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Background Abraham Maslow Kurt Goldstein Research Ques;ons Methods Hierarchies of Brain and Being: Abraham Maslow and the Origins of The Hierarchy of Needs in German Brain Science Fig. 3 Fig. 4 Historical Evidence and Arguments Conclusions • This research tells the history of how a theory – that humans have a hierarchy of needs – emerged in 1943 from larger conflicts in the study of the brain and the human being. • Kurt Goldstein, a neurologist who fled Nazi Germany, inspired a young American psychologist Abraham Maslow with a forceful cri;que of science that inspired him to create the hierarchy of needs (Fig. 3). • The theory is widely taught in business schools today, and even used to build corporate strategy. More importantly, it is used by more than few everyday Americans looking for personal success, and deeper experiences of spirituality. • This research is about how we make sense of our lives by science; and how science, and the raging debates of what cons;tutes science, shapes Nature – and our inner world. Daniel Coonan, Department of History [email protected] Fig. 1 Fig. 2 • What are the origins of the hierarchy of needs? • In what ways was Maslow influenced by the work of German neurologist and biologist, Kurt Goldstein? • What is ‘holism’ in German science? What role did German brain science play in the crea;on of the hierarchy of needs? • Do theories of the brain shape psychological theories of the mind and self, and vice versa? If so, how? • What larger historical trends and conflicts become visible through inquiry into the origins of the hierarchy of needs? • Goldstein wrote a large cri;que of science called The Organism while in exile in Amsterdam in 1934. He ar;culates Holism as a scien;fic method and a general theory of science. • Goldstein forms the cri;que of science based on a model of the brain, known as ‘localiza;on’, that he felt led to poor medical treatments of brain-injured pa;ents • Localiza;on theory describes the brain as composed of dis;nct parts, rather than as a unified whole that relates to the whole organism (Fig. 2). The theory has roots in both phrenology (Fig. 1) and Bri;sh empirical philosophy and psychology. • Maslow read The Organism in the late 1930s and later cites Goldstein as his bridge to holis;c science • Maslow defined holism as a method which requires understanding the ‘whole person’ before establishing facts about psychological phenomena like mo;va;on and needs • Maslow conducts a study of self-esteem and security in women using this holis;c method in 1939 and then synthesizes the findings into a theory of a hierarchy of needs • The concepts of ‘needs’, ‘hierarchy’, ‘crea;vity’, and ‘self- actualiza;on’ are found in many passages in The Organism • The extent to which Goldstein influenced Maslow has not been recognized and has been vastly underappreciated • Maslow is much more complex historical figure than has been oden portrayed. He is as much mercurial as op;mis;c. • Theories of psychology and moral physiology “make” the anatomy of the brain, which in turn shapes future theories of the mind. This process con;nues into the present. • Scien;fic paradigms of the larger universe and nature deeply structure theories of the brain and mind. As these paradigms change, so do humans’ experiences of self and having a mind. • Psychology acts in a unique manner to mediate philosophy, science and culture • Psychological theories like the hierarchy of needs have profoundly reshaped selhood, popular understandings of mindedness and the possibili;es of spirituality in contemporary life • Even in biological science, the line between culture and science is not bright • Biographical Research • Historiographical Research • Primary Source Research • Textual Analysis • Compara;ve Analysis • Historical Analysis and Argumenta;on Acknowledgements I would like to primarily thank and express gra;tude to my thesis advisor, Dr. Robert Abzug, for guidance and support of my project over many years. Addi;onally, the Director of the History Honors Program, Dr. Denise Spellberg, provided feedback and direc;on for several of the chapters. Addi;onal readers I would like to thank are: Dr. Tracy Matysik, Dr. Michael Schmidt, and Dashiell Daniels. I would also like to acknowledge important contributors to my intellectual development over the years: Dr. George Forgie, Dr. Chad Seales, Dr. Steven Sonnenberg and Dr. Robert Solomon. And a final big thanks goes to the History Department Advising and Administra;ve Staff, especially my friends Judy Hogan and Nancy Sutherland. References 1. Photos and illustra;ons are from the public domain, except for “Maslow’s Hierarchy of Basics Needs,” which was obtained from Carol Tribe’s Profiles of Three Theories: Erikson, Maslow and Piaget (1982) 2. For Goldstein’s key work see: Kurt Goldstein, The Organism (New York: Zone Books, 1995) 3. For Maslow’s important text with essays on holis;c method as well as the journal ar;cle that presents the theory of a hierarchy of needs see: Abraham Maslow, MoCvaCon and Personality, 1st ed. (New York: Harper & Row, 1954) 4. Full bibliography available upon request

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Page 1: Hierarchies of Brain and Being: Abraham Maslow and the

Background

AbrahamMaslow

KurtGoldstein

ResearchQues;ons

Methods

HierarchiesofBrainandBeing:AbrahamMaslowandtheOriginsofTheHierarchyofNeedsinGermanBrainScience

Fig.3 Fig.4

HistoricalEvidenceandArguments Conclusions

•  Thisresearchtellsthehistoryofhowatheory–thathumanshaveahierarchyofneeds–emergedin1943fromlargerconflictsinthestudyofthebrainandthehumanbeing.

•  KurtGoldstein,aneurologistwhofledNaziGermany,inspiredayoungAmericanpsychologistAbrahamMaslowwithaforcefulcri;queofsciencethatinspiredhimtocreatethehierarchyofneeds(Fig.3).

