henna, lawsonia inermis1
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Henna, Lawsonia inermis ,
Presented by:Jannoo Zaheeda
Bpharm Year 4Id: 0816448
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Introduction
Henna has many traditional and commercialuses, the most common being as a dye forhair, skin and fingernails, a dye andpreservative for leather and cloth, and as ananti-fungal.
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Description
Henna is a small shrub that grows to a heightof 6m.
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The branches of this plant are leteral withleaves that grow in pair- 2-4 cm long
The flowers are fragrant and white-red roselike
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Botanical classification
Kingdom Plantae
Division Magnoliophyta
Class Magnoliosida
Order Myrtales
Family Lythraceae
Genus Lawsonia
Species Linermis
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Geographical distribution
Native : Algeria, Cyprus, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia,Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Kenya, Kuwait, Lebanon,Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Malaysia, Morocco, Oman,Philippines, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syrian Arab Republic,
Tanzania, Tunisia, Turkey, Western Sahara, Yemen
Exotic : Australia, Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon,Central African Republic, Chad, China, Congo, Cote
d'Ivoire, Democratic Republic of Congo, Gabon, Gambia,Ghana, Guinea, India, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger,Nigeria, Pakistan, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Spain, Sudan,Togo, Zanzibar
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Commercial cultivation
UAE, Morrocco, Yemen, Tunisia, Libya,Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Western India, Iraq,Kuristan, Iran, Pakistan, bangladesh,Afghanistan, Turkey, Somalia and Sudan
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Traditional usePlant
Parts
Traditional Uses (as/in)
Root Is astringent
May be pulped and used for sore eyes
Used as a decoction – diuretic
In the treatment of nervous diseases
Leaves
Has an orange dye - lawsone Leaf paste has been used for decorating the hands,
nails and feet
Used to alleviate jaundice, skin diseases and smallpox
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Flowers
Fragrant- used to extract perfume Infusion of flowers is a valuable application for bruises
Decoction of flowers has been used as emmenagogue
Seeds Are deodorants Powdered seeds + pure clarified ghee- used against
dysentery
Powdered seeds- used for liver disorders
Barks Decoction – for burns and scalds ( extranal use)
-for jaundice and enlargement of spleen
(internal use)
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Unani medicinal use
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Pharmacological review
Although this plant has been widely used invarious symptoms and diseases, howeverfew pharmacological studies have been
reported.
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Antidiabetic activity
Ethanol (70 %) extract of L. inermis showedsignificant hypoglycaemic and hypolipidaemicactivities in alloxan induced diabetic mice
after oral administration.
The feeding of 0.8 g/kg of L. inermis extractdecreased the concentration of glucose,
cholesterol and triglycerides to normal.
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Immunomodulatory effect
1 mg/ml of methanolic extract of hennadisplays immunostimulating effect by thepromotion of T-lymphocyte proliferation.
Naphthoquinone constituent from hennashowed significant immunomodulatory effect.
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Hepatoprotective activity
Alcoholic extract of the bark of L. inermis has hepatoprotective effect against the carbon tetrachlorideinduced elevation in
serum marker enzymes (GOT and GPT),
serum bilirubin,
liver lipid peroxidation and
reduction in total serum protein,
liver glutathione,
glutathione peroxidase,
glutathione-s-transferase,
glycogen,
superoxide dismutase
and catalase activity.
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Antibacterial effect
Ethanol extracts of 20 plants species used byYemeni traditional healers to treat infectiousdiseases were screened for their antibacterialactivity against both gram positive and gram
negative bacteria. The ethyl acetate extract of L. inermis L. was found
to be the most active against all the bacteria in thetest system.
Even the aqueous extract has significantantibacterial effect.
Quinonic compounds – most active
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Wound healing effects
Ethanol extract of the plant (200 mg/kg/day) was used toevaluate the wound healing activity on rats using excision,incision and dead space wound models.
Extract of L. inermis when compared with the control andreference standard animals: a high rate of woundcontraction, a decrease in the period of epithelialization,high skin breaking strength, a significant increase in thegranulation tissue weight and hydroxyproline content wasobserved.
Histological studies of the tissue showed increased wellorganized bands of collagen, more fibroblasts and fewinflammatory cells when compared with the controls whichshowed inflammatory cells, scanty collagen fibres and
fibroblasts.
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Antifungal activity
Lawsone has been found to be effectiveagainst oral Candida albicans isolated frompatients with HIV/AIDS.
Naphtaquinones found from Lawsonia inermis was the active factor.
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Antidermatophytic activity
Dermatophytes- affect the keratinous tissuesof human-causing superficial fungalinfections.
Antidermatophytic activity of ethanol, ethylacetate and hexane extracts of L. inermis were tested on 5 strains each of Tinea rubrum and Tinea mentagrophytes .
All these extracts showed significantantidermatophytic properties in-vitro .
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Antifertility effect
Ethanolic extract from powdered seeds- noantifertility effect
But powdered leaves when administered asa suspension in rats induces permanentinfertility.
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Abortifacient activity
Methanol extract of roots of L. inermis wasmost effective in inducing abortion in mice,rats and guinea pig.
The effect apparently was dosagedependent.
L. inermis cause maternal and fetal toxicity.
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Toxicological data
A 13-week oral toxicity study was conducted inSprague-Dawley rats (4 groups of 10 rats persex) with a 0.5 % aqueous methylcellulosesolution of Henna Rot administered once daily
Test substance corresponding to daily dosage of40, 200 and 1000 mg/kg body weight.
Control animals received the vehicle aloneunder the same conditions.
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Results
No mortality was observed during the study.
In the high dose group, 2/40 animalsoccasionally presented signs of poor clinicalcondition
All clinical signs were reversible after 4-weeksrecovery period.
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Conclusion
The result was considered to be of notoxicological importance by the investigatorsas no relevant microscopic findings
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Lead content in Henna
The lead levels found in henna were low withconcentrations ranging from 2.29 ppm to65.98 ppm.
The very low concentrations of lead measured inthese henna samples were reassuring
however, the cumulative effects of prolonged
lead exposure may be of concern. The use of henna especially among children
may constitute a public health risk.
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Cosmetic use of henna
Henna that is from plants is different from thatis available
Contact dermatitis to pure henna is very rare,
most often caused by additives such asperfume oils or paraphenylenediamine(PPD).
PPD is added to reduce the fixation time or toobtain a darker color.
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Example of such cases
The most common allergic reaction is contactdermatitis.
Can be treated with
topical steroids
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Marketed products
Henna Shampoo
Henna powder