oom
; tea
chin
gsp
ace
toac
com
mod
ate
75 s
tude
nts
and
doub
le a
s dr
ess-
ing
room
s; a
nd s
pace
that
cou
ld b
e de
velo
ped
asa
teac
hers
' pla
nnin
g ce
nter
. The
spa
ce o
ffer
ed b
ya
scen
ery
loft
and
a c
onve
ntio
nal a
udito
rium
isus
ed to
pro
duce
two
perm
issi
ve p
erfo
rmin
gar
eas
and
high
ly f
lexi
ble
inst
ruct
iona
l spa
ce. T
heco
st o
f im
prov
enK
'nts
was
est
imat
ed a
t $41
1,00
0,as
com
pare
d to
$55
o,00
c fo
r ne
w c
onst
ruct
ion
of e
quiv
alen
t eff
ectiv
e sp
ace
for
265
stud
ents
.
-;"1
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rit
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t at t
e o
ld p
ool b
efi
lled
in a
nd a
libr
ary
com
plex
be
deve
lope
din
the
new
ly c
reat
ed s
pace
. The
mai
n fl
oor
of th
epr
esen
t gym
is s
how
n de
vote
d to
a r
eadi
ng a
rea
9 1 E
AN
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OO
M
1....
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0
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Em
ovA
si.e
51.A
75
spac
e ad
jace
nt to
a n
ew o
pen
stac
kar
ea. T
hese
chan
ges
alon
e w
ill m
ake
a m
ajor
con
trib
utio
nto
the
educ
atio
nal s
tren
gth
of C
entr
al H
igh
Scho
ol, p
rovi
ding
a lib
rary
that
cou
ld h
ouse
CLA
SS
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OO
M
BA
ND
R00
41
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OM
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4507
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RR
/PO
R
Li
1104
5T 5
TA
66M
a/ M
AW
Q*A
66-RX
FG
4RD
5N
mor
e. T
he lo
unge
are
a an
d th
e ol
d lib
rary
can
be c
onve
rted
into
an e
xcel
lent
lang
uage
or
guid
-an
ce c
ente
r. A
com
mon
s, s
ervi
ng li
brar
y an
dca
fete
ria,
is lo
cate
d ov
er th
e ol
dsw
imm
ing
pool
'PV
Vi T
ba,
PA
RT
ITIO
Vfr
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OR
IUM
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5E
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AR
OO
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ION
Mi 1
1111
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ION
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STR
UM
EN
TR
CO
M air
wit
RO
OF
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......
....._
...._
...co
ress
iNs
i=r0
CM
LIP
PER
PA
RT
OF
STA
GE
UPP
EP
tAR
T O
FA
UD
I fO
RIU
M
Rrs
r:f
a a
BA
LC
ON
Vw
-
19'
20'
RO
OF
Sign
ific
ant i
mpr
ovem
ents
in c
ircu
latio
n, s
eat-
ing,
ligh
ting,
and
dec
or a
re p
ossi
ble
with
out
maj
or s
truc
tura
lch
ange
s to
Cen
tral
Hig
hSc
hool
's a
udito
rium
. Thr
ough
-tra
fflc
fro
m th
efr
ont t
o th
e re
ar o
f th
e ha
ll, a
dif
flcu
lt jo
urne
yat
pre
sent
, is
prov
ided
by
conv
ertin
g th
e ex
ist-
ing
side
ligh
t cou
rts
into
ram
ped
disp
lay
galle
r-ie
s. N
ew d
ress
ing
room
s ar
e ad
ded
at th
e st
age
end
of e
ach
cour
t.Sta
ge a
cces
s ar
eas
are
chan
ged
7711
1111
j
--7
FT-
AC
C!'
541C
ON
VI5
t9 P
ER
MA
NE
NT
5E
A 7
-5I
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77.7
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i 4_1
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1.41
rI C
r_7_
11-1
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1 7:
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AR
T04
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:165
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UD
ITO
R/U
Mee
feee
PA
RT
Oc
7 , C
L4
I:1_
1 .4
_1-0
_174
74 4
'4_
-C
77-7
:1 1
11-
7r
,
RO
OF
to a
void
the
pres
ent d
ark
stai
rcas
es, w
ith d
irec
tco
nnec
tion
prov
ided
to th
e m
ain
scho
ol c
orri
-do
rs o
n ea
ch s
ide.
Asi
de f
rom
thei
r us
e fo
r ar
tdi
spla
-, th
e ga
lleri
es a
re a
n ai
d in
reo
rgan
izin
gth
e au
dito
rium
for
con
tinen
tal s
eatin
g. T
henu
mbe
r of
sea
ts is
red
uced
to a
ccom
mod
ate
half
of
the
antic
ipat
ed e
nrol
lmen
t, pl
us te
ache
rsan
d gu
ests
. Les
s de
sira
ble
seat
ing
at th
e re
ar o
fth
e ho
use,
und
er th
e ba
lcon
y, is
rem
oved
and
/0'
20'
St,
4.
kroF
'WA
GE
the
spac
e de
vote
d to
a b
row
sing
loun
ge c
on-
nect
ed w
ith th
e ex
istin
g lib
rary
. In
the
balc
ony
of th
e au
dito
rium
, sea
ting
is r
etai
ned
for
two
row
s on
all
thre
e si
des,
and
sea
ts a
t the
rea
r ar
ere
mov
ed to
allo
w c
onve
rsio
n of
the
spac
e in
tose
min
ar r
oom
s, a
pro
ject
ion
boot
h, a
nd a
sto
r-ag
e ar
ea. T
he e
xist
ing
dres
sing
roo
ms,
obv
iate
dby
enl
arge
d fa
cilit
ies
on th
e m
ain
audi
tori
umle
vel,
conv
ert t
o of
fice
s.
