heritage tourism in east nusa tenggara: contributing to the

Heritage Tourism in East Nusa Tenggara:

Contributing to The Millennium Development Goals

S U M M A R Y

Center for Tourism Studies

Universitas Gadjah Mada

UHJAK/2009/PI/H/7

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Heritage Tourism in East Nusa Tenggara: Contributing To the Millennium Development Goals

Contens CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1. Background 2

1.2. Objective 2

1.3. Output 2

CHAPTER 2 METHODS

2.1. Data Collection 3

2.2. Data Analysis 3

2.3. Selected Themes and Areas 4

CHAPTER 3 HERITAGE TOURISM PROFILE and MDGs in EAST NUSA

TENGGARA

3.1. Heritage Tourism Potency in East Nusa Tenggara 5

3.2. MDGs Issues in East Nusa Tenggara 9

CHAPTER 4 VISION and MISSION

CHAPTER 5 ANALYSIS

5.1. Heritage Tourism Products in East Nusa Tenggara 10

5.2. Market 11

5.3. Economic Analysis 12

5.4. Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA) 13

5.5. Stakeholders 14

5.6. Scoring 15

5.7. SWOT Analysis 15

CHAPTER 6 RECOMMENDATION

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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1. Background

Tourism is believed as one locomotive to stimulate local

economy and to create job opportunity for the community.

Tourism in frontier regions such as East Nusa Tenggara (Nusa

Tenggara Timur) should be based on community and be

developed in sustainable way. Sustainable tourism consists of

the triple bottom lines i.e. empowering the community,

strengthening local economy and conserving the nature and

heritages. This concept should be implemented in policy

framework of the local government as well as actions of the

stakeholders.

Heritage tourism is one of sustainable tourism activity to

heritage sites where tourist can learn and get involved in local

culture and tradition. Heritage tourism can be the uniqueness of

nature, culture or the combination of both in the unity of time

and place. The difference that distinguishes heritage tourism

with ordinary nature-based or culture-based tourism is that the

heritage tourism objects are qualified as heritage sites

according to the definition published in Convention Concerning

the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage

(1972). Heritage tourism objects has extraordinary uniqueness

or defined as masterpiece made by human or nature.

East Nusa Tenggara is a province that associated with backward

region and poverty but owns rich nature and culture resources.

It is potential to be developed as main destination. Komodo icon

of East Nusa Tenggara has made this province famous. But

Komodo is not the only attraction of East Nusa Tenggara, there

are others unexplored nature-culture heritage that are potential

as the tool to achieve social prosperity through community-

based heritage tourism development.

1.2. Objective

The objective is to create decision-making support tools for

heritage tourism development and implementation in East Nusa

Tenggara.

1.3. Output

1. A detailed identification and assessment of critical issues

related to the development of heritage tourism in East Nusa

Tenggara, including but not limited to existing and potential

heritage tourism sites and their attractions; local capacities

(i.e. government and community level); existing facilities,

services and infrastructure supporting heritage tourism.

2. A cost and benefit analysis of heritage tourism development

in East Nusa Tenggara not only in the economic spheres but

also from the environmental and socio-cultural perspective.

3. A comprehensive analysis of actual and potential heritage

tourism market in East Nusa Tenggara.

4. A comprehensive SWOT analysis of heritage tourism

development in East Nusa Tenggara, including a critical and

comprehensive assessment and analysis of the potentials

and challenges of developing heritage tourism, assessment

of socio-cultural, environmental, institutional and policy

background.

5. A list of realistic recommendations (implementation strategy)

for developing heritage tourism in East Nusa Tenggara which

may contribute to the MDGs.

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CHAPTER 2 METHODS

2.1. Data Collection

a. Literature Study

Literature study is carried out to map the expert thoughts of

the paradigm development on the heritage tourism.

Literature study attempts to gather as well as to analyze

national and local policies of region development in the

context of tourism resources utilization.

b. Observation at selected location

Observation is used to collect the data of heritage regions or

objects, tourism data and MDGs achievement data.

c. Rapid Appraisal

This method was used to assess the tourism heritage

objects.

d. In-depth Interview

To obtain more specific and explanative information of the

study focus, in-depth interview with several selected

informants is done.

e. Focus Group Discussion (FGD)

This method is carried out in order to portray the policies of

heritage tourism structuring and to map the heritage

tourism issue and each stakeholder’s interest. The targets of

FGD are the availabilities of map of issues, plan of solution

accommodating aspirations, and priority scales of arranged

solutions. FGD is applied in Flores and Sumba Islands.

f. Stakeholder Workshop

This method is used to obtain more complete data and

inputs from the government, business sector, society, and

academicians about the focus of the activity. Workshop took

place in Kupang, the capital city of East Nusa Tenggara

Province.

