health status of special groups in india
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Health status of special groups in india](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062523/58edab101a28abe16d8b45eb/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Health status of special groups
By:Alka Mishra
M. Sc. Nursing 1st year
![Page 2: Health status of special groups in india](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062523/58edab101a28abe16d8b45eb/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
index• Introduction• Health care delivery • Special groups
» Women» Children» Tribal» Aged» Disabled» Migrant» Scheduled caste
• Summary• Conclusion
![Page 3: Health status of special groups in india](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062523/58edab101a28abe16d8b45eb/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
introductionHealth is…..
……..a state of complete Physical, Mental and Social well being and not merely an absence of disease or infirmity…. …..which allows a person to live a socio-economically productive life.
Illness is…..
…a state in which a person’ s physical, emotional, intellectual, social or spiritual functioning is diminished or impaired.
![Page 4: Health status of special groups in india](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062523/58edab101a28abe16d8b45eb/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Conted....Health care is...
…….multitude of services rendered to individuals or communities by the agents of health services or professional for the purpose of
Promoting Restoring andMaintaining health
Embraces all the goods and services designed for “prevention, promotion and rehabilitation interventions” includes Medical Care
![Page 5: Health status of special groups in india](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062523/58edab101a28abe16d8b45eb/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Health care providerA person or organization that provides services
and/or health care personnel…. ….to deliver proper health care in a systematic way to any individual in need of health care services.
Could be a government…or… ….the health care industry, ….a health care equipment company, ….an institution such as a hospital or laboratory.
Health care professionals may include physicians, dentists ,nurses and other support staff.
![Page 6: Health status of special groups in india](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062523/58edab101a28abe16d8b45eb/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Health services
Permanent countrywide system of established institutions with the objective of…….coping with the various health needs and
demands of population……thereby provide health care to individuals and
community with preventive and curative activities….utilizing health care workers
![Page 7: Health status of special groups in india](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062523/58edab101a28abe16d8b45eb/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Components of healthcare delivery system
![Page 8: Health status of special groups in india](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062523/58edab101a28abe16d8b45eb/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
1. Structure of health system
Aspects of the design of health services that influences the way in which they are delivered Includes….
Number and type of personnel and staff
Way of these personnel organized to work
Nature and extend of facility and equipment
Range of services offered
System of management and amenities
Financing
Enumeration and determination of the eligible population for these services
Governance and decision making
![Page 9: Health status of special groups in india](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062523/58edab101a28abe16d8b45eb/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
2. Process of health care delivery Consists of two partsBehavior of professionals
Recognition of the problem i.e. diagnosisDiagnostic procedureRecommendation of treatment or managementAppropriate follow up
Participation of peopleUtilization of servicesUnderstanding the recommendationsSatisfaction with the servicesParticipation in decision making
![Page 10: Health status of special groups in india](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062523/58edab101a28abe16d8b45eb/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Conted....3. Outcomes of health care
Aspects of health that results from interventions provided by the health system
4. Flow of patients in health care system
Varies from country to country India harbors a multistage (three tier) system, where majority of health
care is delivered by community health care worker Indian system is more cost effective if health workers are skilled and
effectively supervised Such system could one of the reason to reduced cost of health care in
developing countries
![Page 11: Health status of special groups in india](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062523/58edab101a28abe16d8b45eb/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Levels of health care Primary Health care Provided at the community level
Secondary health care Provided at PHC, CHC, DH etc.
Tertiary health care Provided at hospitals
Tertiar
y care
Secondary health care
Primary health care
![Page 12: Health status of special groups in india](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062523/58edab101a28abe16d8b45eb/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Health Care Delivery System in India India is a union of 28 states and 7 union territories.
States are largely independent in matters relating to the delivery of health care to the people.
Each state has developed its own system of health care delivery, independent of the Central Government.
The Central Government’s responsibility policy making , planning , guiding, assisting, evaluating and coordinating the work of the State Health
Ministries.