Supe
rint
ende
nt, E
. G. K
ello
ggPr
inci
pal,
L. A
. Szu
dyA
rchi
tect
for
the
orig
inal
str
uctu
re, R
ober
t H. M
essm
er &
Bro
ther
s
Cen
tral
Hig
h Sc
hool
,Tre
st A
llis,
Wis
eons
iisD
espi
te s
uffi
cien
t cla
ssro
om f
acili
ties,
Wes
tA
llis,
Wis
cons
in's
45-
year
-old
Cen
tral
Hig
hSc
hool
is p
lagu
ed b
y th
e pr
oble
ms
of in
ade-
quat
e co
mm
on u
se a
reas
. Its
libr
ary
is w
oefu
llyun
ders
ized
, and
its
gym
nasi
um c
anno
t sat
isfy
the
need
s of
the
1,22
6 st
uden
ts. T
he o
verf
low
from
a c
row
ded
cafe
teri
a ta
kes
up u
sefu
l in-
stru
ctio
nal s
pace
, and
the
1,20
0-se
at a
udito
-ri
um, l
ocat
ed o
n th
e th
ird
floo
r, s
uffe
rs f
rom
inad
equa
te s
tage
fac
ilitie
s, p
oor
traf
fic
circ
ula-
tion,
and
vir
tual
inac
cess
ibili
ty f
rom
the
mus
icro
oms.
For
tuna
tely
, a n
ew p
hysi
cal e
duca
tion
anne
x is
con
tem
plat
ed to
hou
se th
e gy
mna
sium
and
swim
min
g po
oL E
stim
ated
to c
ost b
etw
een
$950
,000
and
$ r
,250
,000
, it w
ill b
e co
nstr
ucte
dac
ross
the
stre
et f
rom
the
scho
ol.
Thi
s w
ill f
ree
the
firs
t and
sec
ond
leve
ls o
fC
entr
al's
pre
sent
bui
ldin
g fo
r m
odif
icat
ion,
and
open
s th
e w
ay f
or s
tudy
of
all t
he c
omm
on u
sear
eas.
In
this
pro
posa
l, a
new
libr
ary
with
brow
sing
, rea
ding
, and
stu
dy a
reas
, as
wel
las
ala
rge
refe
renc
e se
ctio
n; a
new
caf
eter
ia w
ith a
nad
jace
nt s
tude
nt c
omm
ons
area
; en!
arge
d of
fice
spac
es; t
wo
sem
inar
roo
ms;
and
a m
uch-
im-
prov
ed a
udito
rium
are
all
achi
eved
, as
engi
neer
-in
g co
nsul
tant
s re
port
ed, "
with
a m
inim
um o
fdi
ffic
ulty
." T
he c
ost o
f re
nova
tion,
incl
udin
gai
r co
nditi
onin
g, li
ghtin
g, a
nd p
lum
bing
, is
esti-
mat
ed a
t $78
0,00
0, w
here
as a
new
bui
ldin
gad
equa
te f
or 6
00 s
tude
nts
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mon
use
are
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re e
stim
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to b
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ly 8
00 s
tude
nts
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ould
cos
t $1,
360,
000,
plus
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expe
nse
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and
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choo
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of
rem
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umof
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re to
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tially
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tiral
to th
at o
f St
. Lou
is'
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igh
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ol. T
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odif
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pro
-po
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for
one
can
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pplo
pria
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hole
or
in p
art,
for
the
othe
r.Si
nce
fixe
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atin
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ntri
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s m
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o in
-fl
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y sh
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a la
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ll's
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rman
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oran
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g th
e au
dito
rium
for
a m
ultip
licity
of u
ses,
edu
catio
nal a
s w
ell a
s th
eatr
ical
. Whi
leth
e m
odif
icat
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sho
wn
here
are
sim
ple
and
in-
expe
nsiv
e, th
ey r
esul
t in
oppo
rtun
ities
for
aw
ide
rang
e of
str
ikin
g va
riat
ions
. No
new
spac
es w
ere
plan
ned
in th
e st
udy,
so
no c
om-
pari
son
betw
een
it an
d th
e co
nstr
uctio
n of
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vale
nt a
dditi
ons
is p
ossi
ble.
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ever
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ses
timat
ed th
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icat
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ither
of
the
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seve
lt H
igh
Scho
ols
alon
g th
e lin
es s
ugge
sted
wou
ld c
ost $
190,
000.
Educational Facilities Laboratories, Inc. is anonprofit corporation established by theFord Foundation to help schools and collegesin the United States and Canada with their physicalproblems by the encouragement of researchand experimentation and the disseminationof knowledge regarding educational facilities.
