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Heavy equi pment vehicles of various

types parking near a highway

construction site

Caterpillar D9L bulldozer, excavators

and other heavy equipment vehicles

parking near a quarry in Israel.

Heavy equipmentFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Heavy equipment refers to heavy-duty vehicles, s pecially designed for executing construction tasks,

most frequently ones involving earthwork operations. They are also known as heavy machines, heavy

trucks, construction equipment, engineering equipment, heavy vehicles, or heavy hydraulics.

They usually comprise five equipment systems: im plement, traction, structure, power train, control and

information.[1] Heavy equipment functions through the mechanical advantage of a simple machine, theratio between input force applied and force exerted is multiplied. Some equipment uses hydraulic

drives as a primary source of motion.

Contents

1 History

1.1 From horses, through steam, to diesel2 Types

2.1 Images

3 Implements and Hydromechanical Work Tools

4 Traction: Off-the-road tires and Tracks

5 Structure

6 Powertrain

7 Control and Information

8 Heavy equipment operator 9 Equipment cost

9.1 Ownership Cost

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Bulldozer, excavators and other heavyequipment vehicles parking near a

quarry.

9.2 Operating cost

10 Models

11 Notable Manufacturers

12 See also

13 References

History

JCB 3CX backhoe

loader

A wheeled bulldozer in

an open pit coal mine

A portable engine; a

precursor to modern

engineering vehicles

An early gasoline-

powered tractor

The use of heavy equipment has a long history; the ancient Roman engineer Vitruvius (1st century BCE) gave descriptions of heavy equipment

and cranes in ancient Rome in his treatise De architectura. The pile driver was invented around 1500. The first tunnelling shield was patented

by Isambard Kingdom Brunel in 1818.

From horses, through steam, to diesel

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Heavy equipment circa 1922

horse-drawn scraper digging water-

supply ditch

Until the 19th century and into the early 20th century heavy machines were drawn under human or animal power. With the advent of portable

steam-powered engines the drawn machine precursors were reconfigured with the newengines, such as the combine harvester. The design of a core tractor evolved around the

new steam power source into a new machine core traction engine, that can be configured as

the steam tractor and the steamroller. During the 20th century, internal-combustion engines became the major power source of heavy equipment. Kerosene, ethanol andengines were

used, but today diesel engines are dominant. Mechanical transmission was in many cases

replaced by hydraulic machinery. The early 20th century also saw new electric-poweredmachines such as the forklift. Caterpillar Inc. is a present-day brand from these days,

starting out as the Holt Manufacturing Company. The first mass-produced heavy machinewas the Fordson tractor in 1917.

The first commercial continuous track vehicle was the Lombard Steam Log Hauler from

1901. Tracks became extensively used for tanks during World War I, and after the war they became commonplace for civilian machinery such as the bulldozer. The largest

engineering vehicles, and the largest mobile land machines altogether, are bucket-wheel excavators,

built from the 1920s.

"Until almost the twentieth century, one simple tool constituted the primary earthmoving machine: the

hand shovel - moved with animal and human powered, sleds, barges, and wagons. This tool was the principal method by which material was either sidecast or elevated to load a conveyance, usually a

wheelbarrow, or a cart or wagon drawn by a draft animal. In antiquity, an equivalent of the hand shovel

or hoe and head basket—and masses of men—were used to move earth to build civil works. Buildershave long used the inclined plane, levers, and pulleys to place solid building materials, but these labor-

saving devices did not lend themselves to earthmoving, which required digging, raising, moving, and

placing loose materials. The two elements required for mechanized earthmoving, then as now, were anindependent power source and off-road mobility, neither of which could be provided by the technology of that time." [2]

Container cranes were used from the 1950s and onwards, and made containerization possible.

Nowadays such is the importance of this machinery, some transport companies have developed specific equipment to transport heavy

construction equipment to and from sites.

Types

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These subdivisions, in this order, are the standard heavy equipment categorization. Some contractors place numbers on the side of their

equipment corresponding to the category - Grader '02' - followed by a sequential number that usually corresponds to the number it was purchased, for example, 02-112, is the 112th grader a company has purchased since their founding. This allows for easy recognition of the

equipment type and the relevant age.