![Page 13: Health status of special groups in india](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062523/58edab101a28abe16d8b45eb/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Health system in India
Local or peripheral
State
Central
![Page 14: Health status of special groups in india](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062523/58edab101a28abe16d8b45eb/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
At centreThe official “organs” of health system at
national level areThe Ministry of Health and Family
welfare
The directorate general of Health Services
The central council of health and family welfare
![Page 15: Health status of special groups in india](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062523/58edab101a28abe16d8b45eb/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Mohfw organizational chart
![Page 16: Health status of special groups in india](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062523/58edab101a28abe16d8b45eb/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Functions of mohfwUnion list International health relations and administration of port quarantine
Administration of Central Institutes
Promotion of research
Regulation and development of medical, pharmaceutical, dental and nursing professions
Establishment and maintenance of drug standards
Census and collection and publication of other statistical data
Coordination with states
![Page 17: Health status of special groups in india](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062523/58edab101a28abe16d8b45eb/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Conted.....Concurrent List:
Prevention of Communicable disease
Prevention of food adulteration
Control of drug and poison
Vital statistics
Labor welfare
Economic and social planning
Population control and family planning
![Page 18: Health status of special groups in india](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062523/58edab101a28abe16d8b45eb/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Dghs organizational chart
![Page 19: Health status of special groups in india](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062523/58edab101a28abe16d8b45eb/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Functions of dghsGeneral functions Surveys Planning Coordination Programming and appraisal of all health matters
Specific function International health relations and quarantine of all major ports in
country and international airport. Control of drug standards Maintain medical store depots Administration of post graduate training programmes
![Page 20: Health status of special groups in india](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062523/58edab101a28abe16d8b45eb/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Conted..... Administration of certain medical colleges in India
Conducting medical research through Indian Council of Medical Research ( ICMR )
Central Government Health Schemes.
Implementation of national health programmes
Preparation of health education material for creating health awareness through Health Education Bureau
Collection, compilation, analysis, evaluation and dissemination of information
National Medical Library
![Page 21: Health status of special groups in india](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062523/58edab101a28abe16d8b45eb/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Central council of health
![Page 22: Health status of special groups in india](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062523/58edab101a28abe16d8b45eb/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
functionsTo consider and recommend broad outlines of policy
related to matters concerning health like environment hygiene, nutrition and health education.
To make proposals for legislation relating to medical and public health matters.
To make recommendations to the Central Government regarding distribution of grants-in-aid.
![Page 23: Health status of special groups in india](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062523/58edab101a28abe16d8b45eb/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
State level
![Page 24: Health status of special groups in india](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062523/58edab101a28abe16d8b45eb/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
District level• Districts
Tehsils /Talukas (200-600 villages)
Community Development Blocks (approx 100 Villages & 80,000 -1.2 Lac Pop)
Municipalities & Corporations
Villages
Panchayats
Town Area Committee (5,000-
10,000 Pop)
Municipal Board (10,000- 2 Lac
Pop)Corporations (> 2
lac pop)
![Page 25: Health status of special groups in india](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062523/58edab101a28abe16d8b45eb/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Health care system Intended to delivery healthcare services and represented by five major sectors
different from each other by health technology
Public health sector a. Primary health care
Primary health centre Sub centre
b. Hospitals/Health centre Community health centre Rural hospitals District hospitals/health centre Specialist hospitals Teaching hospitals
c. Health insurance schemes Employees State Insurance Central Govt. Health Schemes
d. Other agencies Defense services Railways
![Page 26: Health status of special groups in india](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062523/58edab101a28abe16d8b45eb/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Conted.....2. Private sectora. Private hospitals, polyclinic, nursing homes and dispensariesb. General practitioners and clinics
3. Indigenous system of medicine a. Ayurveda and Siddhab. Unani and Tibbic. Homeopathyd. Unregistered practitioners
4. Voluntary health agencies
5. National health programmes
![Page 27: Health status of special groups in india](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062523/58edab101a28abe16d8b45eb/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Special groups• Special groups are the groups which would be
vulnerable under any circumstances (e.g. where the adults are unable to provide an adequate livelihood for the household for reasons of disability, illness, age or some other characteristic), and groups whose resource endowment is inadequate to provide sufficient income from any available source.
