high performance liquid chromatography
DESCRIPTION
High performance liquid chromatographyTRANSCRIPT
HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY
Idea of Chromatgraphyyy
• The mixture of substances is dissolved in a liquid or a gas and flowed through a tube (the column) containing a material to which the components of the mixture will be attracted to different degrees
• The attraction may be hydrogen bonding or van der Waals forces
• In some cases the attraction may be a chemical reaction • In biochemistry, the difference often is that some
components of the mixture will fit into pores in the column material whereas others will not; this is size-exclusion chromatography.
Thus …
• Chromatography basically involves the separation of mixtures due to differences in the distribution coefficient (equilibrium distribution) of sample components between two different phases. • One of these phases is a mobile phase and the other is a
stationary phase.
Developments in the field of chromatography
Year Scientist(s) Comments
1834 Runge,F.F. Used unglazed paper and/or pieces of cloth for spot testing dye mixtures and plant extracts
1850 Runge,F.F. Separated salt solutions on paper
1868 Goppelsroeder. F Introduced paper strip (capillary analysis) analysis of dyes, hydrocarbons, milk, beer, colloids, drinking and mineral waters, plant and animal pigments
1878 Schonbein, C. Developed paper strip analysis of liquid solutions
1897 -1903 Day,D.T. Developed ascending flow of crude petroleum samples through column packed with finely pulverized fuller’s earth.
1906-1907 Tswett, M. Separated chloroplast pigment on CaCO3
1931 Kuhn,R. et al. Introduced liquid-solid chromatography for separating egg yolk xanthophylls
1940 Tiselius, A. Earned Nobel prize in 1948; developed adsorption analyses and electrophoresis
1940 Wilson, J.N. Wrote first theoretical paper on chromatography: assumed complete equilibrium and linear sorption isotherms; qualitatively defined diffusion, rate of adsorption, and isotherm nonlinearity
5
1941 Tiselius, A. Developed liquid chromatography and pointed out frontal analysis, elution analysis, and displacement development
1941 Martin, A.J.P. and Synge, R. L. M.
Presented first model that could describe column efficiency; developed liquid-liquid chromatography; received nobel prize in 1952
1944 Consden, R., Gordon, A.H., and Martin, A..J.P
Developed paper chromatography
1946 Claesson,S. Developed liquid-solid chromatography with frontal and displacement development analysis; coworker A. Tiselius
1949 Martin A.J.P. Contributed to relationship between retention and thermodynamic equilibrium constant
1951 Cremer, E. Introduced gas-solid chromatography
1952 Phillips, C.S.G. Developed liquid-liquid chromatography by frontal technique
1955 Glueckauf, E. Derived first comprehensive equation for the relationship between HETP and particle size, particle diffusion, and film diffusion ion exchange
1956 Van Deemter, J.J. Developed rate theoryby simplifying work of Lapidus and Ammundson to Gaussian distribution function
1957 Golay, M. Reported the development of open tubular columns
1965 Giddings, J.C. Reviewed and extended early theories of chromatography6
MOBILEPHASE
STATIONARY PHASE
PRINCIPLE OF SEPARATION
CONTAINER NAME OF THE CHROMATOGRAPHIC
TECHNIQUE
LIQUID SOLID DIFFERENCES IN ADSORPTION
COLUMN LIQUID-SOLID ADSORPTION COLUMN
CHROMATOGRAPHY
LIQUID SOLID DIFFERENCES IN ADSORPTION
THIN LAYER LIQUID-SOLID ADSORPTION THIN LAYER
CHROMATOGRAPHY
LIQUID LIQUID DIFFERENCES INPARTITIONING
COLUMN LIQUID-LIQUID PARTITION COLUMN
CHROMATOGRAPHY
LIQUID LIQUID DIFFERENCES INPARTITIONING
THIN LAYER LIQUID-LIQUID PARTITION THIN LAYER
CHROMATOGRAPHY
GAS LIQUID DIFFERENCES INPARTITIONING
COLUMN GAS-LIQUID-PARTITIONCOLUMN CHROMATIGRAPHY
GAS SOLID DIFFERENCES IN ADSORPTION
COLUMN GAS-SOLID ADSORPTION COLUMN
CHROMATOGRAPHY
7
8
GAS LIQUID/ SOLUTION
CLASSIFICATION OF DIFFERENT CHROMATOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUES
Stationary phase is solid Stationary phase is a liquid coated on the surface of an inert solid support
gas - solid - adsorption chromatography
gas - liquid - partition chromatography
Mobile phase is Gas and all the solutes being separated are in gaseous phase under experimental conditions
Mobile phase is liquid and all the solutes being separated are in liquid/solution state
9
Liquid / Solution Chromatography
ADSORPTION : Separation of solutes on the basis of their degree of adsorption on the surface of an adsorbent.