•  Thetheoryiswidelytaughtinbusinessschoolstoday,andevenusedtobuildcorporatestrategy.Moreimportantly,itisusedbymorethanfeweverydayAmericanslookingforpersonalsuccess,anddeeperexperiencesofspirituality.

•  Thisresearchisabouthowwemakesenseofourlivesbyscience;andhowscience,andtheragingdebatesofwhatcons;tutesscience,shapesNature–andourinnerworld.

DanielCoonan,[email protected]

Fig.1

Fig.2

Localization Map of the Functions of the Brain

•  Whataretheoriginsofthehierarchyofneeds?•  InwhatwayswasMaslowinfluencedbytheworkofGerman

neurologistandbiologist,KurtGoldstein?•  Whatis‘holism’inGermanscience?WhatroledidGerman

brainscienceplayinthecrea;onofthehierarchyofneeds?•  Dotheoriesofthebrainshapepsychologicaltheoriesofthe

mindandself,andviceversa?Ifso,how?•  Whatlargerhistoricaltrendsandconflictsbecomevisible

throughinquiryintotheoriginsofthehierarchyofneeds?

•  Goldsteinwrotealargecri;queofsciencecalledTheOrganismwhileinexileinAmsterdamin1934.Hear;culatesHolismasascien;ficmethodandageneraltheoryofscience.

•  Goldsteinformsthecri;queofsciencebasedonamodelofthebrain,knownas‘localiza;on’,thathefeltledtopoormedicaltreatmentsofbrain-injuredpa;ents

•  Localiza;ontheorydescribesthebrainascomposedofdis;nctparts,ratherthanasaunifiedwholethatrelatestothewholeorganism(Fig.2).Thetheoryhasrootsinbothphrenology(Fig.1)andBri;shempiricalphilosophyandpsychology.

•  MaslowreadTheOrganisminthelate1930sandlatercitesGoldsteinashisbridgetoholis;cscience

•  Maslowdefinedholismasamethodwhichrequiresunderstandingthe‘wholeperson’beforeestablishingfactsaboutpsychologicalphenomenalikemo;va;onandneeds

•  Maslowconductsastudyofself-esteemandsecurityinwomenusingthisholis;cmethodin1939andthensynthesizesthefindingsintoatheoryofahierarchyofneeds

•  Theconceptsof‘needs’,‘hierarchy’,‘crea;vity’,and‘self-actualiza;on’arefoundinmanypassagesinTheOrganism

•  TheextenttowhichGoldsteininfluencedMaslowhasnotbeenrecognizedandhasbeenvastlyunderappreciated

•  Maslowismuchmorecomplexhistoricalfigurethanhasbeenodenportrayed.Heisasmuchmercurialasop;mis;c.

•  Theoriesofpsychologyandmoralphysiology“make”theanatomyofthebrain,whichinturnshapesfuturetheoriesofthemind.Thisprocesscon;nuesintothepresent.

•  Scien;ficparadigmsofthelargeruniverseandnaturedeeplystructuretheoriesofthebrainandmind.Astheseparadigmschange,sodohumans’experiencesofselfandhavingamind.

•  Psychologyactsinauniquemannertomediatephilosophy,scienceandculture

•  Psychologicaltheorieslikethehierarchyofneedshaveprofoundlyreshapedselhood,popularunderstandingsofmindednessandthepossibili;esofspiritualityincontemporarylife

•  Eveninbiologicalscience,thelinebetweencultureandscienceisnotbright

•  BiographicalResearch•  HistoriographicalResearch•  PrimarySourceResearch•  TextualAnalysis•  Compara;veAnalysis•  HistoricalAnalysisandArgumenta;on

AcknowledgementsIwouldliketoprimarilythankandexpressgra;tudetomythesisadvisor,Dr.RobertAbzug,forguidanceandsupportofmyprojectovermanyyears.Addi;onally,theDirectoroftheHistoryHonorsProgram,Dr.DeniseSpellberg,providedfeedbackanddirec;onforseveralofthechapters.Addi;onalreadersIwouldliketothankare:Dr.TracyMatysik,Dr.MichaelSchmidt,andDashiellDaniels.Iwouldalsoliketoacknowledgeimportantcontributorstomyintellectualdevelopmentovertheyears:Dr.GeorgeForgie,Dr.ChadSeales,Dr.StevenSonnenbergandDr.RobertSolomon.AndafinalbigthanksgoestotheHistoryDepartmentAdvisingandAdministra;veStaff,especiallymyfriendsJudyHoganandNancySutherland.

References1.  Photosandillustra;onsarefromthepublicdomain,exceptfor“Maslow’s

HierarchyofBasicsNeeds,”whichwasobtainedfromCarolTribe’sProfilesofThreeTheories:Erikson,MaslowandPiaget(1982)

2.  ForGoldstein’skeyworksee:KurtGoldstein,TheOrganism(NewYork:ZoneBooks,1995)

3.  ForMaslow’simportanttextwithessaysonholis;cmethodaswellasthejournalar;clethatpresentsthetheoryofahierarchyofneedssee:AbrahamMaslow,MoCvaConandPersonality,1sted.(NewYork:Harper&Row,1954)

4.  Fullbibliographyavailableuponrequest

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