I
Board of DirectorsMILTON C. MUMFORD, ChairmanChairman of the Board, Lever Brothers Company
ALVIN C. EURICH, Vice ChairmanPresident, Aspen Institute for Humanistic Studies
CLAY P. BEDFORDPresident, Kaiser Aerospace & Electronics
JAMES C. DOWNS, JR.Chairman of the Board, Real Estate Research Corporation
HENRY DREYFUSSHenry Dreyfuss & Associates
MORRIS DUANEAttorney, Duane, Morris and Heckscher
HAROLD B. GORESPresident, Educational Facilities Laboratories
FREDERICK L. HOVDEPresident, Purdue University
J. E. JONSSONChairman of the Board, Texas Instruments, Inc.
PHILIP M. KLUTZNICKKlutznick Enterprises
J. L. MORRILLConsultant, The Ford Foundation
WINTHROP ROCKEFELLERGovernor, State of Arkansas
THOMAS J. WATSON, JR.Chairman of the Board,International Business Machines Corporation
BENJAMIN C. WILLISEducational Consultant(formerly General Superintendent of Schools, Chicago, Illinois)
OfficersHAROLD B. GORES, PresidentJONATHAN KING, Secretary and Treasurer
StaffHUGH BECKWITH, Consultant
LILLIAN BUTLER, Publications Associate
ROBERT M. DILLON, AIA, Consultant
MARGARET FARMER, Editorial Associate
JAMES J. MORISSEAU, Editorial Associate
VAN H. SAVELL., Editorial Assistant
CLIFFORD WALSH, Assistant Treasurer
RUTH WEINSTOCK, Research Associate
1ekitowledgeineuttsOriginal report by F. Philip Brotherton, Partner-in-Charge,The Perkins & Will Partnership
Written by Sherwood Kohn
!Jirector of the project Ronald W. Haase,Ronald W. Haase and Associates, Architects,formerly Architectural Associate, EFL
Architectural drawings by Julie Maser,formerly of The Perkins & Will Partnership
Rochester Central model by Eugene F. Chile lli ofWilliam T. Ottawas & Sons
Photograph on page 4 by George Zimbel
Photographs ot model by Jonathan King
All other photographs by Tea Wilhams
Designed by Sutter and Wartik Graphic Design, Inc
Printed by Sanders Printing Corporation
Additional copies are available from the offices ofEducational Facilities Laboratories477 Madison AvenueNew York, New York 10022
Library of Congress Catalog No 67-19966
First Printing February, 1967
V
Fo i se sisoa 11
One of the least used and least useful resources inthousands of old and middle-aged schools in the UnitedStates and Canada is the auditorium. Usually scaled foran all-school assembly that either doesn't or shouldn'ttake place, these cavernous facilities often sit unused orunderused most of the school year.
This report is the result of an EFL self-administeredproject designed to pull together a talented and knowl-edgeable group of educators, architects, and engineers,as well as acoustical and theater consultants to see ifthese spaces could not be put to better use throughcreative remodeling within the fiscal resources of typi-cal school districts.
The conclusions whicl, follow are in the form of a
group of case studies of real auditoriums in existingschools. While in each case the proposed remodeling isbased on the individual school's program and the reali-ties of the existing space, some generalizations haveclearly emerged.
With careful planning, it is possible to use these whiteelephants to proviue many of the facilities which areimportant for contemporary educational, dramatic, andmusic programs. Indeed, these nonclassroom spacescan br, produced at costs considerably below thoserequil,u for building additions to accommodate thesame programs or student population increases.
None of these plans can be transplanted directly intoother schools, but the concepts, pnnciples, and tech-niques which underlie these projects can be used tomake many older schoolstoo good to discard and notgood enough for today's educationinto better placeseducationally. And this can be done at costs sufficientlybelow new construction costs to please the taxpayersin communities where educational aspirations arehigher than fscal resources.
Educational Facilities Laboratories
3
4
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Inhoditetion
Beginning with the latter half of this century,the effects of the great popuiation explosionthat followed World War H were felt through-out America's complex socioeconom:c struc-ture. At the inoment, they are, and seem hkeiyto continue to be, highly pervasive. But no-where have these forces been felt moreacutely than in the nation's schools. Studentenrollments in both urban and suburban areasare expanding far beyond educational facili-ties that were considered adequate a scoreof years ago.
!ncreasingly, school adm.inistrators arefaced with the problem of providing morespace at a minimum of taxpayers' expense.Under the pressures of urban concentrationand mounting property costs, it is often im-possible or uneconomic to acquire additionalland tor the construction of school annexes.Rising construction costs, coupled with a de-mand for advanced technical resources andteaching methods, have added further bur-dens to aimost every education budget. In thecontext of these conditions, common se.-ise
5
alone demands an assessment of the adapt-ability of all good existing school structuresbefore building new ones.
To take a close look at a representativesampling of schools caught in the expansionsqueeze, Educational Facilities Laboratoriesassembled a team of architects. planning con-sultants, and imaginative school administra-tors who were asked to study the problemsand recommend solutions that were at oncepractical and boldly innovative.
Upon examination of the six buildings cho-sen for this study. it was quickly apparent thatschool needs had changed considerablysince the plants were constructed. Burgeon-ing enrollments, new educational techniques,and expanding curricula have combined withmany other factors to cAert undeniable con-straints, not only in favor of basic instructionalspace, but also for specialized work, study,and sto age areas as well. Heading the list ofrequirements that have grown as a result ofincreasingly complex and expanded academicprograms were large-group instruction areaswith adjacent faculty planning space, confer-ence and seminar rooms, and larger and morenumerous resource storage areas, both forbooks and audio-visual materials.