![Page 28: Health status of special groups in india](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062523/58edab101a28abe16d8b45eb/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Special groups• Women• Children• Tribal• Aged• Disabled• Migrant• Scheduled caste
![Page 29: Health status of special groups in india](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062523/58edab101a28abe16d8b45eb/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Factors affecting healthLack of job
Low paid unorganised labour
Lack of health services
Poor nutrition
IllitrecyDiscrimination
![Page 30: Health status of special groups in india](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062523/58edab101a28abe16d8b45eb/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Women• Gender is one of many
social determinants of health—which include social, economic, and political factors—that play a major role in the health outcomes of women in India. Therefore, the high level of gender inequality in India negatively impacts the health of women.
![Page 31: Health status of special groups in india](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062523/58edab101a28abe16d8b45eb/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Status of healthThe low status of—and subsequent
discrimination against—women in India can be attributed to
o cultural norms.o Societal forces of patriarchy,o hierarchy o multigenerational families
![Page 32: Health status of special groups in india](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062523/58edab101a28abe16d8b45eb/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Conted......• Highest rate of malnourishment• 50% of pregnant /non pregnant anaemic• A 2012 study by Tarozzi have found the
nutritional intake of early adolescents to be approximately equal. However, the rate of malnutrition increases for women as they enter adulthood.
• Furthermore, Jose et al. found that malnutrition increased for ever-married women compared to non-married women.
![Page 33: Health status of special groups in india](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062523/58edab101a28abe16d8b45eb/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Key Reproductive & child health indicatorsIndicator (%)• Female literacy 59.1• Women with BMI below normal 38.8• Women who had at least 3 ANC visits 42.8• Women consumed IFA for 90 or more days 18.1• Institutional births 31.1• Deliveries by TBA 39.1• Life expectancy at birth 68.3• TFR Rural 2.7
Urban 1.9Total 2.4
• Initiation of breast feeding with in 1 hr 21.5• Exclusive breast feeding(0-6 Months) 48.3• Complementary feeding (6-9 Months) 53.8
![Page 34: Health status of special groups in india](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062523/58edab101a28abe16d8b45eb/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Other indicators
• Anaemia & malnutrition• Reproductive health & rights• HIV/AIDS• Mental health• Breast cancer• Domestic violence
![Page 35: Health status of special groups in india](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062523/58edab101a28abe16d8b45eb/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Trend of Birth rate, Death rate, Infant Mortality rate, Total Fertility rate,Sex ratio at Birth and Sex ratio of children (0-4 age group), India
16.0
18.0
20.0
22.0
24.0
26.0
28.0
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
Birth rate
Total Rural Urban
6.26.46.66.87.07.27.47.67.88.08.2
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
Death rate
Total Male Female
35
40
45
50
55
60
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
Infant mortality rate
Total Male Female
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
Total fertility rate
Total Rural Urban
890
900
910
920
2007-09 2008-10 2009-11 2010-12 2011-13
Sex ratio at birth
Total Rural Urban
890
900
910
920
2007-09 2008-10 2009-11 2010-12 2011-13
Sex ratio of children (0-4 age group)
Total Rural Urban
![Page 36: Health status of special groups in india](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062523/58edab101a28abe16d8b45eb/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Causes of maternal deaths in india
Haemorrhage37%
Sepsis11%
Abortion8%
Ob-structed labour
5%
Hyper-tensive disorder
5%
others 34%
![Page 37: Health status of special groups in india](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062523/58edab101a28abe16d8b45eb/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Govt initiativeAll the elements of RCH- II integrated in NHM• Essential Obstetric Care• Quality Ante Natal care• Post natal care for mother and newborn• Skilled Attendance at Birth• Provision of Emergency Obstetric and Neonatal
Care at FRUs• Augmentation of skilled human resources for
Maternal Health
![Page 38: Health status of special groups in india](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062523/58edab101a28abe16d8b45eb/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Conted.....• Safe Abortion Services/ Medical termination
of Pregnancy (MTP)• Supply of Nischay Pregnancy detection kits to
sub centres• Maternal Death Review• MCTS• A Joint MCP Card• JSSK
![Page 39: Health status of special groups in india](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062523/58edab101a28abe16d8b45eb/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Conted.....,• Gender Based Violence (detection & support)• Setting up of Blood Storage Centre (BSC) at
FRUs• Scheme for promotion of menstrual hygiene
among adolescent girls in rural India
![Page 40: Health status of special groups in india](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062523/58edab101a28abe16d8b45eb/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Children• A person between birth and full growth; a boy