2.2. Data Analysis

The data, which are obtained from the field by using the

methods stated above, are then analyzed quantitatively and

qualitatively. The primary and secondary data in form of

regional physics are processed by making structured category in

accordance with tourism data base which consists of real and

potential conditions:

a. The product (attraction, amenity, and accessibility),

encompassing the quality, the quantity, the variety of the

objects and tourism attractions, or the service quality;

b. The infrastructure providing facility and service for tourist

mobility of intra or inter-destination;

c. Human resources including the competency and knowledge

of tourism agents, either the government, private sector, or

the society;

d. The environment covering the management and the

development of the environmental quality and tourism

attraction, and also the aspect of preservation toward natural

or cultural resources;

e. Marketing and promotion, encompassing the strategic

marketing efforts, either from the aspects of the product,

promotion, price policy, or marketing distribution network

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for the increase of visiting mobility of the tourists to the

region;

f. Institutional management covering the requirement of the

development of cross-sector and interregional coordination

and cooperation in order to increase the acceleration and

integrity of the product, infrastructure, and marketing

developments.

2.3. Selected Themes and Areas

a. Flores islands are combination of cultural and natural

heritages with endangered species of Komodo and coral

reefs in shallow water of small islands. Flores is a Portuguese

name, which means 'flower' and ideally describes the beauty

to be found here.

b. Sumba Island is basically related to the theme of cultural

heritage. Megalith Sumba is the island famous for its arts,

handicrafts, particularly the textile weaving, and cultural

assets. In this island many unique architectural landscape of

kampong, traditional settlements with attraction of weaving

and knitting household industry (cultural heritage tourism).

c. Timor Island especially highland above Kupang is related to

the theme of natural-based tourism with unique forest and

landscape heritage tourism. Kupang is now being developed

to be the gate-way to Nusa Tenggara. Kupang also play a

role as bridging to East Timor.

Seraya Island Waitabar Village Kolbano Beach

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CHAPTER 3 HERITAGE TOURISM PROFILE and MDGs in

EAST NUSA TENGGARA

3.1. Heritage Tourism Potency in East Nusa Tenggara

East Nusa Tenggara has much other potential heritage tourism

besides Komodo. This research has successfully indentified

those potencies in Ende District, Ngada District and West

Manggarai District in Flores Island; West and East Sumba

District in Sumba Island; and Timor Tengah Selatan in Timor

Island.

A. Heritage Tourism Potencies in Flores Island

Ende District:

1. Kelimutu Mount with Tiga Warna (Three Colors) Lake

2. Moni Traditional Village

3. Bung Karno (the First President of Indonesia) Historical

House in Ende

Ngada District:

1. Bena Traditional Village

2. Lekolodo Tourism Village

3. Mengeruda Soa Hot Water

4. Riung Marine Tourism Park

5. Reba Traditional Ceremony

West Manggarai District:

1. Pacar Village

2. Nunang Village

3. “Spider Rice Field” Agriculture System

4. Komodo and Small Islands

5. Mbeliling Forest

B. Heritage Tourism Potencies in Sumba Island

West Sumba District:

1. Tarung Traditional Village

2. Waitabar Traditional Village

3. Pasola Kodi

4. Pasola Lamboya

5. Pasola Wanokaka

6. Bondo Maroto Traditional Village

7. Kadoku Traditional Village

8. Manu Peu National Park and Yangu Waterfall

9. Kadengar Traditional Village

East Sumba District:

1. Praiyawang Traditional Village

C. Heritage Tourism Potencies in Western Part of Timor Island

Timor Tengah Selatan District:

1. Mutis Mount Conservation Forest

2. Boti Traditional Village

3. Kolbano Beach

4. Oetune Beach

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Spider Rice Field or Lhodok

Labuan Bajo

Kelimutu Gendang House at Kilor

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Carved stone At Tarung Village

Ratenggaro Village Waitabar Village Nihiwatu Beach

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Boti Village

Sand Dune at Oetune Kolbano Beach

Boti Mountain

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3.2. MDGs Issues in East Nusa Tenggara

East Nusa Tenggara Province often associated with poverty and

backward region. It is influenced with many factors in particular

geographical condition that hardens transportation between

areas and infrastructure. Moreover dry climate and lack of

fertility bring dryness and shortage of food. All these lead East

Nusa Tenggara to become one of the poorest provinces in

Indonesia.

Government commits to get the target of Millennium

Development Goal’s to lower Child Mortality Rate as much as

two third of the rate in 1990, that is 20 for every 1000 newborn

in 2015 and decrease three fourth of the number of mother

mortality into 102 for every 100.000 newborn. Those are hard

to be accomplished. Child Mortality Rate in East Nusa Tenggara

is high over average rate in Indonesia that is only 43.5 for every

1.000 newborn. Mother Mortality Rate is also high and struggles

against many under-nutrition cases.

Many causes result under-nutrition cases: 1) Natural factor;

Timor has tropical climate with scarce rainfall thus society

consume putak as substitution to rice made from Gewang tree

flour, 2) Socio-cultural factor; most peasants in East Nusa

Tenggara highly depend on one kind of occupation.

Scenario 1 Heritage Tourism and Poverty Alleviation:

Poverty can be tackled with job creations. Tourism development rises many job opportunity for society and wide multiplier effects for industry and services. First step is community improvement. The second is enterpreneurship development with developing small enterprises managed by local people. The third is job creation by developing accommodation service, restaurants and other tourism services.

Scenario 2 Heritage Tourism and Education:

Tourism development closely relates to competent human resouces. They should have academic competency, good quality in skill and good health. Moreover, high quality of social life will produce high quality of human resources.

