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HISTORICALMILESTONES

Helen Brooke Taussig: 1898 to 1986

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DAN G. McNAMARA, MD, FACC,GuestEditor,*JAMES A. MANNING, MD, FACC,tMARY ALLEN ENGLE, MD, FACC,:j:RUTH WHITTEMORE,t,,1D, FACC,§CATHERINEA. NEILL, MD, FRCP(Lon.),II CHARLOTTEFERENCZ,MD, MPH, FACC#

Houston, Texas,Rochesterand New York, New York, New Haven,Connecticutand Baltimore, Marvland

Helen Brooke Taussig:BiographicalSketchJames A.Manning, MD, FACC

On the morning of May 21, 1986, Helen BrookeTaussig,MD, was instantly killed in anautomobile accident closeto her home at KennettSquare,Pennsylvania.This untimelyend 3 days before her 88thbirthdayinterrupteda medicalcareer which, thoughchanging, showed no signs of dimin­ishing scientific inquiry or academic vigor. She had beenworking at theDelawareMuseumof Natural History whereshe was doing research on avian hearts.

Early careerand training. She was born on May 24,1898, in Cambridge,Massachusetts,the daughterof FrankW. Taussig and Edith GuildTaussig. These two created anatmosphereof solid values that helped shape Helen Taus­sig's life. Her father was the Henry LeeProfessorof Eco­nomics atHarvardUniversity and thecofounderof the Har­vard School of Business Administration. If one turns to"Taussig"in Webster'sCollegiate Dictionary, it is Pro­fessor FrankTaussig who is cited, whereas in Stedman'sMedical Dictionary the "Taussig"referred to is Helen B.Taussig.

Early on HelenTaussig showed signs of independence,

*Professor of Pediatrics and Chief of Cardiology Section, Baylor Col­lege of Medicine and TexasChildren'sHospital, Houston, Texas;tPro­fessor of Pediatrics and Chief, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Universityof Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, and Strong MemorialHospital, Rochester, New York;:j:StavrosS. Niarchos Professor of Pe­diatric Cardiology, Professor of Pediatrics and Director, Division of Pe­diatric Cardiology, The New York Hospital-Cornell University MedicalCollege, New York, New York: §Clinical Professor of Pediatrics, YaleUniversity School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; [Associate Pro­fessor of Pediatrics, Helen B. TaussigChildren'sCardiac Center, TheJohns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland; and#Professorof Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine and of Pediatrics, Universityof Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.

Manuscript received November 18, 1986; revised manuscript receivedFebruary 4, 1987, accepted February 19, 1987.

Address for reprints: Dan G.McNamara,MD, Pediatric Cardiology,Texas Children'sHospital, 6621 Fannin, Houston, Texas 77030.

© 1987 by the American Collegeof Cardiology

moving from Radcliffe to Berkeley to further her studiesand receive her AB degree in 1921. Herintroductiontocardiology occurred throughextracurriculartraining withDr. E. P. Carter, the Head of the Heart Station at The JohnsHopkins Hospital. Afterpostgraduatetraining there and inBoston, she returned to Johns Hopkins in 1930 to direct theCardiacClinic, one of four specialty clinics that had beencreated under the direction of the thenProfessor of Pedi­atrics, Dr. Edwards Park.

Contributionsto pediatriccardiology. Thus began acareerthat shaped thedevelopmentof pediatriccardiology.From beginnings inrheumaticfever she moved to specificclinical recognitionof distinctive patterns ofcomplex con­genital heart defects. From identification sheprogressedtothe understandingof altered physiology and anatomy. Hercollaborationwith Dr. AlfredBlalock, Chief of Surgery atJohns Hopkins, led to the next milestone, the first manip­ulation of cardiacphysiology for therapeuticpurposeswhen,in the fall of 1944, they successfully increased the pul­monary blood flow inchildren who had abnormalitiesas­sociated with decreasedpulmonaryblood flow. Until thatmoment, cardiac surgery forcongenital heart disease hadconsisted of eliminating extracardiac vascular problems, suchas coarctation of the aorta and patent ductusarteriosus.Indeed, this venture into physiologic manipulation was greetedwith the highest degree ofskepticism by some of the moreeminent cardiac surgeons of the era, one of them beingquoted by Dr. Taussig as saying,"I have enough troubleclosing the patent ductus arteriosus. Icertainlydon't wantto try to make an artificialone."

This dramaticsuccess, occurringas it did at the end ofWorld War II and as part of thebeginningof the explosionof medical science in the world, and in the United Statesin particular,made Johns Hopkins a mecca for pediatriccardiology surgery and pediatriccardiology in general.

Her textbook, published in 1947, illuminated the fieldfor generations of physicians and firmed up thedevelopmentof a training program forprospectivepediatriccardiologists.

0735-1097/87/$3.50

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Itprovideda model for the combination of medical surgical,physiologic and basic science training, plus a keen under­standing of pathology that has been the hallmark of suc­cessful training programs that followed. Dr. Taussig's rolein the developmentof the Sub-Boardof PediatricCardiologyinevitably followed these activities and she served as oneof the initial six members when the Board was formed in1960.

Other professional activities. Throughout her busy ca­reer in a highly specializedfield of medicine, she was glob­ally involved in affairs that affected the general welfare ofchildren. Her part in restricting the use of potentially ter­atogenic drugs in this country is well known. What is notso well known is her effectiveness at thecongressionallevelin ensuringthat legislationwas passed mandatingthe carefultesting of pharmacologic agents used during pregnancy.In1965 she became the first pediatric cardiologist, as well asthe first woman, to be President of the American HeartAssociation.

Although she stepped down from the leadership role ather Cardiac Clinic in 1963, herscientific activities and heradvocacyof pediatriccardiologydid not skip a beat. Indeed,41 of her 100majorpublicationsappeared after her so-calledretirement. Her honors have been so abundant that usuallythey are not listed because of lack of time and space (seethe Appendix).

Dr.Taussig was HonoraryChairmanof theSecond WorldCongress of Pediatric Cardiology in New York in1985 andthere she presented her ongoing work concerning the oc­currence of common cardiacmalformationsin birds and theimplicationsof this finding in the etiology ofmalformationof the heart in humans. This was also the subject of herresearch at the time of her death and is the basis of a paperto be published in the future.

This brings us full circle. These are the elements of amagnificentcareer that have affected and shaped all of usin pediatric cardiology.

