health occupations integumentary system. skin largest organ in the body 17 –26 square feet varies...
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Health Occupations
Integumentary System
SKIN
Largest organ in the body 17 –26 square feet Varies in thickness
– Eyelid – 0.5 mm– Soles of feet – 6.6 mm
Three layers of Skin
Epidermis Dermis Subcutaneous
Epidermis
Outer layer, also called cuticle Surface is layer of dead cells with living cells
underneath 5 layers of cells
– Stratus corneum – sheds – Stratus germinativum – rebuilds– No blood vessels or nerve cells but has nerve endings
for• Light touch• Pain
90% of cells are water repellent
Hair follicles Melanocytes – make melanin, the
pigment that gives skin its color– Inherited characteristic– Freckles – concentrated melanin
Surface – covered with sweat, oil, & epithelial cells that– Lubricate– Hydrate– Provide antibacterial protection– Block toxins
Dermis “True” skin Contains blood vessels & nerves
– Nerve endings • Pressure• Heat & cold
Each square inch of skin has 15 ft. of blood vessels
Is 15-40 times as thick as epidermis Contain fingerprints – ridges or striations in this
layer that are unique to each person Contains sebaceous glands – oil glands
Subcutaneous or hypodermis
Innermost layer Adipose – fatty tissue that cushions &
insulates organs Connects skin to muscle Made of up elastic & fibrous tissue as
well Contains sudoriferous glands
Hair
Pili – found everywhere except soles of feet & palms of hand
Hair in nose & mouth block foreign particles from entering
Hair root originates in dermis Shaft - visible portion of hair Follicle – hair root with its covering
– Has 1-2 sebaceous glands attached to it
Arrector pili – small muscle attached to hair shaft– Causes goose bumps or hair to stand on
end due to cold or fear Color & texture of hair is inherited Color dependant on melanin
Glands
Sebaceous glands Sudoriferous glands Ceruminous glands
Sebaceous glands
Oil glands Found everywhere except palms & soles 2,000-2,000,000 glands in each square inch
of skin Causes skin to be soft & waterproof Usually open onto hair follicles Sebum – oil
– Antibacterial & antifungal, prevents infections– When gland is plugged, get pimple
Sudoriferous glands Sweat glands Originate in subcutaneous layer & opens at pores in
epidermis Apocrine
– Attached to hair follicles– Found in axilla, breasts, pubic area
Eccrine– Empty directly onto skin
Regulate body temp & excretes wastes Skin loses 500 ml of water each day, increases with
exercise
Ceruminous glands
In auditory canal of eat Secretes wax
– Protects ear from infection– Prevents foreign body entry
Nails
Protect fingers & toes from injury Formed from dead, keratinized
epidermal cells Root – where nail grows, covered by
skin where it attaches Lunula – crescent shaped white area
near root Nails regrow unless root is damaged
Function of integumentary system Protection
– Barrier to UV rays & pathogens– Keeps moisture in
Sensory perception– Helps body respond to pain, pressure, temperature, &
touch Body temperature regulation
– Helps skin retain or lose heat– Blood vessels dilate – heat escapes– Blood vessels constrict – heat is retained– Sudoriferous glands cool through perspiration
Storage– Tissues for temporary storage of fat, glucose, water,
vitamins, & salt– Adipose – source of energy
Absorption – Substances absorbed through skin– Transdermal meds
• Nitroglycerine – heart• Scopolamine – motion sickness• Hormones – birth control• Nicotine – smoking cessation
Excretion– Eliminates salt, wastes, excess water through sweat
Production– Vitamin D – uses UV rays to form Vitamin D that
matures in the liver
Arector piliSebaceous glandHair follicle
Root
Artery
Vein
Adipose tissueSudoriferous glandSubcutaneous tissueNerve
DermisEpidermis
Assessment
Dermatology – study of skin Dermatitis – inflammation of skin,
usually non-life threatening Skin lesions – visually inspected
– Look for size, shape, texture, color– Biopsy or culture for diagnosis
Color
Erythema – Reddish color
• Burns• Congestion in blood vessels
Jaundice– Yellowish color
• Liver or gall bladder disease or RBC destruction
Cyanosis – Bluish color
• Insufficient oxygen – heart, lung, or circulatory disease
Eruptions
Macules– Flat spots on skin
• Freckles
Papules
Firm raised areas– Pimples– End stage of chicken pox
Vesicles
Blisters or fluid filled sacs– Early chicken pox or small pox
Pustules
Pus filled sacs– Acne– Fire ant bites
Crusts
Areas of dried pus & blood– scabs
Wheals
Itchy, elevated areas with irregular shape– Hives or bites
Ulcer
Deep loss of skin surface, extends into dermis