Track-type

Agricultural tractorsAir-track Bulldozer SnowcatTrack skidder Track-type tractors (Bulldozer)Tractor Military engineering vehicles

Grader

Grader

SkidSteer

Skid steer loader

Excavator

Compact excavator Dragline excavator DredgingExcavator (wheel)Excavator (bagger, digger)Slurry wall excavator Front shovelReclaimer Steam shovelSuction excavator Trencher (machine)Yarder

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Backhoe

Backhoe loader, Backhoe

Timber

Feller buncher

Harvester Skidder Track harvester Wheel forwarder Wheel skidder

Pipelayer

Pipelayer

Scraper

Fresno scraper Scraper Wheel tractor-scraper

Mining

Construction & mining tractor Construction & mining trucks

Articulated

Articulated hauler Articulated truck Water wagon

Compactor

Wheel dozers – soil compactors

Soil stabilizer

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Loader

Loader Skip loader (skippy)Wheel loader (front loader, integrated tool carrier)

Track Loader

Track loader

Material Handler

Aerial work platform / Lift tableBoomtruck Cherry picker CraneForklift

Knuckleboom loader (trailer mount) & Knuckleboom loader (trailer mount)Reach stacker Telescopic handlers

Paving

Asphalt paver Asphalt plantCold planer Concrete batch plant

Cure rigPaver Pneumatic tire compactor Roller (road roller or roller compactor)Slipform paver Vibratory compactor, Compactor Stomper:concrete drop hammer

Underground

Roadheader Tunnel boring machine

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Images

Underground mining equipment

Hydromatic Tool

Ballast tamper AttachmentsDrilling machine

Pile driver Rotary tiller (rototiller, rotovator)Venturi-mixer

Highway

Dump truck Highway 10 yard rear dumpHighway bottom dump (stiff), pup (belly train), tripleHighway end dump and side dump

Highway transfer, Transfer trainHighway transit-mixer Lowboy (trailer)Street sweeper

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The Caterpillar D10N

bulldozer evolved from

tracked-type tractors

and is characterized by

a steel blade attached

to the front that is used

to push other

equipment andconstruction materials,

such as, earth.

Normally the bucket is

pulled toward the

excavator to excavate

material. The

uncommon "thumb"

attachment on this

Caterpillar enables

'grabbing' objects, for example, during

demolition.

The wheel trencher

MARAIS SMC 200 R.

Iron bar reinforced

foundation piles are

driven with a drilling

machine, concrete

pump, mixer-truck,

and a specialized auger

that allows pumping

concrete through itsaxis while withdrawn.

Wheel loader

Grader (plowing snow

here)

Landfill compactor

(tamping tip)

A wheeled front loader

tractor equipped with a

large bucket elevated

by hydrau lic rams.

Reconditioned

Caterpillar 825G Soil

Compactor

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Folded conveyor on a

tracked grinder

Military engineering vehicles

The militarized

Caterpillar D9 armored

bulldozer allows for

earthmoving projectsin a combat

environment. In the

picture: IDF Caterpillar

D9R.

The militarized Huta

Stalowa Wola backhoe

loader in Poland which

is subsidiary of LiuGong China

Military scraper

PiPz Dachs armoured

engineering vehicle of

the German Army

(2008)

Implements and Hydromechanical Work Tools

auger backhoe

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Traction: Off-the-road tires and Tracks

bale spear broom bulldozer bladeclam shell bucketcold planedemolition shearsequipment bucket

excavator bucketforksgrapplehydraulic hammer, hoe ramhydraulicshydraulic tilting bucket (4-in-1)landscape tiller material handling armmechanical pulverizer, crusher multi processor

pavement removal bucket pile driver power take-off (PTO)quick coupler rakeripper rotating grabsheep's foot compactor skeleton bucketsnow blower stump grinder stump shear thumbtiltrotator trencher vibratory plate compactor wheel saw

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Continuous track (circa 1909)

Caterpillar track (circa 2009)

Heavy equipment requires specialized tires for various construction applications. While many types of equipment have continuous tracks applicable to more severe service requirements, tires are used where

greater speed or mobility is required. An understanding of what equipment will be used for during thelife of the tires is required for proper selection. Tire selection can have a significant impact on

production and unit cost. There are three types of off-the-road tires, transport for earthmoving

machines, work for slow moving earth moving machines, and load and carry for transporting as well asdigging. Off-highway tires have six categories of service C compactor, E earthmover, G grader, L

loader, LS log-skidder and ML mining and logging. Within these service categories are various treadtypes designed for use on hard-packed surface, soft surface and rock. Tires are a large expense on anyconstruction project, careful consideration should be given to prevent excessive wear or damage.

Structure

"This system connects components, transmits loads, provides attachment points for implements,and allows the machine to travel over uneven ground. The machine’s frame, articulation, and

steering for wheeled equipment are the major parts of this system." [1]

Powertrain

Control and Information

"The control and information systems. These systems enable the operator to direct and control all the other systems and provide

information to guide operations or to monitor the performance and health of the equipment." [1]

Heavy equipment operator

A heavy equipment operator drives and operates heavy equipment used in engineering and construction projects.[3][4]

Typically only skilledworkers may operate heavy equipment, and there is specialized training for learning to use heavy equipment.

internal combustion enginetransmissionsteering (tracked equipment)

brakes

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Much publication about heavy equipment operators focuses on improving safety for such workers. The field of occupational medicine

researches and makes recommendations about safety for these and other workers in safety-sensitive positions.