The Early YearsMaryAllen Engle, MD, FACC

The first human Blalock-Taussig operation. Novem­ber 1944 was the time to test Dr. Taussig's idea that bluebabies deprived of oxygen because of deficient pulmonaryblood flow could be helped by creating an artificial ductusarteriosus. Dr. Alfred Blalock had accepted this challengeand with Vivian Thomas had tested it in the laboratory indogs. BabyE.S., with severe hypoxemicspells, desperatelyneeded help. Drs. William Longmire, Harry Muller andDenton Cooley were on the surgical house staff. Dr. MerrellHormel gave the anesthesia and, with Vivian Thomas in theoperating room, Dr. Blalock performed the firstsuccessfulanastomosisof the subclavian artery to the pulmonaryarteryin a blue baby. Little did I suspect, as a fourth year medical

student and substitute intern on pediatric surgery, that Iwould witness history in the making.

In the springof 1945, Drs. Taussig and Blalockpresentedto the Johns Hopkins Hospital staff and students the firstpatients who underwent the operation. Dr. Taussig gave thechildren stethoscopes so that the audience could listen totheir continuous murmurs, see their new pink color and hearabout their improved exercise tolerance. Dr. Arnold Rich,Chairman of Pathology, and Dr. Edwards Park, Chairmanof Pediatrics and Dr. Taussig's mentor, led the discussionin admiration. Dr. Park commented that Dr. Taussig had atlast found in Dr. Alfred Blalock her "daring young manon the flying trapeze!"

When their first publication appeared (23)*, they wereasked to speak at medical meetingsall over this country andbeyond. Willingly they shared their knowledge. Soon chil­dren from all over the world came in hope of help by thismiracle.

Drs. Taussig and Blalock adjusted to this tremendous in­crease in patients needing diagnosis and treatment. Wisely,they dividedresponsibilitiesas they collaborated. Dr. Taus­sig scheduled appointments, made the diagnosis, consultedwith Dr. Blalock concerning the operation, assisted him inintra- and perioperative care and undertook the long-termfollow-up. Dr. Blalock was responsible for surgical care.The outgrowth of this arrangement was the birth of thetwo companion collaborating fields of pediatric cardiol­ogy and cardiac surgery. Teamwork that has characterizedthese specialtieshas been largelyresponsiblefor the remark­able successes in diagnostic techniques and in medical­surgical treatment for congenital heart disease.

The pediatric cardiology team. I was fortunate to beon the housestaff in pediatricsand to be one of Dr. Taussig'sfirstfellows. Days began with workup of new patients andexamination of those recently discharged and of others re­turningforfollow-up. When Dr.Taussig hadfinished roundsand her correspondence, we walked together to see the chil­dren and to take note especially of their depth of cyanosisand their clubbing. Then we presented cases, wearing gog­gles to accommodate forfluoroscopy. After each presen­tation, wejoined Dr. Taussig in the closet-sizedfluoroscopyroom to observe pulmonary vascularity and the heart inmultiple views and to analyze the esophogram after thepatient had a swallow ofchocolate-flavoredbarium, and theside of the aortic arch andretroesophagealvessels. Welistened as Dr. Taussig spoke with the parents and child.Most children with typical tetralogy of Fallot underwentoperation without further studies other than blood count,electrocardiogram(ECG), and chest X-ray films. Cardiaccatheterizationwas performed by Dr. Richard Bing. An-

*Reference numbers refer to Dr.Taussig's publications in the Bibli­ography.

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giocardiographywas performed by Dr. Robert Cooley sep­arately in Radiology. At weekly conference with those twogroups and the surgeons, clinical, laboratory and operativefindings were presented; thus began the regular interdisci­plinary conference that is an essential activity of cardiac­surgical centers.

"Congenital malformations of the heart." Dr. Taus­sig's intellect, discipline, sense of purpose and dedicationto goals, as well as her depth of knowledge and experience,had prepared her to assume responsibilities and leadershipin the developing field of pediatric cardiology. She hadalready devoted 10 years to writing her classic book,Con­genital Malformationsof the Heart (see Appendix). Whenshe began this endeavor, surgical treatment for congenitalcardiac malformations was but a dream. By the time thebook appeared in 1947, she could report on new diagnostictechniques and on surgical results of the Blalock-Taussigoperation, suture-ligation of patent ductus arteriosus andresection of coarctation of the aorta. Her book immediatelybecame the"bible"for all of those who were acquiring aninterest in the new and challenging fields of pediatric car­diology and cardiac surgery.

Awards and honorary degrees soon followed; she re­ceived each with humility and genuine pleasure. She con­tinued to grow and develop in wisdom and in influence forthe good of children with heart conditions and for the fieldof cardiology.

TheTaussig "fellows." To her former fellows, she wasalways a special person. She considered us her family. Sheorganized reunions in May that began on her own lawnoverlooking Lake Roland and includedAmy's crab cakes.Then came 2 days of stimulating scientific program. Whenshe wrote a letter for all of us, she began,"Dear loyalfellows," and loyal we were! We respected her, emulatedher. We admired her greatly, loved her dearly, and we shallmiss her sorely.

Reflections of a Harriet Lane Cardiac Fellowon the First Years After the

Blalock-Taussig ReportRuth Whittemore, MD. FACC

Impact of the Blalock-Taussig operation. In the years1945 to 1947, Dr. Taussig's clinic was engulfed by thepress and besieged by letters from parents, referrals fromdoctors and requests from doctors to visit. Many familiesarrived without prior notice. Space and staff had been ad­equate in the clinic before that time, but one secretary, oneECG technician, one social worker and two fellows togetherwith Dr. Taussig were suddenly overwhelmed by the on­slaught. We were still responsible for many children withrheumatic heart disease and we had to adjust quickly toreceiving, evaluating and giving individual attention to each

of the cyanotic children and the family members who camewith them. Dr. Taussig organized her activities in such away that these needs were met. She and her associates servedas hosts to scores of physicians who arrived from all overthe world. Visitors, some of whom were already experi­enced in cardiovascular medicine, included Dr. Stanley Gib­son and Dr. Willis Potts, both from Chicago, Dr. RobertGross from Boston and Sir Maurice Campbell from London.Others came from countries such asGermany,France, Italy,Russia and Australia. Many of these physicians attachedthemselves to one of the two cardiology fellows and stayedwith us wherever we went through the hospital.