or girlNeonateUnder 5 yrs of age
![Page 41: Health status of special groups in india](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062523/58edab101a28abe16d8b45eb/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Health status indicators
![Page 42: Health status of special groups in india](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062523/58edab101a28abe16d8b45eb/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
• Neonatal mortality rate 2012 31• Immunization coverage (%) 2012, BCG 87• Immunization coverage (%) 2012, DPT1 88• Immunization coverage (%) 2012, DPT3 72• Immunization coverage (%) 2012, polio3 70• Immunization coverage (%) 2012, MCV 74• Child marriage (%) 2002-2012*, married by 15 18.2• Child marriage (%) 2002-2012*, married by 18 47.4
![Page 43: Health status of special groups in india](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062523/58edab101a28abe16d8b45eb/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
• Low birth weight (%) 2008-2012* 28• Early initiation of breastfeeding (%), 2008-2012*
40.5• Exclusive breastfeeding <6 months (%), 2008-2012*
46.4• Introduction of solid, semi-solid or soft foods 6-8
months (%), 2008-2012* 56.1• Breastfeeding at age 2 (%), 2008-2012*
76.8• Underweight (%) 2008-2012*, moderate & severe
42.5• Underweight (%) 2008-2012*, severe 15.8
![Page 44: Health status of special groups in india](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062523/58edab101a28abe16d8b45eb/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
• Stunting (%) 2008-2012*, moderate & severe 48
• Wasting (%) 2008-2012*, moderate & severe 19.8
• Overweight (%) 2008-2012*, moderate & severe 1.9
• Vitamin A supplementation full coverage (%) 2012 59
• Iodized salt consumption (%) 2008-2012* 71.
![Page 45: Health status of special groups in india](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062523/58edab101a28abe16d8b45eb/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Conted.....pnuemonia
8%
preterm18%
asphyxia10%
sepsis8%
others2%
congenital5%
diarrhoea1%
diarrhoea11%
measles3%
meningitis2%
injuries4%
others12%
pnuemonia15%
![Page 46: Health status of special groups in india](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062523/58edab101a28abe16d8b45eb/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
CONTED.....· It is estimated that 14% of the 4.2 million HIV/AIDS cases are children below the age of 14.
· A study conducted by the ILO found that children of infected parents are heavily discriminated-35% were denied basic amenities and 17% were forced to take up petty jobs to augment their income.
· Child labor in India is a complex problem and is rooted in poverty.
· Data suggests that there are 11.28 million working children in India.
· Over 85% of this child labor is in the country’s rural areas and this number has risen in the past decade.
![Page 47: Health status of special groups in india](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062523/58edab101a28abe16d8b45eb/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Govt initiativePriority interventions:1. Home-based newborn care and prompt referral2. Facility-based care of the sick newborn3. Integrated management of common childhood illnesses (diarrhea, pneumonia and malaria)4. Child nutrition and essential micronutrients supplementation & ICDS5. Immunization6. Early detection and management of defects at birth, deficiencies, diseases and disability in children (0–18 years)
![Page 48: Health status of special groups in india](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062523/58edab101a28abe16d8b45eb/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Conted......• Other Schemes Include:
– Balika Samriddhi Yojana (BSY)– Kishori Shakti Yojana (KSY)– Nutrition Programme for Adolescent Girls (NPAG)– Early Childhood Education for 3-6 Age Group Children
Under the Programme of Universalization of Elementary
– Scheme for welfare of Working Children in need of Care and
– An Integrated Programme for Street children
![Page 49: Health status of special groups in india](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062523/58edab101a28abe16d8b45eb/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Conted....– Child line Services– Central Adoption Resource Agency – Rajiv Gandhi National Crèche Scheme For the Children
of Working Mother – Programme for Juvenile Justice– General Grant-in-Aid Scheme– Pilot Project to Combat the Trafficking of Women and
Children for Commercial Sexual Exploitation in Destination Area
– Mid-day Meal Scheme– National Crèche Fund
![Page 50: Health status of special groups in india](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062523/58edab101a28abe16d8b45eb/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
• NEW COMPONENT• IFA to be distributed by
ASHA during doorstep delivery of contraceptives; IFA tablets to be given for 52 weeks each year
• As part of the antenatal care package, at all levels of health facilities , sub centre and outreach
•NEW COMPONENT•Weekly IFA supplementation (WIFS) for both adolescents boys & girls in Government/Government aided/municipal schools
• 6-60 months: IFA administered biweekly, on fixed days , under direct supervision of ASHAs ; 5-10 years: at AWC & through schools
Children Adolescent
Reproductive Age group
Pregnant & lactating women
![Page 51: Health status of special groups in india](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062523/58edab101a28abe16d8b45eb/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Tribal healthINTRODUCTION: • Being among the poorest and most
marginalised groups in India, tribals experience extreme levels of health deprivation.