Scenario 3 Heritage Tourism and Sustainable Development

The core of heritage tourism development in East Nusa Tenggara is culture and nature that affect each other and strongly tied to daily life of the society. The heritage tourism development is one sustainable way to conserve the available resources in East Nusa Tenggara.

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CHAPTER 4 VISION and MISSION

Vision from the heritage tourism development in East Nusa

Tenggara is:

East Nusa Tenggara as Tourism Destination Based on the

Uniqueness of Nature and Culture Heritage for People

Prosperity in Sustainable Way

The missions are:

a. To develop attraction and unique heritage sites for tourism in

East Nusa Tenggara, exclusively in three main islands that are

Flores, Sumba and Timor with different unique themes for each

area.

b. To develop natural heritage management supported by cultural

richness of Flores, cultural heritage potential of Sumba and

integrated nature-culture heritage of western part of Timor

Island.

c. To develop the sectors, actors and synergy among them:

cooperation and coordination between government, civil

society organizations, private sectors and local society in

planning phase, implementation, promotion and marketing of

heritage tourism.

d. To involve private sectors and Small and Medium Enterprises

(SME’s) in developing heritage tourism to gain economic

benefits, create job opportunities to tackle poverty, increase

human development index in East Nusa Tenggara and realize

MDGs in East Nusa Tenggara.

e. To develop international marketing network for international

market with the active role of local travel agents.

CHAPTER 5 ANALYSIS

5.1. Heritage Tourism Products in East Nusa Tenggara

A. Tourism Icon

East Nusa Tenggara has

Komodo as the world

heritage that has made

known wide world and

become the magnet for

tourist. By having

Komodo as tourism

icon, East Nusa

Tenggara especially

Flores Island received great benefit of being famous among

potential visitors without further promotion.

B. Heritage Tourism Themes

1. Flores Island

Flores Island has natural world heritage Komodo as the

icon. Heritage tourism development in Flores Island

focused on natural heritage that are mountain and

marine supported with tradition and culture heritage. In

this research Flores Island represented by three districts

(Kabupaten) that are Ende, Ngada and West Manggarai.

2. Sumba Island

Megalith culture that still exists in daily life of

Sumbanese provides unique culture theme potential to

be explored and developed. Rural settlement pattern,

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belief toward ancestors and strong local tradition are

interesting to be observed and studied.

3. Western Part of Timor Island

Western part of Timor Island is a combination of natural

uniqueness and local wisdom in dealing with life and

nature. Therefore the heritage tourism development in

western part of Timor Island combines natural and

cultural heritage in balance.

C. Facilities and Supporting Infrastructure

East Nusa Tenggara archipelago is reachable with three

kind of transportation i.e. by land (inland travel), by sea and

by air. Inland transportation condition in East Nusa

Tenggara cannot be compared with one in Java, only certain

route such as trans-Flores and trans-Timor is in good

condition. Although transportation mode between cities is

limited, tourists can get comfortable by public wooden bus

or rented car offered throughout the capital city of district.

Transportation by air is the fastest alternative to get there.

There are fourteen airports in East Nusa Tenggara Province

located in every district. El Tari Airport in Kupang City is the

busiest with 64 flights pro week. The favorite alternative of

local people is transportation by sea to cross over from

area to area. It is affordable and available for low cost

transportation.

Generally, tourism in East Nusa Tenggara is supported by

accommodation like star-rated hotel from first star to third

star hotel and non-star hotel. Restaurant is also available in

every district and city, mainly located in the capital city but

still rare in tourism destination. This condition brings

difficulty for tourists when they want to get some food and

drink. Other supporting infrastructure including

telecommunication is reliable. Many cellular network

providers have reach onto the villages. Meanwhile water

and electricity is not available. Household solar energy and

water program held by government or NGO’s overcome this

problem.

5.2. Market

A. Characteristic of Beyond Bali Destination Marketing

Tourism development in Bali has reach beyond the high

growth last decade. New innovations are born including

develop new destination Beyond Bali such as East and West

Nusa Tenggara. Mostly the target markets are adventurous

travelers who search journey to enjoy nature and diversity

of culture varied from high budget to low budget.

B. Destination Marketing Strategy in East Nusa Tenggara

Europe becomes the main market target of travel agents in

Bali because most of demands come from European market

and their adventurer characters make them the main target.

Specifically the markets are Western Europe like Holland,

France, Germany, Italia, Switzerland, Denmark, and other.

Market target for East Nusa Tenggara is individual traveler

or small group of four. These small groups have greater

capability to get more information, independent and easily

adapt to the new environment. The trend of this kind of

travelers increase in number but there is still accessibility

problem because of limited flight schedules. Good

promotion is not guided with improved transportation,

public facilities, information, and proper services.

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Komodo Island conserves komodo species which become

the first reason for tourists to come. During their stay in

East Nusa Tenggara, they get to know with local indigenous

culture with unique rhyme of daily life in Flores and Sumba.

The beauty of nature also loved by adventure travelers and

become another main attraction of East Nusa Tenggara.

Those attractions then enlarged to social activities included

in tourism packages offered.

