high precision, not high energy: using atomic physics to look beyond the standard model (part ii)
DESCRIPTION
Second of two lectures on using atomic physics techniques to look for exotic physics, given at the Nordita Workshop for Science Writers on Quantum Theory. This one focusses on the measuring of tiny frequency shifts using techniques developed for atomic clocks.TRANSCRIPT
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High Precision, Not High EnergyUsing Atomic Physics to Look Beyond the Standard Model
Part 2: Never Measure Anything But Frequency
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Beyond the Standard Model
Ways to look for new physics:
1) Direct creation
2) Passive detection
Image: Mike Tarbutt/ Physics World
3) Precision measurement
Look for exotic physics in relatively mundane systems using precision spectroscopy to measure extremely tiny effects
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New Physics from Forbidden Events
Parity-Violating Transitions
Observed, levels consistent with Standard Model
Photon Statistics, other departures from normal
No sign, consistent with Standard Model
Lorentz/ CPT symmetry violation
No sign, consistent with Standard Model
Standard Model holding strong…
… but more stringent tests possible frequency shift measurements
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Frequency
“Never measure anything but frequency!”-- Arthur Schawlow (1981 Nobel in Physics)
http://www.aip.org/history/exhibits/laser/sections/whoinvented.html
Art Schawlow, ca. 1960
Extremely well-developed techniques for frequency measurements
Atomic clocks
Same techniques enable ultra-precise measurements of all sorts of frequencies
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Clocks
Harrison’s marine chronometerImage: Royal Museums Greenwich
Newgrange passage tomb Built ~3000 BCE
Timekeeping: counting “ticks”
Clock: Model compared to standard
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Comparing ClocksStep 1: Synchronize unknown clock with standard
http://time.gov/
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Comparing ClocksStep 1: Synchronize unknown clock with standard
Step 2: Wait a while
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Comparing ClocksStep 1: Synchronize unknown clock with standard
Step 2: Wait a while
Step 3: Check standard again
Adjust as needed…
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Atomic Clocks
Δ 𝐸=h𝑓Atoms are ideal time standards:
Frequency of light fixed by Quantum Mechanics
No moving parts (not accessible by users…)
All atoms of given isotope are identical
SI Unit of Time (definition 1967):
The second is the duration of 9,192,631,770 periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the cesium 133 atom.
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Ramsey Interferometry
Norman Ramsey ca. 1952Image: AIP, Emilio Segre archive
Atomic clock: Microwave source compared to atomic transition
Complicated by motion of atoms
Doppler shifts
Inhomogeneities
Limited interaction time
Best frequency measurements use Ramsey Interferometry(1989 Nobel Prize in Physics)
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Ramsey Interferometry
Step 1: Prepare superposition state
Light from lab oscillator used to make “p/2-pulse”
p/2“Bloch Sphere” picture
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Ramsey Interferometry
Step 1: Prepare superposition state
“Bloch Sphere” picture
Step 2: Free evolution for time T
Upper and lower states evolve at different rates “phase”
(wave frequency depends on energy of state)
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Ramsey Interferometry
Step 1: Prepare superposition state
“Bloch Sphere” picture
Step 2: Free evolution for time T
Step 3: Second p/2-pulse, interference Final population determined by phase between states
p/2
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Ramsey Interferometry
Step 1: Prepare superposition state
“Bloch Sphere” picture
Step 2: Free evolution for time T
Step 3: Second p/2-pulse, interference Final population determined by phase between states
p/2
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Ramsey InterferometryClock signal: interference fringes
Maximum probability exactly on resonance frequency
Uncertainty in frequency depends on 1/T
For best performance, need to maximize free evolution time T
Cold atoms, fountain clocks
Image: NIST
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Fountain Clock
Dawn Meekhof and Steve Jefferts with NIST-F1 (Images: NIST)
T~1s
Part in 1016 accuracy
1.0000000000000000 ±0.0000000000000001 s
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Clocks for New PhysicsClock technology enables 15-digit precision
Experimental clocks at 17-18 digits
Change in clock frequency due to33-cm change in elevation(Data from Chou et al., Science 329, 1630-1633 (2010))
Sensitive to tiny shifts
Lorentz violation
Changing “constants”
Forbidden moments
General Relativity
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Fine Structure Constant
𝛼= 14 𝜋𝜖0
𝑒2
ℏ𝑐1
137
Enrico Fermi Image: Chicago/AIP
Determines strength of EM force
Energies of atomic states
“Fine structure”: DEfs ~ Z2a2
“Hyperfine”: DEhfs ~ Za2
Exotic physics changes a
(not this much change…)
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Electron g-Factor
g = 2.00231930436146 ± 0.00000000000056
(from Hanneke et al., PRA 83 052122 (2011))
Best measurement of a uses single trapped electron
Rotation:
Δ 𝐸=h𝜈𝑐
Spin flip:
Δ 𝐸=𝑔2
h𝜈𝑐
Dirac Equation predicts g=2 Difference tests QED
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Fine Structure Constantg = 2.00231930436146 ± 0.00000000000056
Extract value of a from QED
1𝛼
=137.035999166 (34)
1𝛼
=137.035999037 (91)
Value from atom interferometry
Comparison tests high-order QED, including muons and hadrons
8th-order Feynmandiagram
Extend to positrons, protons, antiprotons…
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Changing Constants
𝛼= 14 𝜋𝜖0
𝑒2
ℏ𝑐= 1
137.035999166 (34) (Right now…)
Limits on past change:
Oklo “natural reactor”
Image: R. Loss/Curtin Univ. of Tech.