PARTITION : Separation of solutes on the basis of their differences in partition coefficient of solutes in two mutually immiscible solvents. ION EXCHANGE : Separation of similarly charged ions based on the differences in the degree of their affinity towards the ion exchange resin. SIZE EXCLUSION : Separation of solutes based on the differences in their molecular weights or sizes. ELECTROPHORETIC : Separation based on the movement of charged solutes to opposite poles under the applied electrical field.
AFFINITY : Separation of solutes based on specific affinity of solutes on the specific sites of the stationary phase.
Types of Chromatography
1. Liquid Column Chromatography2. Gas Liquid / Solid Chromatography3. Thin-layer Chromatography
Michael Tswett discovered liquid chromatography in
1906 and till late 1950,liquid chromatography lacked
the attributes of gas chromatography and was being
done on columns ,papers and thin layer plates.
11
Modern Liquid Chromatography got a place in the
early1960’s by a combination of the experiences
gained with Gas Chromatography and Ordinary
Column Chromatography.
12
Researchers working with liquid chromatography
vigorously started making attempts to achieve all
the attributes of gas chromatography to liquid
chromatography.
13
IDEAL REQUIREMENTS OF HPLC
Fast analysis : in minutesSensitive :- easily detecting solutes at ppm or ppb levels Efficient :- providing high resolution Non destructive:Highly accurate :- qualitative and quantitative analysisRequires small samples :- micro litres Reliable and relatively simple Versatile:-can separate gases ,liquids and solids
( up to Molecular weight 450 )
1.Short time for analysis
2.Efficient
3.Sensitive
4.Non-destructive.
5.Accurate.
6.Small sample size.
6.Reliable
7.Relatively simple.
8.Relatively inexpensive.
9.Versatile.
15
Sequence of efforts taken place during the development of modern liquid chromatography
To reduce separation time to achieve fast analysis. ( From hours to minutes)
HOW?
The solutes must move faster through stationary phase MEANS By increasing the mobility of the liquid mobile phase.
The MIGRATION VELOCITY of the liquid mobile phase should be
HIGH.
We can achieve faster migration velocities of liquid
mobile phase by-
1.Applying vacuum at the other end of the chromatographic
column
2.Applying high pressure on the liquid mobile phase.
Application of higher pressure on liquid mobile phase
seems to be an easier and more practical way for
achieving fast analysis.
CHROMATOGRAPHIC COLUMN
• Glass is normally the choice for chromatographic column material due to its chemical inertness towards stationary phase, mobile phase and solutes being separated.
• We could not increase the pressure of a glass column?
• Hence glass will not be able to withstand high pressures of liquid mobile phase because glass has relatively small mechanical strength.
• Which IDEAL MATERIAL should be selected in place of glass?
• STAINLESS STEEL due to its chemical inertness & mechanical strength.
20
Previous condition :- Liquid mobile phase moving across the stationary phase in a glass column under atmospheric pressure.Present condition :- Liquid mobile phase with high migration velocity moving across the stationary phase in a stainless steel column under high pressure..
Will the column separation efficiency of the latter be good?
NO
With the increase in the liquid mobile phase
velocity under high pressures, solute molecules
will not get enough time to interact with the
stationary phase and separation efficiency will
be reduced and we will not be able to achieve
good separation of solutes.
21
How can we achieve good column separation efficiency?
22
1. By reducing the Particle size of the stationary phase
support.
2. By reducing the width of chromatographic column.
We use Narrow bore (3mm, id) SS columns filled
with small particles of stationary phase support (5µ)
will give us high separation efficiency with low
analytical time when liquid mobile phase moves
through the column under high pressures of the
order of 500 –5000 psi.
23
Can the physically coated stationary phases used
in GC be used in narrow bore SS columns through
which liquid mobile phase moves under high
pressures?
24
Obviously… NO
Because under high pressures of liquid mobile phase,
physically coated liquid stationary phases will be
removed physically or by dissolution in liquid mobile
phase.
We need physically&chemically stable stationary phase.
25
Chemically treated inert (not strictly) particles have
free silinol group at their surface.
26
Silica particle
CCCCCC
Si - OHSi - OHSi - OH
Free silinol groups
Early attempts were then made to chemically bonded long chain
aliphatic alcohols with the free silinol groups present on the
surface of silica particles.