Most of travel agents in Bali sell their products in internet

that felt more efficient and more accessible by foreign

tourists. Marketing through websites or portals allow

tourists to get information about tour packages and buy

them online. It is also possible for tourists to communicate

directly easily with travel management faster than

traditional way. But then travel agents do not forget using

promotion brochures because brochures are still important

for exposition and business partners to catch bigger

market. Travel agents join in lots travel mart events such as

ITB Berlin, Time, ATF (Asian Tourism Fair), and PATA Fair.

Advertising in mass media looked less efficient and not

preferable. Pricing strategy also used to attract tourists

through competitive price, multi package’s price, travel

assurance and network between local travel agents and

foreign tour operators.

C. Marketing Method and Implementation

East Nusa Tenggara products marketing has been done

through travel mart method, sales call, customer service,

and especially websites. Every year travel agents spend

between 10% until 30% of financial expense for marketing.

D. Marketing Model and Target Achievement

Achievement get through strategies are the increasing

number of package selling and also the increasing number

of customers. Fluctuations of selling in the last five years

are averagely increasing, but still depend on external

factors. Bali Bombing in few years ago affects the drastic

decreasing number of selling. But since the last two years,

there is increasing number of selling and arrival of tourists

especially to East Nusa Tenggara.

5.3. Economic Analysis

The concern toward tourism development in East Nusa

Tenggara is essential to increase trade sector growth, restaurant

and hotel. For the last six years (2001-2006) trade sector,

restaurant and hotel are the third big giver for regional income,

after agriculture sector. Despite of the flux in growth, that

produse

n

sel

l

Direct selling

sell

buyers

Tourists who buy either from TA in

Bali or from their domain then will be

directed by TA Bali cooperate with

local agent.

buyers

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sector always give more than 14% income with average growth

rate 5% pro year. In 2006, trade sector, restaurant and hotel

contribute 14.76% to regional income.

Location Quotient (LQ) is a tool to evaluate certain sector role in

regional economy by measuring the level of specialization of

one region toward certain sector. LQ Index served as

concentration standard of an industry in a region through

comparison between its roles in regional economy and its role

in higher level like province or national economy.

Table 1. Base Sectors According to LQ Index in Six Districts in East Nusa Tenggara 2004-2006

District Sectors

West Manggarai agriculture, mining, architecture, entertainment and recreation

West Sumba agriculture, government service

East Sumba mining, manufacture, architecture, finance, rental service, private sector

Ngada agriculture, manufacture, electricity, gas and water, architecture, finance, rental service, entertainment and recreation

Ende mining, manufacture, architecture, trade, finance, rental service, private sector

Timur Tengah Selatan

agriculture, government service

Resource: BPS EAST NUSA TENGGARA 2007 (analyzed)

5.4. Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA)

Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA) is economical analysis widely used

by government and private sector for project plan assessment

by evaluating its effectiveness and efficiency. Not only economic

calculation, CBA also concerns about the effect to social

prosperity. Two main aspects in CBA are:

1. Economic analysis when a project receives profit return on

investment more than zero.

2. Non-economic analysis includes opportunity cost calculation

and the socio-cultural effect to society whether pollution or

the role of the project can give to society.

Table 2. Components of Cost Benefit Analysis Calculation for

Tourism Sector

Component Benefit / year Cost / year

1 Local Income

- Minimum Income Rate of Labor in Tourism Industry

+

- Rental Services Revenue for Local People (car/boat rental, cottage etc)

+

- Destination Entrance Ticket +

- Souvenir Selling Value +

- Attraction Value +

2 Local Tax Revenues

- Concerning tax rates with property unit

+

3 Support Services

- Parking Lot Development -

- Rest Room Development -

- Gas Station Development -

- Police Post Development -

4 Development of Plan

- Infrastructure Maintenance and Development i.e. electricity, road access, bridge

_

5 Preservation of East Nusa Tenggara Heritage

+

- Destination Protection

6 Environmental Impact

- Pollution -

- Environment Degradation _

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5.5. Stakeholders

There are four major types of stakeholders taking part in

heritage tourism development in East Nusa Tenggara: 1)

government, 2) private, 3) Civil Society Organizations or CSO’s

i.e. non-government organization, mass organization and social

group, 4) international organization.

Table 3. Cooperation Potential between Stakeholders in East Nusa Tenggara Heritage Tourism Development

Institution Government Private CSOs International Organization

Government � Promotion cooperation with private (ASITA and PHRI)

� Cooperation with HPI to provide professional guide

� Establishment of easy procedure and incentive to private who invest in hotel and restaurant

� Government gives incentive to tourism group, art and culture group in East Nusa Tenggara

� Society empowerment through community-based heritage tourism

� Establishment of network and cooperation to promote local tourism potential to international world

� Promote tourism to investors

� Cooperation in natural resources, environment and wildlife conservation

Private � The contribution of Corporate Social Responsibility Fund for art and culture development and SME’s that support tourism industry

� Financial support to increase the role of CSO’s in tourism development

� Develop agribusiness managed by local people to cater hotel and restaurant demand

� Tourism Research and Development

CSOs � Cooperation to promote culture and art potency to international world

� Financial support and empowerment from international organization for tradition, art and culture conservation