The learning experience was intense. Dr. Taussig andthe cardiology fellows and the cardiac surgeons learned dayby day and applied this knowledge to the next group ofpatients. For example, the problem of thecomplicationofcerebrovascular accident in terribly cyanotic and polycy­themic hypoxic patients was recognized; fully 10% of thepatients developed strokes. The custom of giving the patientnothing by mouth before surgery had to be reevaluated be­cause the risk of dehydration and stroke inpolycythemicpatients became apparent. Use of small doses of morphineto relieve severe hypoxemic spells was found to be lifesav­ing. During one of the early operations, while in the op­erating room before the anesthetic was started, Dr. Taussigcommented that the child had become much less cyanotic.The anesthesiologist, Dr. Merril Harmell, said he had givena small dose of morphine. This may have been the first timethat the value of morphine for acutemanagementof a hy­poxic spell was noted.

Scientific presentations. In addition to Margaret Ham­mond Hanlon and myself, three additional fellowsjoinedher staff in 1946: Herbert Griswold, Raphael Paul and Rob­ert Ziegler. Clamor of the medical world to learn more wasmet by an exhibit at the American Medical Associationmeeting in Atlantic City, prepared by and staffed by Dr.Taussig, Ray Paul and me. Interest was phenomenal. Theexhibitwas in prime positionon the stage and it was thronged.

The first scientificpresentation,with analysis of the first300 cases, was at the Society for Pediatric Research in May1947 in the Berkshires. Dr. Taussig had asked me to presentthe paper and it was scheduled for the first morning. Whenthe arc lamp projector failed to function and the chairmanasked if anyone could present without slides, Dr. Taussigvolunteered that I could. Fortunately for me, the projectorwas fixed just in time!

In the midst of this enormous flurry of productive activ­ity, Dr. Taussig and Dr. Blalock had to take time out totestify because of protests byantivivisectionistgroups thathad read in the paper that Dr. Blalock had developed theoperation by performing it on dogs before he operated onthe first child. Dr. Taussig brought some of the children in,told their stories and convinced the jury that their work wasnot only ethical, but lifesaving.

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During these years of rapiddevelopments, Dr. Taussigrealized that for this kind of work to spread to as manychildrenas needed it, training ofpediatriciansin cardiologyand support forcenters to develop in other parts of thecountry were essential. She met with the leaders of theChildren'sBureau andenlisted their supportto spread theknowledge and the care to theirgeographic areas.

Helen Taussig, the human being. My impression ofDr. Taussig as she realized the importanceof her idea tocreate an artificial ductus and improve the lives of bluebabies was that she was a warm human being,caring, com­passionate, concerned, considerateand clearthinking. Shesaw the needs and sheponderedthe solutions to the prob­lems, discussed them with us, and when she was sure thatshe was right, she acted. Shesought help from any sourcethat shethoughtcould provide a complete picture, pro andcon. Then, persistently and persuasively, she carried outher convictions to the bettermentof medical science andmankind.

ProfessionalCareer,1955 to 1986Catherine Neill, MD, FRCP

The advent of open heart surgery in the mid-1950s changedthe world ofpediatriccardiology. The pioneering Blalock­Taussig anastomosis was now recognized as a palliativeprocedureand the timing of and need for its use before opentetralogy of Fallot repair was the focus of much study.Cardiac catheterizationtechniques assumed increasing im­portance. Dr. Taussig remained clinically active and alsocoauthoreda numberof papers with her fellows and surgicalcolleagues (39,40,46,62). The RheumaticFever Clinic, di­rected by Dr. Charlotte Ferencz and later by Dr. MiltonMarkowitz, continued to be active in patient care and re­search. The second edition of herpioneeringtextbook waspublished in 1960 (see Appendix).

The thalidomide affair. Her most widely recognizedcontributionduring the decade 1955 to 1965 was related tothalidomide.After Dr. Alois Beuren alerted her to the prob­lem, she traveled to WestGermanyto investigate the out­break of phocomelia and severe conotruncaldefects (49).Her testimony in congress and her scientific papers helpeddramatizethe issue of cardiac teratogenesis and reinforcethe decision of Dr. Francis Kelsey of the Food and DrugAdministrationto withholdapproval ofthalidomidefor salein the United States. The award of the U.S. Medal of Free­dom in 1964 was inacknowledgementof this work in ad­dition to herachievements in cardiology.

The later years. She did not "go gentle" into the am­biguous twilight of official retirement, which occurred inthe summerof 1963. An extraordinaryportrait of her paintedaround that time by JamesWyeth, who was then 16 yearsold, shows her with a golden halo of fame around her whitehair, indomitablyhandsome, but aging and alone. Later, a

photographicportraitby Karsh of Ottawa (below) epito­mized the dedication and serenity of her later years.

She overcamethis difficult time by acombinationof hardwork, travel andcontinuingclose ties to family and friends.Her presidency of the American Heart Association from1965 to 1966 led her to visit manydifferentcardiaccentersand to develop a new circle ofprofessional friendships.

In addition, she worked untiringlyon a series of paperson longtime observations after the Blalock-Taussig anas­tomosis (78,90). Her coauthors on these papers includedstudents, fellows, a research associate and former schoolteacher, NinaMomberger,and hersecretary,Hermine Kirk.She was also assisted by aremarkablescholarly volunteer,Priscilla Schaff. She inspired them all with her own intenseinterest andenthusiasm. The work kept her in touch withher patients as they grew toadulthood,marriedand enteredthe shoals of middle age.

The consultations and active correspondenceof theseyears supplementedher patientcontacton numerousvisiting

Helen B. Taussig. 1975. Yousuf Karsh.

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professor trips in the United States and abroad and keptburning the enduringflame of her clinical interest. She tookparticularpleasurein visiting divisions ordepartmentsheadedby her formerfellows. Ofapproximately130fellowstrainedbetween1945 and 1963, a total of 34 later headed divisionsof pediatric cardiology or cardiology.

Cardiac malformations in wild birds. Herfinal workinvolvedthe study of the heartsof wild birds at theDelawareMuseum of Natural History, which led her toreemphasizeevolutionary and genetic factors in cardiacmalformations(98). In a manuscript completed early in 1986 (100), shedescribes her methods of examining the tiny heart of thewarbler and gives a comprehensive survey of the literature.

Herextraordinarilyoriginal mind allowed her to publishsignificant scientific work over a 60 year span and to givethe world of pediatric cardiology a vivid light. She was a"separatestar."In the words of a poem* sheloved:

Each forthe joy of the working,and each in hisseparatestar,

Shall draw theThing as hesees it,for the God of Things as they are!

Her Influence in EstablishingPediatric Cardiology

Dan G. McNamara, MD, FACC

In our tributes to the life and work of Helen Taussig wewant to especially recognize her part in the growth of pe­diatric cardiology as a specialty.