• The tribal community lags behind the national average on several vital public health indicators, with women and children being the most vulnerable
![Page 52: Health status of special groups in india](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062523/58edab101a28abe16d8b45eb/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Conted....Definition:• A tribe is a distinct people, dependent on their
land for their livelihood, who are largely self-sufficient, and not integrated into the national society
![Page 53: Health status of special groups in india](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062523/58edab101a28abe16d8b45eb/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Features of scheduled tribes• Show primitive traits• Have distinct culture• Shyness of contact with public at large• Geographical isolation• Social & economic backwardness• Pre- Agrarian technology• Stagnant or declining population
![Page 54: Health status of special groups in india](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062523/58edab101a28abe16d8b45eb/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
• Tribal constitute 8.61% of the total population (2011 Census) and cover about 15% of the country’s area.
• 75% of them reside in central India
![Page 55: Health status of special groups in india](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062523/58edab101a28abe16d8b45eb/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Key indicators of tribal health
![Page 56: Health status of special groups in india](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062523/58edab101a28abe16d8b45eb/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Sex ration & child sex ratioIndicator Sex Ratio (/1000 Female) Child Sex Ratio (/1000 Female)
2001 2011 2001 2011
Total populationTotal 933 943 927 919
Rural 946 949 934 923
Urban 900 929 907 905
Scheduled tribesTotal 978 990 973 957
Rural 981 991 974 959
Urban 944 980 951 940
![Page 57: Health status of special groups in india](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062523/58edab101a28abe16d8b45eb/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Literacy rate
![Page 58: Health status of special groups in india](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062523/58edab101a28abe16d8b45eb/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Conted.....
![Page 59: Health status of special groups in india](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062523/58edab101a28abe16d8b45eb/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Nutritional status• Nutritional Status: • 46.6% ST women have BMI below 18.5, indicating a
high prevalence of nutritional deficiency.• 68.5 % (55%)of women and 39.6 % (25%) of men
are anemic – highest among all social groups • Only 21% of ST children age 12-35 months received
vitamin A supplements • Among children age 6-59 months, the figure drops
further to only 14.6%.
• 76.8% of ST children are anemic - 26.3 % mild, 47.2 % moderate & 3.3 % severe
![Page 60: Health status of special groups in india](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062523/58edab101a28abe16d8b45eb/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Disease encounter
Communicable Disease:• Water borne and communicable diseases:• Gastrointestinal disorders are very common,
leading to marked morbidity and malnutrition.• Malaria and tuberculosis. • Spectrum of viral and venereal diseases.
![Page 61: Health status of special groups in india](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062523/58edab101a28abe16d8b45eb/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Genetic disorders• High prevalence of genetic disorders mostly
involving red blood cells: Genetically transmitted disorders like sickle cell anemia.