Libraries, in particular, were found to haveoutgrown their original functions. The modernschool library has ceased to be "the room atthe end of the hall," and has assumed the roleof a thriving instructional materials center,employing the full spectrum of informationalmedia. Basically, the book storage require-ment has increased, but the addition of facili-ties for tape, filmstrips, records, microfilm,modern retrieval systems, and special listen-ing and viewing devices has contributed to theobsolescence of all but the most pliable ofschool libraries. The new library has becomethe hub of curricular enterprise, and it is now
6
felt that any expansion or conversion studyshould assume that such a valuable facility isthe center of the living school, helping by itsatmosphere, activity, and location to create andencourage a spirit of independent learning.
In Search of Space
In the course of this study, it was discoveredthat many older schools, and even some ofmore recent vintage, harbor a substantialamount of unused space that could be betterand more economically employed to handlethe expanding needs of curricula, staff, andstudent body.
One of the greatest space-wasters is thelarge, conventionally designed auditorium,originally built to accommodate an entire stu-dent body at one sitting, but now awkwardand inefficient in its ill-suited roles of studyhaH, meeting place, lunchroom, and confer-ence area. Most of these cavernous halls areinadequaely equipped, improperly lighted,and much too large for either instructional orassembly purposes. Consequently, many lieidle during a major portion of the school year.
This study then focused on exploring de-sign ideas, in representative situations, for theretrieval of space from six partially dormantauditoriums, and for the conversion of thisspace to library, classroom, lecture hall, of-fice, cafeteria, work area, and other uses thatcould more judiciously benefit the changingeducational program. Simultaneously, audi-torium space was also pared down to moreeffective size for such traditional functions asassemblies and theatrical and musical per-formances by the student body.
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A reasonable range of problems and sehi-tions are presented and dic,cussed Ifl the f()l-lowing case studies Lvery aspect of lb
school auditorium from heating, liqitiriq. an:Iacoustics to all the sacred coA's of communitypride Ind tradition, is affected In this repoi tattention was limited to auditoriums and thosespaces immediately supporting them, but it isrecommended that a broad approach to re-newal considerations be taken, involving thetotal school.
There was sufficient evidence discoveredin this study to support the conclusion thatthe bolder and more imaginative the conceptof change, and the broader the base uponwhich it is planned, the more rewarding willbe the effects, educationally and financially.
In each case, the architectural proposalshave been designed to show the impact ofimagination on previously unproductive space.It may be difficult, however, for some schoolsto finance more than a small demonstrationof feasible space retrieval. In these caseswhile over-conservatism is undesirable, a shortfirst step may prompt further action.
I II PIf PSI, ;I of Iteostm
The solutions undertaken were examinedthoroughly to insure their reasonableness andfeasibility Each proposal was carefully re-viewed by - uctural, mechanical, and elec-trical engineers. Special architectural and
educational consultants have, after examina-tion of each space, provided guidelines formodification and improvement. Details are notintended to be sufficient for construction pur-
Husos, but Only to (1e nonstrate a line of attackObviously, many problems apart from theuctural requirerr ent, ate creuted by
Jt)(1IVISICK1, but It has boen most gratifying to
find that only rnrior adjustment::, were necc-,(ir'y to correct rnost difficulties Among other
thirds, the stuCies indicated clearly that thereare no obstacles that cannot be circumventedby a creative approach
Moreover cost estimates have shown thatreal econornes can result from the conversionof auditoriums that presently he sadly under-used. Even in cases where land was availablefor new construction, the cost of remodelingwas lovier than the cost of a new bwIdind Inthe studies, cost figures are directly related toaddit,onal student capacity, new usable space,or both. It can be argued that any increasesin operating and maintenance costs are morethan reasonable in light of the higher enroll-ment or degree of space utilization which ismade possible.
Of course, the problems of scheduling al-terations around school operation must becomputed against a background of favorablecosts. Sensible staging of a major remodeling,as well as the erection of carefully placed tem-porary walls, can aHow uninterrupted educa-tion, and the dirtiest and noisiest operationscan be accomplished during summer vaca-tion, finishing can be left for periods whenschool is in session
Many doubts concerning the advantages ofauditorium conversion nave evaporated dur-ing the preparation of this report. In the courseof the study. it was concluded that remodelingapproaches like the oneq iliustratod can ex_tend the useful lives of school buildrigs, in-crease their capacities and improve theirability to adapt to new developments in edu-cation ER is cormnced that every auditoriumdeserves r, fat hake.
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Speeial Considerations
School remodeling poses special problems, and when the changes center around school auditori-ums, the problems become even more complex. In another sense, however, the effects of an audi-torium conversion program radiate throughout a school, psychologically as well as physically, andoften extend into the community outside. Here, three experts writing on important aspects ofschool design and space retrieval lay down guidelines for stage design, acoustics, and audio-visualteaching devices that affect not only education but art, drama, music, and a wide range of educa-tional and human considerations.
ACOUSTICS IN REMODELED AUDITORIUMS
RANGER FARRELL, a partner in the consulting film of
Ranger Farrell & Associates, of Tarrytown, N.Y., isassistant professor of architecture at Cooper Unionand a visiting critic and lecturer on acoustics at theParsons School of Design. A graduate of the Massa-chusetts Institute of Technology, he has served assenior consultant for the firm of Bolt, Beranek &Newman, Inc.. acoustical consultants for the Phil-harmonic Hall in New York's Lincoln Center for thePerforming Arts, and has written extensively onacoustics for leading architectural journals.