The Blalock-Taussig anastomosis. The subclavian topulmonaryartery anastomosis broughtsymptomaticreliefand an extended life to thousands of people. But manysurgeonsfound the subclavian topulmonaryartery shunt tobe technicallydifficult. Thus, other types of palliative con­nections were developed: the Potts, the Brock, the Glenn,the Waterston, the Cooley and the de Laval conduit mod­ification of the Blalock-Taussig operation. Despite initialenthusiasm for these alternate methods, only the classicBlalock-Taussig or the de Laval conduitmodification arestill used by most cardiac surgeons.

The Blalock-Hanlon operation and Rashkind atrialseptostomy. Success with the palliative treatment of intra­cardiacmalformationsstimulatedothers to devise palliativeoperations for other kinds of cardiac defects, such as theDammann-Mullerbanding of thepulmonaryartery in theinfant with a large ventricularseptal defect and the Blalock­Hanlon creation of atrial septal defect fortranspositionofthe great arteries.

*From "WhenEarth'sLast Picture is Painted " by Rudyard Kipling,engravedon the dedicatoryplaque of the Helen B. Taussig HeartCenter,Baltimore , Maryland.

The Rashkindballoon atrial septostomy in 1966 that re­placed the Blalock-Hanlon operation was a milestone inpalliativetreatmentoftranspositionof the great vessels, justas theBlalock-Taussigshunt had been for tetralogyof Fallot.Dr. Taussig applauded Rashkind's early report. Rashkindonce wrote that Dr. Taussig encouraged him in interven­tional catheterization, asfollows: "Itwould be wonderfulif we could do some of the simpler operations without open­ing the chest. ... I think that is a real advance and a reallook into the future."

Thegrowth of pediatricheartclinics. Once the successof the Blalock-Taussigoperation (23) was publicized, therewas an immediate increase in the number of patients withcongenital heart defects referred to pediatricclinics all overthe country. Along with patients who had tetralogy of Fallotcame those with anomalies that could not be helped by theanastomosis. For other defects diagnostic features wereidentifiedand, for some, new operations were devised. Pe­diatric cardiac clinics were established in academic centersthroughoutthe country.

Training in pediatric cardiology. Appeals came fromdoctorsall over theworld to visit Johns Hopkins longenoughto learn to diagnose tetralogy of Fallot. Dr. Taussig hadinsistedthat to learn tetralogy of Fallotone had to study theentire body ofknowledge that comprised pediatric cardiol­ogy and in the late1940s she felt that this required a min­imum of I year. Today, of course, withechocardiographyand interventionalcatheterization, plus the greater partici­pation in research by trainees, most centers recommend 3years of training.

To support her trainees, Dr. Taussig applied to the Na­tionallnstitutes of Health and the Children's Bureau to fundacademicallyoriented clinical and research training in con­genital cardiac defects. With that start, pediatric cardiologyhas always traditionallyflourished in academic centers ratherthan in a strictly private practice setting.

Clinical cardiac diagnosis. Recognition of the clinicalandradiographic-especiallythe fluoroscopic-featuresofa number of complexmalformationsof the heart was oneof Dr. Taussig's earlycontributionsthat sparked the interestof physicianseverywhere. She found the process offittingthe pieces of data together to come up with an anatomicand hemodynamicdiagnosis to be an intellectually stimu­lating puzzle.

Her book,CongenitalMalformations ofthe Heart, pub­lishedin1947 by theCommonwealthFund, contained muchof what she learned on her own by examining patients andreviewing the all too inevitable pathology. The book wasso clearly written that it was a useful guide for physiciansuntrainedin cardiologywhocould study the text, understandthe complexhemodynamicsand diagnose some of the com­mon cardiac defects. The book stimulated many to travelto Baltimoreor to other centers to seek training in this newfield.

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Her good friend and immediate predecessor as Presi­dent of theAmerican Heart Association, adultcardiologistCarleton Chapman, has this to say about the book andthe author:

. .. that book madeall the difference.Itbrought congenitalheart disease out of ' fairy land' . ... She had more infl u­ence on cardiology in general not only pediatric cardiologythan manyacknowledgedfounders and leaders in thefield .She was persona grata all over the world. Helen had adogged approach to the tasks that she set for herself but shenever thought much of her own ability or intellect. I wasastoundedto learn this from her. Shecontinually neededfor herconfidence to be built up and she was the last personto get into any priority battle.

Professional andpublic activities. Dr. Taussig's prom­inence in nationaland internationalaffairs in broad healthand social issues helped to bring the new discipline of pe­diatric cardiology to the public's attention and promotedawareness of the importance of thisfield of medicine. Onesuch prominent national activity was herappointment toPresident LyndonJohnson's Commission on Heart Disease.Cancer and Stroke.

In accepting the presidency of the American Heart As­sociation in October 1965, she further broughtpediatriccardiology to the attention of the entire world. As presidentof the American Heart Association, she used this oppor­tunity to publicize her conviction that atherosclerosis beginsin infancy and childhood. She was emphatic in urging vol­untary andfederal health groups topromptly educate thepublic as well as physicians about the dietary risk factor forcoronary heart disease. She urged theAmericanHeart As­sociation's Councilon Cardiovascular Disease of the Youngto recommend dietarymodification in all infants and chil­dren.

After her official retirement from The Johns HopkinsHospital at the age of 65, she continued to be active inmedicine, attending scientific meetings in this country andabroad. presenting and publishing papers on the long-termfollow-up of the Blalock-Taussig shunt. and carrying outresearch into the etiology of malformations of the heart.This demonstrated to pediatric cardiologists and many phy­sicians in all fields of medicine the capabilities and thepotential joys of academic work. as well as capacity forproductivity in the senior years of life.

Dr. Taussig's 20 years of professional activity after herretirement earned her the admiration of her colleagues. andher way of life undoubtedly inspires many who might betempted to lapse into professional inactivity on the basis ofage alone.

Without her contributions, pediatriccardiology ulti­mately would have evolved, but in a different time and ina different manner. Dr. Taussig'sinnovativeworks becamewidely known and respected and had been utilized all over

the world for fully 40 years at the time of her death. Themedical world will miss Dr. Taussig's presence immenselyand pediatric cardiologists everywhere will long rememberher legacy in our daily professional lives.

Reflections on her 88 YearsCharlotte Ferencz. MD . MPH . FACC

Helen Taussig enjoyed more than a decade of " goldenold age." honored by her profession. beloved by so many,and challenged by a new research idea that she pursued withenthusiasm. Sheallowed neither" wind, nor rain, norsnow"nor severalmedical infirmities to interfere in her rounds offamily. friends. colleagues, favorite places. work or playor civic duty. Increasingly, she sensed the beauty of lifewith realism.Philosophically. she was at peace. There iscomfort in this knowledge. but also pain, because this beau­tiful phase of her life could have continued for many years.