International

Organization

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5.6. Scoring

Assessment of heritage tourism in East Nusa Tenggara

represented by six districts in three main islands, using scale

from one to five in nine indicators i.e. attraction, accessibility,

facility, utility, institution, human resources, safety, visit rate,

marketing network and effect. Here is the result:

Table 4. Heritage Tourism Potency Assessment Result in East Nusa Tenggara

Districts Classification

Flores Island

West Manggarai B (highlight) Ngada A (excellent)

Ende A (excellent)

Sumba Island West Sumba C (potential)

East Sumba C (potential)

Western Part of Timor Island Timor Tengah Selatan B (highlight)

We can see that Flores Island is one excellent destination in

heritage tourism development but Sumba Island which has

strong cultural heritage only receives third rank. Moreover this

assessment is used to decide position of internal and external

factor of each district.

5.7. SWOT Analysis

The assessment result plotted in quadrant diagram for each

district (Figure 1) and become starting point for SWOT analysis

and development strategy in each district. Ngada and Ende

districts located in first quadrant with positive both IFAS

(internal factors) and EFAS (external factors) value. West

Manggarai, East Sumba and Timor Tengah Selatan plotted in

second quadrant with negative IFAS value that represent internal

factor and positive EFAS value for external factor. West Sumba

district is found in fourth quadrant with positive IFAS and

negative EFAS.

Heritage tourism development strategy analyzed from diagram

above:

1. Ende District

Ende District has positive IFAS value and positive EFAS value

with EFAS value higher than IFAS value. It shows that Ende

District receives good mark in nine indicators. Development

strategy for Ende District is strengthening both internal and

external factor.

Figure 1. IFAS-EFAS Quadrant of Six Districts in East Nusa

Tenggara

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2. Ngada District

Ngada District has positive value both IFAS and EFAS.

Development strategy for Ngada District is strengthening

both internal and external factor.

3. West Manggarai District

West Manggarai District, new district that has established for

five years, has positive EFAS and negative IFAS. Therefore

heritage tourism development should carefully consider

internal factor so that may increase it to be positive IFAS

value. The result of negative IFAS value of West Manggarai

with various heritage tourism potencies raises further

question. Labuhan Bajo City and Komodo Island located in

this district are the center of tourism activity in East Nusa

Tenggara. These conditions happen because Komodo Island

is the only developed destination and other supporting

facilities are just recently developed in Labuhan Bajo City.

Wide area of West Manggarai District besides Komodo Island

and Labuhan Bajo City look like abandoned and these result

in negative IFAS value.

4. West Sumba District

West Sumba District has positive IFAS and negative EFAS. It

shows that West Sumba District is less conducive for tourism

development. It needs much of improvements in internal and

external factors.

5. East Sumba District

East Sumba District has positive EFAS and negative IFAS

values. Heritage tourism development in east Sumba

requires internal factor improvement and also external factor

concern.

6. Timor Tengah Selatan District

Timor Tengah Selatan District has high EFAS value with

negative IFAS. So it clear that IFAS value needs improvement

and development.

Pragoli Village, Sumba Barat

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Table 5. SWOT Analysis of East Nusa Tenggara Province

Strength Weakness

• Varied nature-based tourism objects i.e. Kelimutu Mount, Conservation Forest, coral reefs, endangered Komodo and other biodiversity.

• Many cultural assets spread in islands such as authentic traditional villages, weave craft with unique characteristics.

• Tradition and unique culture i.e. Pasola, Wulla podu, etc.

• Daily life from shepherds and peasants with agriculture panorama.

• Passion among tourism agents to develop tourism (from government to key person in society).

• Active local business establishment and tourism association like: ASITA, PHRI, HPI and tourism communication forum of East Nusa Tenggara.

• Limited accessibility in domestic flight frequency that has not reached every island. Lack of passenger ships and many broken roads.

• Scarce qualified amenity in few islands (hotel, restaurant, travel agent, clean water).

• Infrastructure supports such as electricity and communication are still limited in many places.

• Undeveloped attraction needs packaging with innovation and commercialization.

• Limited budget from local government and weak synergy among departments and also there is no focus priority in developing tourism destination.

• Tourism management in government level is not yet grown, but only appears as spirit and want.

• Local planning document has low quality and weak implementation relating to management capacity, competition among worker, consistency in implementation and availability of the budget.

• Cross area and cross sector coordination is still weak although there are some forums of tourism which only have communication function.

• Lack of human resources that meet the qualification, knowledge and experience in tourism.

• Low involvement of society in tourism with lack of training and empowerment for local people.

• Weak on and off tourism marketing.

Opportunity Threat

• Kelimutu Mount National Park that can be proposed to be Natural World Heritage. It can reduce tourism overwhelmed dependency on Komodo National Park. Many conservation forests are potential for ecotourism development.

• Emerging demand of special interest tourism and alternative besides Bali.

• Opportunity for investment in many potential places.

• Culture tourism can relate to agriculture development as the basis of local tradition.

• Regional autonomy allows tourism management by local actors.

• MDGs National Program spread in East Nusa Tenggara offers opportunity to overcome problems together.

• Opportunity to develop MDGs Program in cooperation with CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility).

• The innovations in information technology give benefit in promotion and marketing.