AUDIO-VISUAL CONSIDERATIONSMORTON C. GASSMAN, associate professor of archi-tecture and seniol design coordinator at RensselaerPolytechnic's Center for Architectural Research,holds a B.S. in architecture from the University ofCincinnati and a master's degree from the Cran-brook, Academy of Art, and has served as a con-
sultant in audio-visual facilities planning and de-velopment for the State University of New York. Hispublished works include "New Spaces for Learn-ing," a 1961 report to Educational Facilities Labora-tories, and "Educational Facilities with New Media,"an interim report to the U.S. Office of Education.
STAGE DESIGN
JAMES HULL MILLER became interested in the the-ater during his undergraduate years at Princeton,where he majored in literature and philosophy.Since then, he has designed more than 16 theatersand auditoriums, taught at the University of NewMexico and the Centenary College of Louisiana,and founded the Arts Lab in Shreveport, Louisiana,for the study of stagecraft arid the design of openstage theaters. Now a theater design consultantwho makes his home in Shreveport, Mr. Miller worksin both educational and professional planning andhas contributed articles to professional publications.
11
Acoustics in RemodeledAnditorinms
by Ranger FarrellOne of the most useful acoustic features of anauditorium is its ceiling. Properly shaped, theceiling becomes a "mirror" that reflects and en-forces a speaker's voice. Obviously, an acousti-cally absorptive ceiling in an auditorium isanathema. While some acoustic tile may beneeded, most auditorium ceilings should becomposed largely of such sound-reflecting ma-terial as plaster, plasterboard, or wood.
If a room has a large volume and its surfacesare predominantly reflective, sounds producedin it will have a long reverberation time.* Buta long reverberation time is suitable only forchoral and orchestral performances. A short re-verberation timesomething like i to 1.3 sec-ondsis more desirable for speech, drama, andsmall ensembles.
Echoes are a common problem. An echo isreflection heard about 70/1000 of a second ormore after the original sound has reached thelistener's ear. In its mildest form, an echo isheard as a definite repetition of impulsivesounds. If the back wall of an auditorium isconcave, echo severity increases. The curvefocuses reflected sound energy. When the rearwall is broken up by large diffusing elementssuch as balconies and projection booths, theecho's severity decreases, and if efficient sound-absorbing materials are applied to the wall, itdecreases even more.
In wide auditoriums, a special kind of re-
*Reverberation time is the time required for a sound to decayto one-millionth of its original intensity
12
flection called a "side wall" echo may becometroublesome. This type of echo occurs when aperformer speaks from a side extremity of thestage. If the opposite side wall is 35 or 40 feetfrom him, the performer, as well as many mem-bers of the audience nearby, may hear a dis-turbing echo reflected from it. The side wallecho can be remedied by sharply splaying thefront walls of the auditorium like a megaphone,or by narrowing the stage.
One of the great deficiencies of many olderauditoriums is a long, low balcony arrange-ment, which broods over cavernous spaces andfrom which audiences can see and hear onlyhalf of what takes place onstage. When thiscondition exists, first consideration should begiven to allocating such limited spaces to otherfunctionspermanently. An excellent solutionof the problem was undertaken in the proposalsfor St. Louis' Roosevelt High School. There,a new floor at the level of the balcony's bottomrow entirely eliminates the overhang problemand places a smaller audience in seats withbetter-than-average sight lines and better-than-average hearing conditions.
Under proper acoustic control conditions, itshould seldom be necessary to amplify speechfor audiences of less than 400. But a loud-speaker system should be included in every au-dience room, regardless of size, if for no otherpurpose than music and film sound reproduc-tion. When the room is designed to accommo-date 400 or more, the system should be plannedfor speech reinforcement as well. In rooms hold-ing I,C7o or more, with even the greatest evegiven to acoustic treatment, high quality speechreinforcement must certainly be installed.
For either speech reinforcement or music re-production, all equipment should be of broad-
cast quality. Control equipment must be locatednear the back of the room and within the cov-erage patterns of the loudspeakers. Ideally, aloudspeaker should be located directly abovethe lecturer or performer. This implies a singlespeaker at the center of the proscenium arch.Where this is impractical, column loudspeakersmay be mounted on each side of the proscen-ium. Under all circumstances, auditorium loud-speaker systems should be kept separate fromschool paging networks. The qualities of thesystems are always of entirely different orders.
Sound transmission through doors is a per-ennial problem in all auditoriums, but divisionof such spaces into various kinds of activityareas introduces a multiplicity of potential noisesources. Thoughtful planning can often resolvemany of these problems. For example, in St.Louis' Roosevelt High School, the ramps canbe used as sound locks, with conventional doors
at either end, thus isolating the commons andcorridors from the new lecture rooms.
The most effective way of solving door sound-transmission problems is to use two doors orpairs of doors "in series." These can be hungback to back on a common frame, an expedientthat is compact but awkward, or spaced apartto form a sound and light lock.
The noise of feet moving in classrooms, cor-ridors, or gymnasiums also poses a commonproblem. In remodeling programs, only quietactivities should be planned for spaces abovelarge audience rooms. Wherever possible, recre-ation rooms should be located on lower levels,preferably on grade. In St. Louis' RooseveltHigh School, where the new auditorium isplaced over a lecture center, dancers or actorson the stage may find they disturb students be-neath. There, both the permanent :Ind semi-
circular stages should be of heavy constructionand mounted on systems of spring and rubbervibration isolators. In addition, the new struc-tural floor should be of relatively massive, con-
crete construction. And, finally, considerationshould be given to the installation of resilientlysuspended plaster soffits between the beams. Inless critical situations, such as the aisles on thenew flat floor of the Des Moines' RooseveltHigh School auditorium, areas can be carpetedto reduce noise at its source.