She was a remarkable woman. She stood on unshakableground in her beliefs:"fundamentally right" was for theindividual's best and for the common good. She was sofamous. yet so modest: so involved. yet humorous and re­laxed; so predictable. yet sometimes capricious; so givingand so receiving. She " belonged" to so many but her friend­ships were individual. discreet and private. There was atime and a place for everybody-her life was so well or­dered! Carefully balanced " priorities" assured hours forwork. for friends and for rest and enjoyment. Vacationswere essential andencouraged for others. Summers at Cotuitrestored her mind, soul and body and she was able to againstand up to new battles. Personally andprofessionally shehad muchto overcome:in her youth the death of her mother,dyslexia. then a hearing problem and later the intense ten­sions and conflicts that characterized those "early years"of pediatric cardiology. One cannot describe the real life ofHelen Taussig without recalling the turmoil, the resent­ments. envy and bitterness that more than counterbalancedany recognition of her work. For many years she was con­stantly under siege. but she knew her course and foughtback. She was aggressive. defensive. combative. sometimestriumphant and often defeated. She suffered.

Her "fellows." Out of this cauldron of emotions musthave grown her desire for a harmonious collegiate ambienceand she succeeded in creating a worldwide network of " fel­lows" who were mutually supportive friends. This was herRound Table. which grew in extent and with the years indepth.

She indelibly infl uenced her fellows to feel that true prog­ress in patient care comes only from sharing experiences,and joint efforts to resolve not only technicaldifficulties butalso the problems encountered by the families of the pa­tients. The firstinstructions to the incoming fellows em­phasized patience,compassion and tact ineasing the burdensof those who had traveled so far to seek help. She gave

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Awardsand AchievementsWomen's National Press Club Award, 1947Chevalier Legiond'Honneur,France, 1947Mead-Johnson Award, 1948Passano Award, 1948Heart Association of Maryland, President, 1952 to 1954American College of Chest Physicians, Honorary Medal, 1953Feltrinelli Prize, Rome, Italy, 1954Albert Lasker Award, 1954Elizabeth Blackwell Citation, New York Infirmary, 1954Eleanor Roosevelt Achievement Award, 1957American Heart Association Award of Merit, 1957Gairdner Foundation Award of Merit, Canada, 1959American College of Cardiology Honorary Fellowship, 1960Woman of AchievementAward, AmericanAssociationof UniversityWomen,

1963American Heart Association Gold Heart Award, 1963National Foundation Thomas M. Rivers Memorial ResearchFellowship,

1963 to 1968 (first award of National Foundation)Medal of Freedom of the United States, presented by President Lyndon

B. Johnson, September 14, 1964Dedication of Helen B. Taussig Cardiac Clinic, University ofGottingen,

Gottingen, West Germany, 1964American College of Cardiology, The Theodore and Susan Cummings

Humanitarian Award, 1965American Heart Association, President, 1965Albert Einstein(Women's Division) College of Medicine Achievement

Award, 1966American College of Physicians John Phillips Memorial Award, 1966Radcliffe College Founder'sAward, 1966Carl Ludwig Medal of Honor, Bad Neuheim, Germany, 1967Georgetown University Hospital Medal, 1967The VII Interamerican Award of Merit, Lima, Peru, 1968Presidential Medal Republic of Peru, presented by President Fernando

Belaunde Terry, 1968Elizabeth Blackwell Gold Medal Annual Award, 1970Dedication of Helen B. TaussigChildren'sHeart Center, The Johns Hop­

kins Hospital, 1970University of Iowa, College of Medicine Centennial Lecture and Medal

Award, 1970American Pediatric Society Howland Award, 1971Tokyo Society of Medical Sciences and Faculty of Medicine. Plaque pre­

sented Tokyo, Japan, 1971National Rehabilitation Association Outstanding Achievement Award,

Maryland, 1971National Rehabilitation Association William F. Faulkes Award, Chicago,

Illinois, 1971American College ofPhysician'sMastership, 1972

every patient her best thoughts. When, after many exami­nations and tests, the child had been"presented"to Dr.Taussig, the families never left empty-handed.

Her "grandchildren."As she advanced in age shebecame a legend in her lifetime and she enjoyedit, but itdid not change her. She continued to expand her interestsin the profession and inpeople-especially in two new"constituencies":the children of patients and the fellowsof her fellows, all of whom she calledher''grandchildren."

Dr. J. Timothy Bricker of Houston, one of the"grand­children,"speaks for this generation:

She was never overly concerned about her place in thehistory of pediatric cardiology and always much more in­terested in the future of the field than in the past. The highstandards of patient care and intellectual inquisitiveness im­parted to us in our training were always those of which Dr.Taussig would approve. Young people who as yet do notknow that they aspire to be pediatric cardiologists will, inthe future, know the influence of Dr. Helen Taussig throughus.

Those of us who were there and perhaps helped her totravel the difficult life course, know that she did it mar­velously well: as the years passed, memories of hardshipand anger subsided, resentments faded and she brought for­ward the best with warmth, generosity and caring love. Inthis, too, she set a magnificent example and it is in thesecalm sunset years that she will be best remembered.

Appendix

CURRICULUMVITAEHelen Brooke Taussig, MDBorn: May 24, 1898,Cambridge,Massachusetts. Daughter of Frank Wil­

liam Taussig and Edith Guild TaussigDied: May 2I, 1986, Crosslands, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania

EducationRadcliffe College, 1917 to 1919University of California, Berkeley, 1919 to 1921, AB degreeHarvard University, 1921Boston University, School of Medicine, research year, 1922 to 1924Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, 1924 to 1927, MD degree

Hospital AppointmentsIntern in Pediatrics, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, 1928 to 1930Physician-in-Charge,Harriet Lane Home Cardiac Clinic, The Johns Hop-

kins Hospital, 1930 to 1963

Academic AppointmentsThe Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine

Archibald Fellow in Medicine, 1927 to 1928Instructor inPediatrics, 1930 to 1946Associate Professor of Pediatrics, 1946 to 1959Professor ofPediatrics, 1959 to 1963Professor Emeritus ofPediatrics, 1963 to 1986

HonoraryDegreesDSc Boston University, School of Medicine, 1948DSc Goucher College, 1949