27
Si - OH + HO - R- H2O
Si - O - R
However these chemically bonded phases with
Si - O - C bonds are stable only in acidic media.
28
We cannot restrict our separation work always in acidic media
29
In basic media Si– O- C bond undergoes hydrolysis.
Si - O - R basic medium Si - OH + R - OH
We therefore would like to use chemical bonding
with ‘ Si ’ of free silinol groups which will be
hydrolytically stable over a wide acidic to basic
pH range.
30
Attempts were then made to carry out chemical
reactions with substituted silane ( Si H4) having
suitable long chain of hydrocarbons attached to it.
31
32
Si - OH1 2 18
+ Cl – Si – C – C C - H
CH3
CH3
H
H
H
H
H
H
Substituted siliane
1 2 18 – Si – C – C C - H
CH3
CH3
H
H
H
H
H
H
Si - O
-H Cl
This chemically bonded phase ( Si-O-Si bond )
is therefore mechanically strong and hydrolytically
stable over a wide pH range (2-9).
33
At this stage we can say that the combination of pumping systems capable of giving liquid mobile phase flow under high pressures and chemically bonded, mechanically stable liquid stationary phases with desired polarity, pore size ,and their hydrolytic stability over acidic to basic pH range ,has allowed us to achieve faster analytical times and versatility of separating solutes with diverse nature.
34
35
About Pumping:
Do our pumping systems allow us to have a pulseless
flow of liquid mobile phase through chromatographic
columns?
Different types of Pumps available are
1. Reciprocating Pumps
2. Motor driven Syringe type Pumps
3. Pneumatic Pumps.
• A reciprocating piston pump operation results in a pulsating flow of liquid mobile phase.
• But for chromatographic separations we need pulseless flow of liquid mobile phase.
38
A reciprocating pump for HPLC
The piston expels the liquid through a one way valve (Check valve)
The pumping rate can be adjusted by controlling the distance the piston retracts or by the cam rotating speed.
This limits the amount of liquid pushed out by each stroke.
How do we achieve a pulse less flow?
If we introduce a second reciprocating piston pump and synchronize its function with the first one the pulsation is reduced considerably.
40
A dual piston reciprocating pump for HPLC
Using common eccentric cam, it allows one piston to pump and other to refill.
Thus we do get pulseless flow of liquid mobile phase with two synchronized piston pumps
41
When the liquid mobile phase is moving under high
pressures through chromatographic columns,
introduction of a sample on to the column will require
some specially designed injection system.
Introduction of sample?
42
The most popular and commonly used injector system,
is the syringe –loop injector of the Rheodyne type.
It is a fixed volume universal injector which allows
introduction of micro litres of samples on to the
chromatographic column.
43
With Rheodyne injector we have achieved
“small sample” attribute of GC with liquid
chromatography.
44
Thus so far with we have achieved the following attributes with LC
Fast Analysis
Small Sample Size
Versatility
Efficiency
Non-destructive
NOW WHAT IS LEFT?
46
DETECTORS:
As soon as the solutes are eluted they should be
detected and quantitated with sensitive and
specific or universal detectors.
47
We have universal detectors like :
Refractive index detector is relatively less sensitive
but can detect and quantitate all types of solutes
Mass spectrometry detector is highly sensitive
detector and can also help in structure
elucidation.
48
With specific and universal detectors we have achieved the following attributes:
High sensitivity
High reliability and accuracy
49
Thus in place of glass column liquid
chromatography now we have
1 4 5
2
3
1- Pumping system
2- Universal injector
3- Column
4- Detector
5- Recorder
50
1.Pumping system capable of giving
pulseless flow of liquid mobile phase under
high pressures of the order of 500 to
5000psi.
*This makes fast analysis.
51
2.Universal injector which allows to introduce samples in microlitres.
*This reduces sample size
52
3.Narrow bore SS columns with suitable chemically
bonded phases with small particle size (3-5µ), desired
polarity and pore size and hydrolytically stable over a
wide acidic to basic pH range.
*This gives high separation efficiency , high versatility in separating solutes with diverse nature.
53
4.Sensitive and Specific or Universal detector
*This gives high sensitivity , reliability and accuracy of
detection and quantitation of solutes.
54
5.Computing system allows to record and compute chromatographic results.
55
All the above factors add
“High Performance” to normal Liquid
Chromatography.
It is therefore known as
“High Performance Liquid Chromatography”
abbreviated as HPLC.
Thank You