Fission products from 1.7 billion years ago
Constrains possible change in a over time
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Astronomical Constraints
Image: NASA
Look at absorption/emission lines from distant galaxies
Wavelength depends on value of a in the past
Compare many transitions, sort out redshift vs. Da
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“Australian Dipole”
From King et al., arXiv:1202.4758 [astro-ph.CO]
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Modern AMO Physics
Limits on change in a around
Δ𝛼𝛼
≤ 10− 5
Average rate of change:�̇�𝛼
≤ 10−16 𝑦 𝑟−1
One year of atomic clock operation
Spatial variation should lead to
�̇�𝛼
≈ 10−19 𝑦 𝑟−1
Image: NASA
(Sun orbiting Milky Way moves through dipole)
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Clock Comparisons
! " # " $ % &
14 years
6 years
~1 year
~1 year
�̇�𝛼
=(− 0.16 ± 0.23 )×10−16 𝑦 𝑟−1
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Clocks for New PhysicsClock technology enables 15-digit precision
Experimental clocks at 17-18 digits
Change in clock frequency due to33-cm change in elevation(Data from Chou et al., Science 329, 1630-1633 (2010))
Sensitive to tiny shifts
Lorentz violation
Changing “constants”
Forbidden moments
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Electric Dipole MomentFundamental particles have “spin”
Magnetic dipole moment, energy shift in magnetic field
Electric dipole moment would violate T symmetry
Only tiny EDM (~10-40 e-cm) allowed in Standard Model
Larger in all Standard Model extensions
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Electron EDM
Source: B. Spaun thesis, Harvard 2014
Great Big Gap
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Measuring EDMBasic procedure: Apply large electric field, look for change in energy
Problem 1: Electrons are charged, move in response to field
Solution 1: Look at electrons bound to atoms or molecules
Problem 2: Electrons redistribute to cancel internal field
Solution 2: Relativity limits cancelation, look at heavy atoms
Problem 3: Extremely large fields are difficult to produce in lab
Solution 3: Polar molecules provide extremely large (GV/cm)internal fields for small applied lab fields
Look for EDM in polar molecules involving heavy atoms
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EDM Measurement
AtomicBeamSource
StatePreparation StateDetection
Magnetic fieldElectric field
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Ramsey Interference
B E B E
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EDM Limits
Source: B. Spaun thesis, Harvard 2014
Thallium atom(Berkeley)
YbF molecule(Imperial College)
ThO molecule(Harvard/Yale)
de < 8.7 ×10-29 e-cm (90% c.l.)
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Other Opportunities
1) Systematic improvement
Steady improvement of uncertainties in clocks, etc.
Longer run times
ACME projects another factor of 10 in EDM limit
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Other Opportunities
1) Systematic improvement
2) Similar processes, new systems
New molecules, ions for EDM searches
“Nuclear clock” in thorium
Dysprosium spectroscopy
Lorentz symmetry tests, coupling to dark matter
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Other Opportunities
1) Systematic improvement
2) Similar processes, new systems
Measure g-factor for positron, proton, antiproton
Test CPT symmetry
Exotic “atoms” positronium, muonic hydrogen
“Proton charge radius problem”
3) Exotic systems
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Other Opportunities
1) Systematic improvement
2) Similar processes, new systems
3) Exotic systems
4) ????
Never underestimate the ingenuity of physicists…
No new physics yet, but it has to be out there…
Just a matter of looking carefully in the right places
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Names to Conjure With
Experiment Theory
Toichiro Kinoshita Cornell University
Gerald Gabrielsehttp://gabrielse.physics.harvard.edu/
Dave DeMillehttp://www.yale.edu/demillegroup/
Ed Hindshttp://www3.imperial.ac.uk/ccm/
NIST Time and Frequencyhttp://www.nist.gov/pml/div688/
LNE-SYRTE http://syrte.obspm.fr/tfc/frequences_optiques/accueil_en.php
ACME Collaborationhttp://laserstorm.harvard.edu/edm/
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Clock ComparisonsSingle clock can’t detect change in a, but comparison of two atoms can
1) Cs-Rb ground-state hyperfine, monitored over 14 years
�̇�𝛼
=(− 0.25 ± 0.26 )×10−16 𝑦 𝑟−1
2) Sr optical lattice clocks, over 6 years (compare to Cs standard)
�̇�𝛼
=(− 3.3 ± 3.0 ) ×10− 16 𝑦𝑟 −1
3) Al+ and Hg+ trapped ions, over 1 year
�̇�𝛼
=(− 0.16 ± 0.23 )×10−16 𝑦 𝑟−1
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Frequency Comb
Frequency
Intensity
nn=n nrep+fcav ×2
nbeat = fcav
n2n=2n nrep+fcav
Ultra-fast pulsed laser: lots of little lasers with different frequencies
Spaced by repetition rate determined by size of cavity
Allows comparison of laser frequencies over huge range