• G6PD deficiency and different forms of Thalassaemia are also common
![Page 62: Health status of special groups in india](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062523/58edab101a28abe16d8b45eb/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Mental health issues• 20/1000
• 11/1000 Depression • 3/1000 Hysteria
• 2/1000 Phobia
• 1/1000 Schizophrenia
• 0.4/1000 Mania
![Page 63: Health status of special groups in india](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062523/58edab101a28abe16d8b45eb/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
aids• 2.9/1000 per among tribes (2.8)
![Page 64: Health status of special groups in india](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062523/58edab101a28abe16d8b45eb/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Govt initiative• Till June 30, 2006 there were 20097 sub-centre
functioning against a requirement of 28383 sub-centre for tribal areas.
• The number of functioning PHCs were 3260 against a requirement of 4180 and functioning CHCs were 446 against a requirement of 492.
• There are also 1122 Dispensaries and 120 Hospitals and 78 Mobile Clinics in Modern Medicine .
• 1106 Dispensaries and 24 Hospitals in Ayurveda.• 251 Dispensaries and 28 Hospitals in Homeopathy.
![Page 65: Health status of special groups in india](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062523/58edab101a28abe16d8b45eb/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
St welfare schemes• . Integrated Tribal Development Project• 2. Nursery-cum-Women Welfare Centre;• 3. Mid Day Meal Scheme• 4. Janshala Programme• 5. Tribal Alternate Education Programme 2002-2007• 6. Scheme of strengthening education among scheduled tribe girls in low• literacy districts• 7. Incentives for education• 8. Ashram schools• 9. Pre matric hostels• 10. Post matric hostels• 11. Grant in aid schemes for welfare of scheduled tribes• 12. Scholarships• 13. Tribes India• 14. National Overseas Scholarships• 15. Book Bank Scheme• 16. Central Sector Scheme for up gradation of merit of SC/ST students• 17. Tribal research centre
![Page 66: Health status of special groups in india](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062523/58edab101a28abe16d8b45eb/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Mobile medical unitThe mobile medical unit comprises a doctor, lab
technician, nurse, auxiliary mid wife and driver. The vehicle is fitted with all necessary equipment, including, microscope and a mini-lab.
• Doctors will screen tribal people for diabetes, cardiac diseases, hypertension, symptoms of tuberculosis
![Page 67: Health status of special groups in india](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062523/58edab101a28abe16d8b45eb/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Geriatric health• Most developed world countries have accepted
the chronological age of 65 years as a definition of 'elderly' or older person.
• it is many times associated with the age at which one can begin to receive pension benefits.
• At the moment, there is no United Nations standard numerical criterion, but the UN agreed cut off is 60+ years to refer to the older population.
![Page 68: Health status of special groups in india](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062523/58edab101a28abe16d8b45eb/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
CONTED.....• Elderly or old age consists of ages nearing or
surpassing the average life span of human beings. The boundary of old age cannot be defined exactly because it does not have the same meaning in all societies. Government of India adopted ‘National Policy on Older Persons’ in January, 1999. The policy defines ‘senior citizen’ or ‘elderly’ as a person who is of age 60 years or above.
![Page 69: Health status of special groups in india](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062523/58edab101a28abe16d8b45eb/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
CONTED.....• Both the share and size of elderly population
is increasing over time. From 5.6% in 1961 it is projected to rise to 12.4% of population by the year 2026. •
![Page 70: Health status of special groups in india](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062523/58edab101a28abe16d8b45eb/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Health Status indicators
![Page 71: Health status of special groups in india](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062523/58edab101a28abe16d8b45eb/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
CONTED.....
![Page 72: Health status of special groups in india](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062523/58edab101a28abe16d8b45eb/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
CONTED.....
![Page 73: Health status of special groups in india](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062523/58edab101a28abe16d8b45eb/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
CONTED.....
![Page 74: Health status of special groups in india](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062523/58edab101a28abe16d8b45eb/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
CONTED.....
![Page 75: Health status of special groups in india](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062523/58edab101a28abe16d8b45eb/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
CONTED.....• Ministry of Social Justice & Empowerment -
nodal Ministry for policies and programmes for the Senior Citizens.
• Legislations The Maintenance and Welfare of Parents and Senior Citizens Act, 2007 was enacted in December 2007.