DScLLDDScDScDScDScDSc

DScDScDScDSc

DScDScDoctor ofHumanityDScDSc

DScDSc

Women'sCollege of the University of NorthCarolina, 1950Hood College, 1950Northwestern University, 1951Columbia University, 1951Women'sMedical College of Pennsylvania, 1951Middlebury College, Middlebury, Vermont, 1952Professor Emeritus and Doctor of Medicine, University of Ath-

ens, Athens, Greece, 1956Western College for Women, Oxford, Ohio, 1959Harvard University, 1959Gottingen University, Gottingen, Germany, 1960University of Vienna at 600th University Anniversary Cere­

mony, Vienna, Austria, 1965Randolph-Macon Women's College, Lynchburg, Virginia, 1966Cedar Crest College, Allentown,Pennsylvania, 1966

Colby College, Waterville, Maine, 1966University of Massachusetts, Amherst, 1966Jefferson Medical College and Medical Center,Philadelphia,

1967Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, 1968Medical College of Wisconsin, 1972

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Texas Medical Center, First Frances Rather SeyboldLectureship, 1973American Association ofUniversity Women, establishmentof Helen B.

Taussig InternationalFellowship, 1973American Heart Association Helen B. Taussig biennial lectureship estab­

lished, 1973American HeartAssociation, James B. Herrick Award of the Council of

Clinical Cardiology, 1974Maine HeartAssociation, Eugene H. Drake Award, Augusta, Maine, 1974Albert Einstein (Deborah Heart and Lung Institute) Helen B. Taussig

Symposium and Award, 1975The Johns Hopkins University, Milton S.Eisenhower Gold Medal pre­

sented by Steven Muller (third person and first woman receiving awardestablished in 1967), 1976

First Helen B. TaussigInternationalSymposium in PediatricCardiology(Chairman,Dr. Glenn Rosenquist), Baltimore, Maryland, 1976

Washington College Award ofExcellence, Chestertown,Maryland, 1977American College ofCardiology PresidentialCitation, 1980Second Helen B. TaussigInternationalSymposium in PediatricCardiology

(Chairman,Dr. Langford Kidd),Baltimore, Maryland, 1983Honorary Chairman andparticipant, 2nd World Congress of Pediatric

Cardiology, (Chairmen, Drs. M.A. Engle and E. Doyle), New York,1985

American Association ofPhysicians-nominatedfor 1987 Kober Award,1986

Bibliography

Publications in Scientific Journals

I. Taussig HB, Merserve FL.Rhythmic contractions in isolated stripsof Mammalianventricle. Am J Physiol1925;72:89-98.

2. Taussig HB. The anatomy of the heart in two cases of situs inversus.Bull Johns Hopkins Hosp1926;39:199-202.

3. Taussig HB. Septicendocarditisin an infant seven weeks of age. AmJ Dis Child 1926;48:355-8.

4. Taussig HB. Electrocardiogramstaken from isolated strips of Mam­malian ventricularcardiac muscle. Bull Johns Hopkins Hosp 1928;43:81-91.

5. Taussig HB. A case of bundle branch block confirmed bypathologicalstudy. Bull Johns Hopkins Hosp1929;45:40-55.

6. Taussig HB. On theboundariesof the sino-auricularnode and theatrio-ventricularnode in the human heart. Bull Johns Hopkins Hosp1931;48:162-70.

7. Taussig HB. Themanagementof children with rheumatic heart disease(compensatedand decompensated). Med Clin North Am (Baltimorenumber) May1935;1559-78.

8. Taussig HB, Remsen DB. Essentialhypertensionin boy of two-yearsof age. Bull Johns Hopkins Hosp 1935:57:183-92.

9. Taussig HB, OppenheimerEH. Severe myocarditisof unknown etiol­ogy. Bull Johns Hopkins Hosp 1936;59:155-70.

10. Taussig HB. The clinical andpathologicalfindings incongenital mal­formations of the heart due todefective development of the rightventricle associated with tricuspid atresia orhypoplasia. Bull JohnsHopkins Hosp 1936;59:435-45.

II. Taussig HB, Hecht MS. Studiesconcerninghypertensionin childhood.I. The developmentof essential hypertensionunderobservations.BullJohns Hopkins Hosp1938;62:482-90.

12. Taussig HB, Hecht MS. Studiesconcerninghypertensionin childhood.II. The occurrenceof hypertensionin acute rheumatic fever in child­hood. Bull Johns Hopkins Hosp1938;62:491-521.

13. Read FEM, Ciocco A, Taussig HB. The frequency of rheumatic man­ifestationsamong thesiblings, parents, uncles, aunts andgrandparentsof rheumatic and control patients. Am J Hygiene1938;27:719-37.

14. Taussig HB, Harvey AMc, Follis RH. The clinical and pathologicalfindings in interauricularseptal defects: a report of four cases. BullJohns Hopkins Hosp1938;58:61-89.

15. Semans JH, Taussig HB.Congenitalaneurysmaldilatation of the leftauricle. Bull Johns Hopkins Hosp1938;63:404-14.

16. Taussig HB. Complete transpositionof the great vessels: clinical andpathologic features. Am Heart J1938;16:728-33.

17. Taussig HB. Acute rheumatic fever: the significance andtreatmentofvarious manifestations.J Pediatr 1939;14:581-92.

18. Taussig HB. Semans JH. Severe aorticinsufficiency in associationwith a congenital malformationof the heart of theEisenmengertype.Bull Johns Hopkins Hosp1940;46:156-65.

19. Taussig HB, GoldenbergM. Roentgenologicstudies of the size of theheart inchildhood. I. Three different types of teleroentgenographicchanges which occur in acuterheumaticfever. Am Heart J 1941;21:440-68.

20. ChandlerCA, Taussig HB. Sulfanilamideas a prophylacticagent inrheumatic fever. Bull Johns Hopkins Hosp1943;72:42-53.

21. Baer RW, Taussig HB, OppenheimerEH. Congenital aneurysmaldilatation of the aortaassociated with arachnodactyly. Bull JohnsHopkins Hosp 1943;72:309-31.

22. Taussig HB. Clinical andpathological findings in aortic atresia ormarked hypoplasiaof the aorta at its base. Bull Johns Hopkins Hosp1945:76:75-82.

23. Blalock A, Taussig HB. The surgicaltreatmentof malformationsofthe heart in which there ispulmonarystenosis or pulmonaryatresia.JAMA 1945;128:189-202.

24. Taussig HB. Clinical andpathological findings in truncusarteriosusin infancy. Am J Med1947;2:26-34.

25. Taussig HB, Blalock A.Observationson the volume of thepulmonarycirculation and its importance in the production of cyanosis andpolycythemia. Am Heart J1947;33:413-9.