Excessive mechanical equipment noise is an-other frequently encountered problem in audi-ence rooms. Fan noise transmitted into an audi-torium through air ducts can usually be reducedby linings or mufflers in the ducts. Air turbu-lence at supply diffusers often creates disturbingnoises, and the only solution is more or largerdiffusers. Vibration transmitted through roofand ceiling and reradiated into a room as noisecan be stopped by locating the offending equip-ment on springs and carefully isolating pipingand electrical conduit to assure a minimum ofphysical linkage to the building structure.
Almost invariably, remodeling offers a majoradvantage over new construction in the matterof mechanical noise control. Before remodeling,existing machinery noise can be measured,whereas it is difficult to predict the preciseeffects of mechanisms prior to installation. Ifexisting equipment is to be integrated into theremodeling program, and if it is audible, thesound should be measured and compared withcriteria for acceptable auditorium noise levels.
If new equipment is planned, all normal pre-cautions of good acoustical engineering practiceshould be applied. In planning, always considerthe fact that distance is a great healer. Equip-ment should not, unless absolutely necessary,
1 3
be installed in furred ceiling spaces above anauditorium. Heavy equipment, sudi as ::ooling
towers, should be placed above secondary
rooms, as close as possible to columns or other
firm supporting elements. Unitary equipment,such as under-window fan coil units or roof ex-hausters, should be avoided in all lecture rooms.
In all remodeling, the architect's prime req-
c_isite is an awareness of potential acoustical
problems and the creative solutions available to
him. Although the physical aspects of roomacoustics, sound systems, or noise control in-
stallations are the same in both new and re-modeled structures, remodeling can create spe-cial problems. The architect should be alert to
them and to the usc of acoustical contiols.
Suggested Sound Transmission Clams (STC) Ratings for PartitionsThe table ranks various typical activities in order ranging from noisiest and most disturbing to quietest and most easily
disturbed and indicates an approximation of the required sound isolation between these activities.
cdo dot OA cr 41).
1.40 I * 4% .°A 0 40 42%,
416. 150°** ck.444 S. C4 De\(0 4 %4% * 0 4%, 8 \0"00
40T 0
0 A4. / *0" -FROM
Orchestra & Chorus 65 65 50
Motion Picture & Phonograph 65 50 50
Music Ensemble & Indiv. Practice 50 50 50
Gymnaskim 35 35 20
Shops-High Noise 50 50 35
Shops-Low Noise 35 35 20
Recreation 35 20 15
Lab & Home Economius 20 15 15
Lounge & Common 20 15 0
Lecture Rooms 35 20 0
StuAy & E-mmination 0 0 0
EM 1111110111111 IMMN W NA
14
15 20 20 50 50 65 65
15 15 15 50 50 50 50
0 0 15 15 15 50 5I'
0 15 15 20 20 50 50
0 35 50 50 50 65 65
0 0 0 15 15 35 35
0 0 0 15 15 35 35
0 0 0 0 15 35 35
0 0 0 35 0 35 35
0 0 0 35 35 35 35
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
411
' I
1.1
Stage Design
by .huarest Hull _Miller
The conventional proscenium stage is not theonly, or necessarily the first, idea that comes tomind for a theater in a school. A desirable vari-ety of performing arrangements may be achieved
in a number of ways. Platform stages may thrustforward or assume a number of shapes whichwill permit interesting audience groupings andprovide versatility for the functions to beserved. There may also be retractable stages,side ateas which may be used for seating orperforming as required, and movable platformswhich can be arranged as desired.
With this scope in staging and with the useof folding seats, much freedom is allowed in theselection of material and the manner of presen-to.tion. This freedom generates excitement anda desire to participate on the part of studentsand faculty. Increased proximity to the audi-ence lends intimacy and invites involvement.
There are two distinct methods of arrangingscenery on a stage. One is to place the sceneryaround the acting area; the other, to locate thescenery within it. Scenery which surrounds theacting area is usually defined by some sort of
16
masking, or by a proscenium frame. Scenerylocated within an acting area is three-dimen-sional, like sculpture. Its profile is important,and it must be self-supporting. Such units arecalled set pieces.
With scenery self-supporting and space-cen-tered, the scenic artist controls the magnitudeof a set, and the stage may be any size or shape.By commitment to set piece technique, it is pos-sible to bring drama onto an open platform, thekind of stage that is ideal, both visually andacoustically, for other school activities such aslectures, concerts, and ceremonies. Since setpieces are more compact than picture-framescenery, stagecraft materials go farther and stor-age requirements are lessened.
Set pieces have a distinguished history inboth Western and Oriental drama. A resurgenceof interest in the set piece has come about inthe last decade, partly as a result of new play-writing styles which demand more flexible stag-ing, and partly because of the emphasis placedupon the plastic nature of live theater, as op-posed to television and motion pictures. Setpieces are ideal fcr complex plays becausescenes may be arranged in a variety of ways.The high degree of skill and creative possibili-ties in the crafting of these pieces particularlyappeals to young people.