• National Policy on Older Persons (NPOP), 1999• National Council for Older Persons
![Page 76: Health status of special groups in india](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062523/58edab101a28abe16d8b45eb/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
CONTED....• Central Sector Scheme of Integrated Programme
for Older Persons (IPOP) • Assistance for Construction of Old Age Homes • International Day of Older Persons • Ministry of Health & Family Welfare :Separate queues for older persons in
government hospitals.2 National Institutes on Ageing at Delhi and
Chennai have been set up Geriatric Departments in 25 medical colleges
have been set up.
![Page 77: Health status of special groups in india](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062523/58edab101a28abe16d8b45eb/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
disabled• A disability may be generally defined as a
condition which may restrict a person's mental, sensory, or mobility functions to undertake or perform a task in the same way as a person who does not have a disability.
• Disabled population in India 2.31%• (census- 2001)
![Page 78: Health status of special groups in india](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062523/58edab101a28abe16d8b45eb/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
Conted......• Types of disability:Physical - affects a person's mobility or dexterity Intellectual - affects a person's abilities to learnPsychiatric - affects a person's thinking processesSensory - affects a person's ability to hear or seeNeurological - results in the loss of some bodily
or mental functions
![Page 79: Health status of special groups in india](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062523/58edab101a28abe16d8b45eb/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
![Page 80: Health status of special groups in india](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062523/58edab101a28abe16d8b45eb/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
Conted...• People with disabilities have • same health needs • immunization,• cancer screening etc.• They may experience a narrower margin of health, because of
poverty and social exclusion.• vulnerable to secondary conditions, such as pressure sores or
urinary tract infections. • Evidence suggests that people with disabilities face barriers in
accessing the health and rehabilitation services they need in many settings.
![Page 81: Health status of special groups in india](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062523/58edab101a28abe16d8b45eb/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
Health status
![Page 82: Health status of special groups in india](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062523/58edab101a28abe16d8b45eb/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
Health status• Type of loco motor disability (% distribution)• Male Female All persons• Deformity of limb
46 44 45• Dysfunction of joints of limb
21 26 23 Paralysis 14 15 15 • Other (deformity of body)
9 10 10 Loss of limb 8 9 5
![Page 83: Health status of special groups in india](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062523/58edab101a28abe16d8b45eb/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
CONTED....• Prevalence of blindness per 1,00,000
population (NSS 58th round)• Male Female Person
• Rural 276 326 296• Urban 163 228 194
![Page 84: Health status of special groups in india](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062523/58edab101a28abe16d8b45eb/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
CONTED....• More than 60% reason of blindness acquired disability
due to three reasons –• old age (nearly 25%), • cataract (21%) • other eye diseases (more than 15%). Similarly about 70% of the persons with low vision also
acquired disability due to these same three reasons• cataract • and old age (nearly 30% each) and • other eye diseases (more than 10%).
![Page 85: Health status of special groups in india](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062523/58edab101a28abe16d8b45eb/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
Government Initiatives for ReAdressal of Disability in India
• National Policy for Persons with Disabilities, 2006
• Salient features– i) Physical Rehabilitation, which includes early detection and
intervention, counselling and medical interventions and provision of aids and appliances. development of rehabilitation professionals;
– ii) Educational Rehabilitation which includes vocational training; and
– iii) Economic Rehabilitation, for a dignified life in society.
![Page 86: Health status of special groups in india](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062523/58edab101a28abe16d8b45eb/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
CONTED.....• Disability Certificates• Components of Rehabilitation of Persons with
Disabilities : (i) provision of assistive aids and appliances (ii) education (iii) vocational training (iv) assistance for employment (v) training in or assistance for independent living
![Page 87: Health status of special groups in india](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062523/58edab101a28abe16d8b45eb/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
CONTED.....• Deen dayal Disabled Rehabilitation Scheme• Grant to NGOs under FYP (working for disabled)
![Page 88: Health status of special groups in india](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062523/58edab101a28abe16d8b45eb/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
MIGRANTS• India has a large number of international
migrants. About 5.1 million persons are migrants by last residence from across the international border in India (2001 census). Neighbouring countries are the main sources of origin of the international migrants to India with the bulk of these migrants coming from Bangladesh, followed by Pakistan and Nepal. But these are migrants who have entered the country legally
![Page 89: Health status of special groups in india](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062523/58edab101a28abe16d8b45eb/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
MIGRANTSEmployed in • cultivation and plantations,• brick-kilns,• quarries, • construction sites • and fish processing (NCRL, 2001).• urban informal manufacturing construction,
![Page 90: Health status of special groups in india](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062523/58edab101a28abe16d8b45eb/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
Conted....• services or transport sectors • casual labourers,• head loaders, • rickshaw pullers and• hawkers.