26. Taussig HB. Diagnosis of tetralogy of Fallot andindications for op­eration. J ThoracCardiovascSurg 1947;16:241-3.

27. Taussig HB. Diagnosis of tetralogy of Fallot and medical aspects ofthe surgical treatment.Bull NY Acad Med 1947;23:705-18.

28. Taussig HB. Malformationsof the heartamenableto Blalock-Taussigoperation. Br Heart J 1948;10:55-8.

29. Taussig HB. Tetralogy of Fallot: especially the care of thecyanoticinfant and child. Pediatrics1948;1:307-14.

30. Taussig HB. Analysis of malformationsof the heart amenable to aBlalock-Taussigoperation. Am Heart J1948:36:321-33.

31. Taussig HB, Bing RF. Complete transposition of the aorta and alevoposition of the pulmonaryartery. Am Heart J1949:37:551-9.

32. Engle MA, Payne TPB, Bruins C, Taussig HB.Ebsteins anomalyofthe tricuspid valve: report of three cases and analysis of clinical syn­drome. Circulation 1950: I:1246-60.

33. Engle MA, Taussig HB. Valvular pulmonic stenosis with intact ven­tricular septum and patent foramen ovale: report ofillustrativecasesand analysis of clinicalsyndrome. Circulation 1950;2:481-93.

34. Taussig HB, King JT, Bauersfeld R, Padvamati-IyerS. Results ofoperation for pulmonary stenosis and atresia: report of 1000 cases.Trans Assoc AmPhysicians 1951;64:67-73.

35. Taussig HB. Diagnosis andmanagementof common malformationsof the heart. Circulation 1952;6:930-40.

36. Taussig HB. Congenital malformationsof the heart: theclinician'sresponsibility in the selection of patients for operation. J Pediatr 1952;41:853~9.

37. Taussig HB, BauersfeldSR. Follow-up studies in the first 1,000 pa­tients operated on forpulmonary stenosis or atresia: results up toMarch, 1952. Ann Intern Med1953:38:1-8.

38. Taussig HB. Malformacionescardiacasoperables. Diagnostico y va­loracion de laoperacion. Rev Esp Pediatr1954;10:809-14.

39. Hosier DM, Pitts JL, Taussig HB. Results ofvalvulotomyfor valvularpulmonarystenosis with intactventricularseptum. Analysis of sixty­nine patients. Circulation 1956:14:9-16.

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40. White BD, McNamaraDG, Bauersfeld SR, Taussig HB. Five-yearpostoperativeresults of first 500 patients withBlalock-Taussiganas­tomosis forpulmonarystenosis or atresia. Circulation 1956;14:512-9.

41. WhittemoreR, Blount SG Jr,BlumenthalS, Glenn F, Lambert EC,Taussig HB. Congenital cardiac defects: aphysician'sguide for eval­uation andmanagement.Circulation1957;15:631-8.

42. Ross RS, Taussig HB, Evans MH. Latehemodynamiccomplicationsof anastomotic surgery for treatment of the tetralogy of Fallot. Cir­culation 1958;18:553-61.

43. Sissman NJ, Neill CA, Spencer FC, Taussig HB. Congenital aorticstenosis. Circulation1959;19:458-68.

44. Neill CA, Taussig HB. Indications andcontraindicationsfor surgeryin ventricularseptal defect. J Pediatr1959;55:374-81.

45. Sabiston DC Jr, Pelargonio S, Taussig HB. Myocardial infarction ininfancy. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg1960;40:321-36.

46. Sabiston DC Jr, Neill CA, Taussig HB. The direction of blood flowin anomalous left coronary arising from the pulmonary artery. Cir­cu�ation 1960;22:591-7.

47. Taussig HB. Die auswahlcyanotisherpatienten zur operation. (Theselection of cyanotic patients for surgery)MonatsschrKinderheilkd1961;109:90-4.

48. Taussig HB, Crawford H, Pelargonio S,ZacharioudakisS. Ten tothirteen year follow-up on patients after aBlalock-Taussigoperation.Circulation1962;25:630-4.

49. Taussig HB. A study of the German outbreak of phocomelia. Thethalidomide syndrome. JAMA1962;180:1106-14.

50. Taussig HB. Thalidomide. A lesson in remote effects of drugs. AmJ Dis Child 1962;104:111-3.

51. Mirowski M, Neill CA, Bahnson HT, Taussig HB. Negative P wavesin lead I in dextroversion: differential diagnosis frommirror-imagedextrocardia.With a report of a successful closure of a ventricularseptal defect in a patient withdextroversionassociated with agenesisof the right lung.Circulation1962;26:413-20.

52. Bahnson HT, Spencer FC, Landtman B, Wolf MD, Neill CA, TaussigHB. Surgical treatment and follow-up of 147 cases of tetralogy ofFallot treated by correction. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1962;44:419-32.

53. McGuinnes JB, Taussig HB. Thepostpericardiotomysyndrome: itsrelationship to ambulation in the presence of"benign"pericardialand pleural reactions.Circulation1962;26:500-7.

54. Taussig HB. Thalidomideandphocomelia. Pediatrics1962;30:654-9.

55. Taussig HB. TheThalidomidesyndrome. Sci Am 1962;207:29-35.

56. Mehrizi A, Taussig HB. Acyanotictranspositionof the great vessels.Bull Johns Hopkins Hosp1963;112:239-47.

57. Mirowski M, Neill CA, Taussig HB. Left atrial ectopic rhythm inmirror-imagedextrocardiaand in normally placed malformed hearts.Report of 12 cases with"domeanddart"P waves. Circulation 1963;27:864-77.

58. Taussig HB. Tetralogy of Fallot. Indications for operation. Am JCardiol 1963;12:90-4.

59. Taussig HB. Medical intelligence. The evils of camouflage as illus­trated bythalidomide. N Engl J Med 1963;269:92-4.

60. Sabiston DC Jr, Ross RS, Criley JM,GaertnerRA, Neill CA, TaussigHB. Surgical managementof congenital lesions of the coronary cir­culation. Ann Surg 1963;157:908-24.

61. Mirowski M, Shah K, Neill CA, Taussig HB. Long-term(10-13years) follow-up study aftertransventricularpulmonary valvulotomyof pulmonary stenosis with intact ventricular septum. Circulation1963;28:906-14.

62. Mirowski M, Mehrizi A, Taussig HB. Theelectrocardiogramin pa­tients with both great vessels arising from the right ventricle combinedwith pulmonarystenosis. An analysisof22 cases with special referenceto the differential diagnosis from the tetralogy of Fallot. Circulation1963;28:1116-27.