• Dependency on travel agents outside East Nusa Tenggara, particularly Bali.

• East Nusa Tenggara has not known as superior destination among others with the same potency.

• Modernization threatens local culture existence. Fast information thru television, radio and other media related to modern culture create passive society who like to imitate and will lose their creativity because of lack appreciation toward local culture. The disappearance of local culture is argued to influence social proud and independency.

• Market penetration offers mass products that will replace local material for traditional houses.

• Illegal hunting and trade of fossil and heritage things.

• Global climate change and environmental degradation threat forest and coral reefs ecosystem.

• Diseases appeared from scarce clean water and low sanitation.

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CHAPTER 6 RECOMMENDATION

1. Culture Identification and Documentation

Government in national and regional level makes effort to develop

needy regions including East Nusa Tenggara from time to time.

Moreover with regional autonomy, local government brings bigger

duty to develop every aspect including culture. In culture discourse

during development often emerge problems in economic

measurement. Decision makers in province and regional level often

put aside culture development by making it non priority compared

to other sector like education, trade, service and health. Culture is

important as guidance and self identity of a region that cannot be

easily abandoned in development.

Here is strategy related to cultural issues in East Nusa Tenggara as

suggestions for decision makers in East Nusa Tenggara:

Table 6. Culture Identification and Documentation Action

Programs in East Nusa Tenggara

Action Programs Term Stakeholders Location

1. Role and Function Self-Empowerment of Local Culture Organization in East Nusa Tenggara

Short (1-3 years)

Culture Department,

Traditional Organization in East Nusa Tenggara

All districts in East Nusa Tenggara

2. Revitalization of Local Culture Values

Short (1-5 years)

Culture Department,



3. Identification and Documentation of Cultural aspects in East Nusa Tenggara

Short (1-5 years)

Culture Department,



4. SK as Law Establishment for Empowering Cultural Aspect in Development Process

Short

(1year)

Culture Department,



5. Publish Ancient Culture Books of East Nusa Tenggara

Short (1-3 years)

Culture Department,



6. Cultural Event Establishment periodically such as Gebyar Budaya of East Nusa Tenggara

Every year Tourism Department, Culture Department,

Event Organizer


7. Provide Infrastructure to support Culture Development such as museum, performance stage, etc

Short (1-5 years)

Tourism Department, Culture Department, Bappeda


19 | S u m m a r y


2. Policy

a. Conduct tourism development that highlights culture and

environment sustainability in East Nusa Tenggara. Here is the

program:

Table 7. Policy Action Program in Heritage Tourism Development

Action Program Term Stakeholders Location

1. Design Heritage Tourism Master plan

Short (1-3 years)

Tourism and Culture Department,

Bappeda and CSO’s


2. Diversity and Cultural Value Development

Short (1-5 years)

Tourism and Culture Department and CSO’s


3. Tradition Development in Society as Tourism Attraction such as Traditional Tourism Village

Short (1-5 years)



4. Investment Policy To Support Private Sector to Invest in Tourism Industry

Short (1-5 years)

Tourism and Culture Department, Bappeda, BKPMD


5. Policy Socialization to Preserve Environmental and Cultural Sustainability

Short (1-3 years)



6. Design Policy for Tourism Marketing and Promotion in East Nusa Tenggara

Short (1-3 years)

Tourism and Culture Department

All districts in East Nusa Tenggara; facilitated by East Nusa Tenggara Province

b. Synchronize tourism development and urban design

management. Here is the program:

Table 8. Synchronized Tourism Development and Urban Design Management Action Programs


1. Support Tourism Development in every level from Province to City

Continue Tourism and Culture Department, Bappeda and Infrastructure Department


2. Cross Sector Coordination and Synergy in Tourism Development and Environment Sustainability

Continue Tourism and Culture Department, Bappeda and Infrastructure Department


Kadoku Village, Sumba Barat

20 | S u m m a r y


c. Improve tourism development and management in East Nusa

Tenggara. Here is the program:

Table 9. Tourism Management Improvement Action Programs


1. Regulation Making about Heritage Tourism Development

Short (1-3 years)

All SKPD, DPRD All districts in East Nusa Tenggara

2. Organization Establishment for Managing Tourism Development

Short (1-3 years)

Tourism and Culture Department, Bappeda, Transportation Department, Deprindag and CSOs


3. Network and Cooperation Development

Short (1-5 years)



4. Local Society Empowerment Thru Entrepreneur Training Related to Tourism

Short (1-5 years)



5. Tourism Service Improvement

Medium (1-10 years)

Tourism and Culture Department, Deperindag


6. Provide School and Training Institute for Tourism

Medium (1-10 years)

Education Department

Flores and Sumba Island

3. Human Resources and Organization

a. Human Resources Development

Tourism resources in East Nusa Tenggara can be effectively

developed thru couple actions to provide competent human

resources. First, establish tourism training institutes that focus

on technical competency in managing small and medium

enterprises in tourism industry. Second, maximize technical

competency of lecturers in local tourism institutes. Government

needs to cooperate with educational institutes to design

training model with technical competence, provide

infrastructure, budget and certificate for human resources

training. In short term plan, there is need to design internship

program outside region with clear and measured output i.e.

capability to manage tourism business, capability to guide

professionally, capability to do hospitality work in

accommodation, etc.

b. Organization Development

Organization development is not only in objects management

but also in marketing by establish joint marketing across

districts to promote tourism destinations in East Nusa

Tenggara. These organizations need strong structure,

competent actors with dedication, experience and achievement-

oriented. These organizations should collect power from all

stakeholders. But before that government should be responsible

to provide some amount of budget that allocated after

organization committee proposed concrete and precise work

plan with clear measured targets. For example, government

affords a tourism promotion organization which has goals to

increase foreign visitors to East Nusa Tenggara 15% pro year.