Of course, the architecture of the auditoriumforms the background for the platform stage aswell, and this must be borne in mind when thebuilding is designed. Proper illumination is alsoimportant, but need not be expensive. Sinceplatform staging requires no curtains or mask-ing pieces overhead, spot lighting and generalillumination can be arranged more efficientlyand at less cost than comparable systems in pro-scenium frame theaters.
Audio-l'isual fonshkrations
by Morton C. Gassman
Media, as part of the educational system, dic-tate special considerations for classroom envi-ronment. Not only must the design providegood viewing and listening facilities and a com-fortable environment for each student, but itmust also be flexible enough to serve, withequal efficiency, the needs arising from a varietyof situations.
The necessity for note- Laking during an in-structional presentation makes a variable sys-tem of illumination mandatory. Such a system
should be capable of producing several lightlevels at the student writing surface, and theselevels should approximate the amount of lightproduced on the screens by various projectorsor monitors.
Ambient or stray light falling upon the view-ing surfaces washes out the image. A variety oflouvres and fixtures capable of limiting thespread of overhead lighting are available. Theseshould be located to avoid excessive shadows onthe writing surfaces, and a series of downlightsshould be provided at the front of the classroomto illuminate teachers, live demonstrations, tack-boards, and vertical writing areas.
Good acoustics and sound control are espe-cially important, and distribution throughoutthe room is not so great a problem as the iso-lation of sound from adjoining spaces. Acousti-cal des:g.i should be applied early in the plan-ning r :-)cess.
In order to be alert and responsive, the stu-dent must not only be ab'e to see and hear, butbe physically comfortable. Temperature and hu-midity should be controlled to offset the effectsof special lighting, windowless presentationlooms, and year-round operation, a, well as topromote optimum student performance.
Viewing screens may be of front or rear pro-jection types, since with complete lighting con-trol either kind is acceptable. However, asscreen size increases with the size of the audi-ence, more projector lumen output is needed toproduce an image of adequate brightness. Stand-ard projection equipment can be used for imagewidths of less than eight feet. The minimumdistance from viewer to screen is generally ac-cepted as twice the width of the screen. Themaximum lies between six and eight timesscreen size.
If student sight lines are to be free ;rom in-terference, stepped or sloped seating will benecessary in rooms containing more than fourrows. It is possible to place two rows on onelevel if the seating is staggered. However, thedesigner should be careful to avoid making closeviewers uncomfortable by locating his screentoo high.
The lecture rooms developed for St. Louis'Roosevelt High School show how renovatedspace can be adapted for optimum media use.Preparation, storage, and rear screen projectionareas were located in lecture rooms i and 3 tomake these spaces media-oriented. The sidelimits of the viewing area are determined byusing a 4o-degree edge angle. Each room con-tains a 7- by r_ 4-foot, flexible, white, wide-angle
rear projection screen capable of receiving twosimultaneous images. The rear projection areais designed to accommodate two 35mm projec-tors, a r6mm projector, and a television projec-tor. The right screen module ( 7 by 7 feet )would be used for 35mm or i6rnm projections,and the left for 35mm and television projec-tions. The distance from the rear wall of theprojection area to the screen is 12 feet 6 inches,producing, with wide-angle lenses, 7-foot 16mmand 35mm images and a projected televisionimage 5 feet 3 inches wide.
Lecture room two at St. Louis' Roosevelt isflexible. By introducing a hinged, roll-on screenand portable projection units, this space can beconverted quickly from an auditorium tc anaudio-visual facility. Screen and projector loca-tions should be clearly defined on the stage floorand conduit placed for the acceptance of media.
Lighting systems in this room and all othermedia-oriented spaces need not be complicated.Not more than one footcandle of ambient light
Is
should be permitted to fall on the screen sur-face, but an economical switching system, ca-pable of providing three illumination levels canbe obtained by using three-tube fluorescent fix-tures. By wiring the fixtures to light one, two,or three tubes and by providing louvres to limitspread, the system becomes effective withoutadding expensive dimming equipment. It shouldproduce two levels of light approximating theaverage brightness of the various projectors anda third for normal classroom lighting. Thesecircuits are then tied into the teacher's controlpanel and matched with the appropriate pro-jectors so that a single contrcl is possible forboth projector and light level.
In Lrief, when designing the media-orientedroom, the architect should keep the followingsuggestions in mind:
. For rear screen projection offering thewidest viewing angle, projector and screenshould be ss.parated by a distance equivalentto twice the width of the projected image.2. All screens should be protected from am-bient light.
3. The floor adjacent to the screens shouldpresent a dark, nonreflective surface.
4. Student writing surfaces should be tiltedslightly away from th.
By carefully planning today's media-oriented
rooms, advancing technology will not makethem obsolete, but will produce even betterviewing conditions. Display methods maychange or improve, but if room design is pred-icated on a fixed relationship between the stu-dent and what he must see, the efficiency of hisfacilities will remain unaffected.
A general rule might be that with any givenprojector the brightness of the image will begreater when using screens with narrow view-ing characteristics. However, image brightnessis only a relative thing and the essence is theability of the student to see clearly and easilydistingiish the projected information. The pro-jection of multiple images limits the use ofnarrow viewing screens since the addition ofeach screen reduces the acceptable viewing area.
While the same is true of screens with wide-angle characteristics, the acceptable viewingarea is much larger.
v)
v)
19
Viewing areas are determined by ti.ie followingthree dimensions: ( 1 ) Minimum vwwing dis-tancethe distance from the screen to thenearest observer ( 2) Maximum viewing dis-tancethe distance from the screen to thefurthest observer. ( 3) Maximum viewing anglethe angle between the projection axis (A)and the line of sight of the viewer located atthe extreme edge (B).