63. Taussig HB, Lawson Wilkins, M.D. 1894-1963. Am J Dis Child1964;107:213-7.

64. Shah K, Neill CA, Wagner HN Jr, Taussig HB.Radioisotopescanningof the liver and spleen indextrocardiaand in situs inversus withlevocardia. Circulation1964;29:231-41.

65. Mehrizi A, Rosenstein BJ, Pusch A, Askin JA, Taussig HB. Myo­cardial infarction and endocardial fibroelastosis inchildren with po­lycystic kidneys. Bull Johns Hopkins Hosp 1964;115:92-8.

66. Mehrizi A, Hirsch MS, Taussig HB. Congenital heart disease in theneonatal period. Autopsy study of 170 cases. J Pediatr1964;65:721-6.

67. Wolf MD, Landtman B, Neill CA, Taussig HB. Totalcorrectionoftetralogy of Fallot.I. Follow-up study of 104cases. Circulation 1965;31:385-93.

68. Taussig HB. Indications for referrals of infants to thecardiologist.Paediatr Indones1965;5:920-4.

69. Taussig HB. On the evolution of ourknowledge of congenital mal­formations of the heart (The T. Duckett Jones Memorial Lecture).Circulation 1965;31:768-77.

70. Taussig HB. Possible injury to thecardiovascularsystem from vitaminD. (John Phillips Memorial Award Lecture, American College ofPhysicians) Ann Intern Med1966;65:1195-1200.

71. Taussig HB. Animal legislation and our program. Public Law89-544.Circulation 1966;34:1114-6.

72. Taussig HB. Animal legislation and our program. Circ Res 1966;19:1110-2.

73. Taussig HB. Patent ductus arteriosus and loss of hearing. Ann InternMed 1968;69:167.

74. Taussig HB. "Death"from lightning and thepossibility of livingagain. Ann Intern Med1968;68:1345-53.

75. Taussig HB. Pediatric profile: Edwards A. Park1878-1969. J Pediatr1970;77:722-31.

76. Taussig HB, Crocetti A,EshaghpourE, et al. Long-timeobservationson the Blalock-Taussigoperation. l. Results of firstoperation.JohnsHopkins Med J1971;129:243-57.

77. Taussig HB, Crocetti A,EshaghpourE, et al. Long-timeobservationson the Blalock-Taussig operation. II. Secondoperations, frequencyand results. Johns Hopkins Med J 1971;129:258-73.

78. Taussig HB, Crocetti A,EshaghpourE, et al. Long-timeobservationson the Blalock-Taussigoperation.III. Commoncomplications.JohnsHopkins Med J1971;129:274-89.

79. Taussig HB. Acceptance of the Howland Award. Pediatr Res 1971;5:569-78.

80. Taussig HB. 24 years' follow-up on a patient with aBlalock-Taussiganastomosis at 23 months. Br Heart J1972;34:9-11.

81. Taussig HB. The Edwards A. Park Building. A description. JohnsHopkins Med J1973;132:65-8.

82. Taussig HB. Dr. Edwards A. Park,physician, teacher, investigator,friend. Johns Hopkins Med J1973;132:370-6.

83. Taussig HB, Keinonen R,MombergerN, Kirk H. Long-time obser­vations on theBlalock-Taussigoperation. IV.Tricuspidatresia. JohnsHopkins Med J1973;132:135-45.

84. Mulvihill JJ, Miller RW, Taussig HB. Long-timeobservationson theBlalock-Taussigoperation. V. Neoplasms in tetralogy of Fallot. JohnsHopkins Med J1973;133:16-8.

85. Taussig HB, MombergerN, Kirk H. Long-timeobservationson theBlalock-Taussigoperation. VI. Truncus arteriosus type IV. Johns Hop­kins Med J 1973;133:123-47.

86. Taussig HB, Keinonin R,MombergerN, Kirk H. Long-time obser­vations on theBlalock-Taussig operation. VII.Transpositionof thegreat vessels and pulmonary stenosis. Johns Hopkins Med J 1974;135:161-70.

87. Taussig HB, Kallman CH, Nagel0, BaumgardnerR, MombergerN,Kirk H. Long-timeobservations on the Blalock-Taussig operation.

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VIII. 20-28 year follow-up on patients with a tetralogy of Fallot.Johns Hopkins Med J1975;137:13-9.

88. TaussigHB, Josephs H,SchafferAJ, et al. Final meeting in the HarrietLane Home Amphitheater.Johns Hopkins Med J 1975;137:20-6.

89. Taussig HB. Horace L. Hodes: the man. J Pediatr 1975;87:1057-61.

90. Taussig HB. Long-time observationson the Blalock-Taussig opera­tion. IX. Single ventricle (with apexto the left). Johns Hopkins MedJ 1976;139:69-76.

91, Taussig HB, The anatomyof the heart in two cases of situstransversus.Johns Hopkins Med J 1977; 140:143-5.

92, Taussig HB, Kirk H. Long-time observationson the Blalock-Taussigoperation, X, Dextrocardia.Johns Hopkins Med J1977;141:71-84.

93. Taussig HB, Pediatric cardiology: past, present, and future. Med Times1978; 106:107-15.

94. Taussig HB. Difficulties, disappointments,and delights in medicine.Pharos 1979;42:6-8,

95. Taussig HB. Neuhauser Lecture: Tetralogy of Fallot: Early historyand late results. AJR1979;133:422-31.

96. Taussig HB, Littlechoice and astimulatingenvironment.J Am MedWorn Assoc 1981;36:43-4.

97. Taussig HB, How to adjust todeafness (hints based on personalexperience). Med Times 1981; 109:39s-43s.

98. Taussig HB. World survey of thecommon cardiac malformations:developmental errors or genetic variants? Am J Cardiol 1982;50:544-59.

99. Wanzer SH, Adelstein SJ, CranfordRE, et al. The physician's re­sponsibility toward hopelessly ill patients. N Engl J Med 1984;310:955-9.

100. Taussig HB, Furtherstudies concerning the origin of thecommoncardiac malformations(studies in aves), J Am Coli Cardiol (in press),

Books

I. Taussig HB. Congenital Malformationsof the Heart. New York: TheCommonwealthFund, 1947,

2. Taussig HB. Congenital Malformationsof the Heart(revised edition),Volume I. GeneralConsiderations,Volume II. SpecificMalformations,Cambridge, MA: Published for The CommonwealthFund by HarvardUniversity Press, 1960:1-1019.