Therefore every district provides 35% promotion fund of total

tourism development budget in that year. Then this promotion

is managed carefully by every district one in a time as first

21 | S u m m a r y


guarantee so that capacity development of tourism organization

can provide answer for opportunity inside and outside East Nusa

Tenggara.

Table 10. Action Programs for Human Resources and Organization Development in Heritage Tourism Development


1. Increase local culture in school curriculum in elementary and junior high (human resource).

Short

(1-3 years)

Local government (Education Department)


2. Socialization for heritage conservation (human resource)

Short

(1-5 years)

Local government, artists All districts in selected heritage sites

3. Special training about heritage for local people surrounding heritage sites and culture department of local government (human resource)

Short

(1-5 years)

Local government, artists and CSO’s Local government of West Manggarai, Ngada, Ende, West Sumba, East Sumba, TTS, Kupang.

Society surrounding selected heritage sites.

4. Souvenir Training for group in society surrounding heritage sites (human resource)

Short

(1-5 years)

Local government, artists and CSO’s All heritage sites identified in this research.

Held periodically.

5. Establish heritage workshop and festival (human resource)

Medium

(1-10 years)

Local government, artists and CSO’s West Sumba, East Sumba, Kupang, West Manggarai and Ngada District.

6. Comparative study of group surrounding heritage sites, actors in society and culture department of local government (human resource)

Medium

(1- 10 years)



7. Selection and training of volunteer for heritage conservation (human resource)

Medium

(1- 10 years)



8. Develop networking and SME’s for souvenir and handicraft (K)

Short

(1-5 years)

Local government (Disperindagkop) and CSO’s

All heritage sites identified in this research.

Held periodically.

9. Develop art and culture by giving clear guidance and incentive (organization)

Short

(1-5 years)

Local government, artists and CSO’s All traditional village in Sumba, Boti (TTS)

10. Establish communication forum or group to of heritage conservation (organization)

Medium

(1- 10 years)


22 | S u m m a r y


4. Nature and Culture Conservation

Society of East Nusa Tenggara recently has development progress

for prosperity. This process and planning emphasized on economic

sector and tend to abandon environmental and cultural issues. The

top-down development system gives economic effects for society in

long run but leads to bring negative effects physical environment,

biotic and socio-culture sustainability.

More attention is essential to address East Nusa Tenggara case.

Development plan and introduction of new elements to ecosystem

provide threatening effects. Concern about future and

sustainability is needed so that the benefit of recent development

can still be received y future generation. Sustainable development

paradigm should be the point of interest in every decision of work

program in government.

5. Society Empowerment

a. Increase the involvement of local people in managing tourism

resources.

Culture-based tourism attraction in villages is ruled by society

but only few of them who get benefit from tourism activity. The

causes are: firstly, traditional chiefs are in charge in every

decision making in the village including the allocation of

economic and cultural resources. The income from entrance fee

is not shared with local people and the benefit is seldom used

for infrastructure need. Secondly, the empowerment social

capacity is a top-down system that manage all tourism

infrastructure, design the planning for tourism objects and it all

never been communicated with local people. Therefore, local

people are seldom hold important rule in tourism activity.

The involvement of local people is increased thru developing

tourism businesses by government or funding organizations.

These tourism businesses will be managed by local people

with consistent advisory from NGO’s or local consultants. The

benefit distributed based on competency and contribution of

every actor. By this mechanism, society is taught to be

responsible in the business sustainability and also empowered

their involvement in tourism development.

b. Establish pilot project of culture and marine-based tourism

village development.

The pilot project will be held in villages with decent attraction

and accommodation. This project includes tourism objects

management from designing onsite trekking to providing

tourism facilities like toilet and stage and also marketing and

organization development. This pilot project will overcome the

problem of tourism attraction management and the lack of

local people involvement in tourism industry.

The pilot project is realized by stakeholder’s cooperation that

embraces local people, local government, travel agents,

academics and consultants. The aim of this project is creating

tourism villages then make them as triggers in developing

other tourism villages based on these criteria:

a. Attraction improvement and sustainability of tourism

activity

b. Capacity development of local organization in economic

transformation from agriculture to service

c. Economic value improvement of local cultural resources

d. Distribution and redistribution of tourism benefit for local

people

Pilot project also acts as media for social awareness about

tourism benefit that society gets reward from their consistent

cooperation in culture and marine-based tourism development

and heritage conservation.

23 | S u m m a r y


It is also effective to empower society in local resources

management with clear identification of who play role in

attraction management and accommodation management.