Equipment cost

Due to the small profit margins on construction projects it is important to maintain accurate records concerning equipment utilization, repairs

and maintenance. The two main categories of equipment costs are ownership cost and operating cost.[5]

Ownership Cost

To classify as an ownership cost an expense must have been incurred regardless of if the equipment is used or not. These costs are as follows:

Depreciation can be calculated several ways, the simplest is the straight-line method. The annual depreciation is constant, reducing the

equipment value annually. The following are simple equations paraphrased from the Peurifoy & Schexnayder text:

m = some year in the future

N = equipment useful life (years)

and Dn = Annual depreciation amount

Dn = purchase price / N

Book value (BV) in year m

BVm = purchase price - (m x Dn)

example:

N = 5

purchase price = $350,000

m = 3 years from now

BV3 = $350,000 - ( 3 x $350,000/5) = $140,000

purchase expensesalvage valuetax savings from depreciationmajor repairs and overhauls

property taxesinsurancestorage

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Operating cost

For an expense to be classified as an operating cost, it must be incurred through use of the equipment. These costs are as follows:[6]

F.O.G.fuellubricants, lube oils, filters (oil,air, fuel, hydraulic), and grease

repairsrepair partsrepair labor

tires3rd party service contractreplacement of high-wear items

The biggest distinction from a cost standpoint is if a repair is classified as a major repair or a minor repair . A major repair can change the

depreciable equipment value due to an extension in service life, while a minor repair is normal maintenance. How a firm chooses to cost major and minor repairs vary from firm to firm depending on the costing strategies being used. Some firms will charge only major repairs to the

equipment while minor repairs are costed to a project. Another common costing strategy is to cost all repairs to the equipment and only

frequently replaced wear items are excluded from the equipment cost. Many firms keep their costing structure closely guarded as it can impactthe bidding strategies of their competition. In a company with multiple semi-independent divisions, the equipment department often wants to

classify all repairs as "minor" and charge the work to a job - therefore improving their 'profit' from the equipment.

Models

Die-cast metal promotional scale models of heavy equipment are often produced for each vehicle to give to prospective customers. These are

typically in 1:50 scale. The popular manufacturers of these models are Conrad and NZG in Germany, even for US vehicles.

Notable Manufacturers

The largest manufacturers based on 2011 revenue data as published by KHL Group: [7]

1. Caterpillar Inc.2. Komatsu3. Volvo Construction Equipment4. Hitachi- Hitachi, Ltd.

5. Liebherr Group6. SANY Group Company Ltd.

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7. Zoomlion8. Terex9. Doosan Infracore (formerly Daewoo Heavy Industries & Machinery) - including Solar brand

10. Deere & Company11. XCMG

Other manufacturers include:

Atlas CopcoBharat Earth Movers Limited (India)Bobcat CompanyCASEChelyabinsk Tractor PlantCNH GlobalDemagDoosan GroupFiat-Allis

Hyundai Heavy IndustriesIngersoll RandJCBKubotaKobelcoLiuGongMadillMARAIS

Navistar International Corporation NCK

New HollandTrack MarshallOrenstein and Koppel GmbH (O&K)Paccar PoclainRototiltShantuiST KineticsTakeuchi Manufacturing

Wacker Neuson

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Wikimedia Commons has

media related to

Construction vehicles.

See also

Construction equipment theft Non-road engineAssociated Equipment Distributors, the trade association for heavy equipment distributors

References

1. C. B. Tatum et al., J. C onstr. Engrg. and Mgmt. 132, 987 (2006) (http://scitation.aip.org/getpdf/servlet/GetPDFServlet?filetype=pdf&id=JCEMD4000132000009000976000001&idtype=cvips&prog=normal)

2. William R. Haycraft "History of Construction Equipment" Journal of Construction Engineering and Management / Volume 137 / Issue 10, Accepted 14February 2011; published online 15 September 2011 http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0000374

3. U.S. Department of Labor - Occupational Outlook Handbook (http://www.bls.gov/oco/ocos255.htm)4. V. J. Davies, Ken Tomasin (1996). Construction Safety Handbook . Thomas Telford. ISBN 0-7277-2519-X.

5. Peurifoy & Schexnayder "Construction Planning Equipment, and Methods" McGraw Hill 6th edition ISBN 0-07-232176-8, 2002.6. Bartholomew, S.H. “Estimating and Bidding for Heavy Construction” CSU Chico, Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, ISBN 0-13-598327-4, 2000

7. "Forklift manufacturers lead Yellow Table Top 50". KHL Group.

Wikimedia Commons has

media related to Construction

equipment .

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