![Page 91: Health status of special groups in india](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062523/58edab101a28abe16d8b45eb/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
Conted.....• The rapid change of residence due to the
casual nature of work excludes them from the preventive care and their working conditions in the informal work arrangements in the city debars them from access to adequate curative care.
![Page 92: Health status of special groups in india](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062523/58edab101a28abe16d8b45eb/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
Health status• Poverty is a universal determinant of health • malnutrition,• a poor overall health status,• poor access to preventive and curative health
services, • and higher mortality and morbidity rates.
![Page 93: Health status of special groups in india](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062523/58edab101a28abe16d8b45eb/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
CONTED....• Migrants and mobile people become more vulnerable to
HIV/AIDS. By itself, being mobile is not a risk factor for HIV/AIDS. It is the situations encountered and behaviours possibly engaged in during the mobility or migration that increases vulnerability and risk. Migrant and mobile people may have little or no access to HIV information, prevention (condoms, STI management), health services.
• Source: International Organisation for Migration (2005), Health And Migration: Bridging the Gap, Geneva: International Organisation for Migration
![Page 94: Health status of special groups in india](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062523/58edab101a28abe16d8b45eb/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
Unique health problems of migrants
• Communicable diseases• Reproductive and child health• Violence against women• Child labour• 3-D jobs – dangerous, dirty and degrading. • Maladjustment – social & psychlogical
![Page 95: Health status of special groups in india](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062523/58edab101a28abe16d8b45eb/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
Govt initiatives• There is no specific schemes targeting the
migrant population• Though there are some NGOs working for
migrants e.g.
![Page 96: Health status of special groups in india](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062523/58edab101a28abe16d8b45eb/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
STATUS OF DALITS• Dalits one-sixth of the Indian population (160 million
approx).• Literacy rate 24 per cent.• meagre purchasing power; • poor housing conditions; • lack or have low access to resources and entitlements.• In rural India they are landless poor agricultural
labourers attached to rich landowners from generations or poor casual labourers doing all kinds of available work.
![Page 97: Health status of special groups in india](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062523/58edab101a28abe16d8b45eb/html5/thumbnails/97.jpg)
CONTED.....• In the city they are the urban poor employed as
wage labourers at several work sites, beggars, vendors, small service providers, domestic help, etc.,
• living in slums and other temporary shelters without any kind of social security.
• The members of these groups face systemic violence in the form of denial of access to land, good housing, education, health and employment.
![Page 98: Health status of special groups in india](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062523/58edab101a28abe16d8b45eb/html5/thumbnails/98.jpg)
Health status indicatorsIndicator value
Neonatal mortality
Infant mortality rate
Under 5 MR
% of children vaccinated with card
Home delivery
Disability proportion
46
66
88
34.8%
57.1%
2.20
![Page 99: Health status of special groups in india](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062523/58edab101a28abe16d8b45eb/html5/thumbnails/99.jpg)
Govt initiatives• Rashtriya swasthya bima yojana• Subsidized lone• Overseas education loans• Free health services for BPL family in public
and private sector hospitals
![Page 100: Health status of special groups in india](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062523/58edab101a28abe16d8b45eb/html5/thumbnails/100.jpg)
Conclusion• Looking upon the given facts we can very well
make out that the health status of an individual is significantly affected by his status in family, society, & community. Thus changing the social status of an individual or family will bring the change in health status of community.
![Page 101: Health status of special groups in india](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062523/58edab101a28abe16d8b45eb/html5/thumbnails/101.jpg)