Pilot project is hoped become a tool to create tourism villages

in every district in East Nusa Tenggara in two or three years

ahead.

6. Accessibility, Infrastructure and Facility

Accessibility, infrastructure and facility are supporting factors for

tourism development and key factors for economic development.

But those in East Nusa Tenggara are in low condition. Here is the

program as recommendation for accessibility, infrastructure and

facility:

Table 11. Action Programs for Infrastructure Improvement in Heritage Tourism Development


1. Analyze possibility and increase flight frequency or adding new route of flight

Short

(1-3 years)

Local government, transportation department, PT Angkasa Pura, commercial flight

East Nusa Tenggara Province, West Manggarai District, Ngada, Ende, Kupang

2. Main road improvement between district according to priority in RTRW

Short

(1-3 years)

Local government, infrastructure department All main access between districts in Flores, Sumba and Timor

3. Access improvement to tourism destinations according to RIPPDA recommendation

Short

(1-3 years)

Infrastructure department and tourism department in every district in Flores, Sumba and Timor

All main road to tourism destinations between districts in Flores, Sumba and Timor

4. Place signs in road access to every tourism destination Short

(1-3 years)

Tourism Destination and DLLAJ in every district in Flores, Sumba and Timor

Every junction and crossroads in main access to tourism destinations

5. Price settlement of public transportation thru Perda Short

(1-3 years)

Local government in every district in Flores, Sumba and Timor

Every district in Flores, Sumba and Timor

6. Price agreement of rent cars to tourism destination Short

(1-3 years)

ASITA, car/motor rentals, transportation department


7. Airport quality improvement Short

(1-5 years)

PT Angkasa Pura, transportation department West Manggarai, Ende, Kupang

8. Quality improvement of telecommunication network so that internet is functioned, not only phone and facsimile

Short

(1-5 years)

Local government, GSM and CDMA cellular network provider, PT Telkom


9. Sanitation improvement in villages with priority on traditional villages

Short

(1-5 years)

Tourism department, health department, CSOs, NGO’s concern in health and environmental issues

Priorities:

1. Moni Village in Ende, 2. Traditional villages in Tarung, Waitabar, Praiyawang and Boti

10. Water plumbing system development or improvement Short

(1-5 years)

Health department, PDAM, CSOs, Kimpraswil, international organization of health and environment

Every village in Flores, Sumba and Timor

11. Solar cell and biodiesel/biogas development for electricity in isolated areas

Medium

(1-10 years)

Kimpraswill, CSOs, international organization Every isolated village in Flores, Sumba and Timor (according to available resources)

12. Provide standard facility for tourism objects like parking lot and toilet in good quality

Short

(1-5 years)

Tourism department, Kimpraswil, CSOs Every selected tourism object

13. Provide restaurants in tourism objects Short

(1-5 years)

Tourism department, CSOs Every selected tourism object

24 | S u m m a r y


7. Marketing and Promotion

Marketing and promotion has been started with the development of

nature and culture management, attraction, accessibility,

infrastructure and supporting facility. The goal is to introduce

destinations in East Nusa Tenggara and attract domestic and

foreign tourists thru creativity and innovations of unique affordable

tourism packages.

Table 12. Action Programs of Marketing and Promotion in Heritage Tourism Development


1. Develop promotion tolls for main destinations: leaflet, booklet, CD/DVD and website (Destination Promotion)

Short

(1-3 years)

Local government East Nusa Tenggara Province and districts

2. Develop detailed marketing strategy for facility and services of tourism industry (Business Promotion)

Short

(1-3 years)

Associations (ASITA, PHRI)

West Manggarai, Ende, Kupang

3. Develop unique and specific promotion aimed for alternative segments such as ecotourism, tropical jungle tracking, bird watching, wildlife watching, sailing, diving (Special Promotion)

Short

(1-5 years)

NGO’s and special interest business

Moni Village, Waitabar Village, Kodi Village, Labuhan Bajo City, Komodo Island, Mbeliling Mount, Kelimutu Mount, etc

4. Develop network marketing with big corporations with their CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility)

Medium

(1-10 years)

CSR business Komodo Island, Kelimutu Mount National Park, traditional villages

5. Develop networking focused on culture, education, health and environment development with UN (UNESCO, ILO, FAO, WHO), International Organization and NGO’s

Long

(1- > 10 years)

Bappenas, Department, Pemda, society and international organization

East Nusa Tenggara (macro)

Tourism objects (micro):

Moni Village, Waitabar Village, Kodi Village, Labuhan Bajo City, Komodo Island, Mbeliling Mount, Kelimutu Mount, etc

6. Joint marketing between destinations in East Nusa Tenggara with Bali, Singapore, Kuala Lumpur, Bangkok (Asia network) or Sidney, Darwin, New Zealand, Hawaii (Pacific network)

Long

(1- > 10 years)

Budpar, KBRI, Pemda and business

Overseas Expositions, KBRI

7. Establish networking of ”sister destination” as marketing tools and experience sharing with other potential destinations and tourists

Long

(1- >10 years)

Budpar, KBRI, Pemda and business

Tradition villages

Komodo National Park

Kelimutu Mount

Marine Park

heritage tourism in east nusa tenggara: contributing to the

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