May see scarring & bleeding
Diseases & Abnormal Conditions
Acne Vulgaris– Increased secretion of sebaceous glands– Bacteria grows & blocks hair follicle– Causes papules, pustules, & blackheads– Treat with
• UV light• Antibiotics• dermabrasion
Albinism
Melanocytes don’t produce melanin Pale skin White hair Light eyes Sensitivity to light Decreased visual acuity
Alopecia
Baldness Inherited tendency to lose hair Androgenic hormones at puberty can
begin hair loss May occur in females too
Athlete’s foot
Fungal infection Skin itches, blisters, cracks Contagious, transmitted by wet floors Treatment
– Antifungals– Clean & dry– Well ventilated
Cellulitis Bacterial infection of dermal & subcutaneous layers Symptoms
– Fever & chills– Vesicles– Warm, red skin– Decreased circulation– lymphedema
Treatment– Rest, elevation– Immobilization– Antibiotics
Chloasma
Patchy discoloration on face Due to high hormone levels
– Pregnancy– Oral contraceptives– Liver disease
Cleft lip and palate
1 in 700 babies born with this Space where nasal processes or palate do not
meet, see open area Causes
– 25% heredity– Environment– Prematurity
Treatment– Surgery– Dental therapy– Speech therapy
Contact dermatitis
Allergic reaction to anything– Poison ivy, jewelry, bleach, etc
Symptoms– Redness– Swelling– Itching– Blisters
Treatment– Washing– Anti inflammatory meds– Avoid exposure
Dandruff
Scalp itching Causes white flakes of dead skin cells Treatment
– Scalp massage– Shampoo– brushing
Decubitus ulcers Sores of inflammation over body prominences Due to
– Prolonged pressure & hypoxia to affected area “Bedsores” Prevention
– Frequent position changes– Good nutrition– Massage
Described in 4 stages, depending on severity Treatment – antibiotics, remove necrotic tissue,
frequent cleaning, maggots
Eczema
Caused by dermatitis Symptoms
– Swelling– Redness– Itching– Weeping/crusting lesion
Familial Treatment
– Remove irritant– Keep skin clean
Fungal infection
Only on epidermis Ranges from no symptoms to scaly, red,
swelling, & blisters Usually on moist areas
– Athlete’s foot– Jock itch– Ringworm
Treatment– antifungals
Furuncle
Boil Sometimes infected hair follicle Treatment
– Hot compresses– Antibiotics– lancing
Hirsutism or Hypertrichosis
Increased hair growth in abnormal places– Hair, back, chest
Hormone related or hereditary Treatment – temporary
– Shave– Wax– electrolysis
Impetigo
Contagious bacterial infection Vesicles to pustules to crusts Symptoms
– Itching– Burning– Can lead to kidney infection if untreated
Lesions usually clear without damage Can be fatal to infants
Kaposi’s Sarcoma
CA that originates in blood vessels and spreads to the skin
Round or oval spot Red, purple, or brown 2 types
– Aging– Diabetes, lymphoma, AIDS
• Spreads to liver, lungs, intestine• Tx with inteferon or chemotherapy
Lupus
Benign dermatitis or chronic systemic disorder
Symptoms– Scaly rash– Baldness– Vascular connective tissue affected
• Butterfly rash
Treatment– Protect from sun– Anti-inflammatory meds
Psoriasis
Too many epidermal cells Red thick areas covered with scales
– Gray– Silver
Triggered by stress Familial Treatment
– Topical cream– Scale removal– UV light
Rashes
Usually viral Treat symptoms Usually childhood disease
Scleroderma
Autoimmune disease Affects
– Blood vessels– Connective tissue– Epithelial tissues
Treatment– Anti-inflammatory meds– PT to avoid muscle contractures
Skin Cancer
Basal cell Squamous cell Malignant melanoma
Streptococcus
Bacteria that can affect the skin Group A may be flesheating
Vitiligo
Loss of pigment Leads to formation of white patches
Warts
Papule caused by HPV Comes & goes unexpectedly Types
– Plantar– Common– Flat
Treatment– Chemicals– Freezing– burning
UV light Skin protects us from this by producing melanin Makes a tan Process of damage
– UV light causes damage to dermal cells– Moisture is lost– Wrinkled & dry skin
Main cause of skin cancer Burns
– 1st degree – sunburn– 2nd degree – blister– 3rd degree - full
Basal cell carcinoma Starts in lower layer of epidermis Symptoms
– Waxy, pearly growths– Red scaly patches– Face, arms, hands– Bleed then heal, over & over
Treatment – Scraping– Burn– Cut out lesion
Most benign form of CA
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Middle layer of epidermis Symptoms
– Spreads more quickly– Red, scaly patches that don’t heal– Eventually grows into surrounding tissue
Treatment– Same as basal cell
Malignant Melanoma
Originates in melanin cells SERIOUS Symptoms
– Brown, black color– Can start on back, legs, torso– ½ develop from moles
Treatment– Removal– If spread, survival rate decreases
• Needs chemo