20
The rear projection area should be acousticallytreated to absorb the projector sounds andTainted matte black to prevent l;ght from beingreflected to the screens. The white screen willaccommodate the use of the overhead projectorwhen required. A closed circuit television sys-tem may be incorporated within the classroom.With an overhead mounted television camera,a zoom lens, and a light box, this becomes ablack and white version of both the overheadand opaque projectors.
Obviously, the teacher's control console mustbe designed for ease of operation. Over-compli-cated control pahels can discourage the use ofthe mho-visual Nuipment. Moreover, lightcontrols should be integrated with the projectorswitch, and the pauel should be designed witha minimum of flashing lights and buttons.
The hinged, roll-on screen is composed of twowide-angle, flexible, rear projection screens,each 8 feet square, and fitted with side blindsto prevent ambient light from reaching behindthem. A roll-on projection stand might hold a35 mm projector and a 16 mm or television pro-
jector, with cart cables designed to plug intofloor outlets carrying power and control circuits.
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.ei
Other Reportsfrom EEL
The following publications are available with-out charge from the offices of EFL: 477 Madi-son Avenue, New York, New York 10022.
BRICKS AND MORTARBOARDS. A guide for the
decision-makers in higher education: how thecolleges and univecsities can provide enoughspace for the burgeoning enrollments of thisdecade; how the space can be made adaptableto the inevitable changes in the educationalprocess in the decades ahead. (One copy avail-able without charge. Additional copies $1.00. )
COLLEGE STUDENTS LIVE HERE. A report on
the what, why, and how of college housing;reviews the factors involved in planning,building, and financing student residences.
THE COST OF A SCHOOLHOUSE. A review of
the factors contributing to the cost and effec-tiveness of schoolhousing, including planning,building , and financing.
DESIGN FOR ETVPLANNING TOR SCHOOLS
WITH TELEVISION. A report on facilities, pres-
ent and future, needed to accommodate instruc-tional television and other new educationalprograms. Prepared for EFL by Dave Chapman,Inc., Industrial DeFign.
RELOCATABLE SCHOOL FACILITIES. A survey of
portable, demountable, mobile, and divisibleschoolhousing in use in the United States and aplan for the future.
THE SCHOOLHOUSE IN THE CITY. EFL's annual
report for 1965 and an essay on how the citiesare designing and redesigning their school-
houses to meet the problems of real estateco,ts, population shifts, segregation, poverty,and ignorance.
THE CHOOL LIBRARY. A report on the facili-ties for independent study, with standards forthe size of collections, seating capacity, and thenature of materials to be incorporated.
t'
SCHOOL SCHEDULING BY COMPUTER / THE
STORY OF GASP. A report of the computer pro-
gram developed by MIT to help colleges andhigh schools construct their complex masterschedules.
SCSD: AN INTERIM REPORT. A first report onthe School Construction Systems DevelopmentProjectthe first project in the United Statesco coordinate the design and use of a series ofintegrated components to build better schoolsmore economically.
TO BUILD OR NOT TO BUILD. A study of theutilization of instructional space in small lib-eral arts colleges, with a do-it-yourself work-book for the individual use of the institutionsthat wish to survey their own utilization levels.
Profiles ot Siguiflea tot SchoolsA series of reports which provide informationon some of the latest development:in schi`olplanning and design.
HOLLAND HIGH SCHOOLHolland, Michigan
HIGH SCHOOLS 1962educational change and
architectural consequenceSCHOOLS WITHOUT WALLSopen space and
how it worksMIDDLE SCHOOLScontroversy and experiment
(Use Studies of Education If I FacilitiesA series of reports which provide informationon specific solutions to problems in schoolplanning, design, and construction.
6. A COLLEGE HEALTH CENTER. Case study of
a model center for small private colleges; ar-chitectural design by Caudill, Rowlett & Scott.
7. NEW BUILDING ON CAMPUS: SIX DESIGNS
FOR A COLLEGE COMMUNICATIONS CENTER.
Graphic representations of the results of anarchitectural competition for a new space tohouse the accouterments of instructional aidsand media.
8. THE SCHOOLS AND URBAN RENEWAL. A case
study of the Wooster Square renewal projectin New Haven, Connecticut.
9. AIR STRUCTURES FOR SCHOOL SPORTS. A
study of air-supported shelters as housing forplayfields, swimming pools, and other physicaleducation activities.
IO. THE NEW CAMPUS IN BRITAIN: IDEAS OF
CONSEQUENCE FOR THE LJNITED STATES. Re-
cent British experience in university planning
and its implication:. for American educators,architects, and planners.
1 I. DIVISIBLE AUDITORIUMS. Operable wallsconvert little-used auditoriums and theatersinto multipurpose, highly utilized space for theperforming arts and instruction.
Tech ufra I Reports
I. ACOUSTICAL ENVIRONMENT OF SCHOOL
BUILDINGS by John Lyon Reid and Dariel Fitz-
roy--Acoustics of academic space in schools.An analysis of the statistical data gathered frommeasurement and study.
2. TOTAL ENERGYOn-site electric power gen-
eration for schools and colleges, employing osingle energy source to provide light, heat, airconditioning, and hot water.
tiollege Ne Ws le ilea '
A periodical on design questions for collegesand universities.
e3