health and performance of atlantic salmon post- smolts ... industry is already using practices when...
TRANSCRIPT
Centre for Closed-Containment Aquaculture
Health and performance of Atlantic salmon post-smolts when using novel production protocols
Trine Ytrestøyl
Objective:
The industry is already using practices when producing large fish for
stocking, that have not been evaluated scientifically, in terms of
effects on fish performance, health and welfare
Objective: To evaluate the effect of different postsmolt production
protocols in RAS on fish performance, health and welfare in the seawater
growout phase
«Best in RAS =best in the sea?»
Hypothesis: An extended land-based phase in RAS will improve fish
performance in sea cages
Experimental design :
2x2 factorial design with salinity and light treatments as factors,
and transfer to seawater pens at 200 and 600 g
Control group «traditional» 100 g smolt, 12:12 L:D, 6 weeks
30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
Control FT FW-RAS 24:00 Stocking at sea
Treatment A1 FT FW-RAS 24:0024:00 Stocking at sea
Treatment A2 FT FW-RAS 24:0024:00 Stocking at sea
Treatment B1 FT FW-RAS 24:0024:00 Stocking at sea
Treatment B2 FT FW-RAS 24:0024:00 Stocking at sea
Treatment C1 FT FW-RAS 24:00 Stocking at sea
Treatment C2 FT FW-RAS 24:00 Stocking at sea
Treatment D1 FT FW-RAS 24:00 BR-RAS, 24:00 Stocking at sea
Treatment D2 FT FW-RAS 24:00 BR-RAS, 24:00 Stocking at sea
FW-RAS 24:00
12:12+Vacc, 6 wk FW-RAS 24:00, 6 wk
Vacc
Vacc
12:12+Vacc, 6 wk
12:12+Vacc, 6 wk
Vacc
Vacc
FW-RAS 24:00, 6 wk
FW-RAS 24:00
FW-RAS 24:00
FW-RAS 24:00
12:12+Vacc, 6 wk
12:12+Vacc, 6 wk
Treatments Fish size (g)
BR-RAS 24:00
BR-RAS, 24:00
FW-RAS 24:00, 6 wk
12 ppt SW
12:12 FW x 12:12 12 ppt x 12:12
24:00 FW x 24:0 12 ppt x 24:0
LightSalinity
Samplings 2017: May Sept Nov
Control,12:12 LD, FW
12:12 LD, 12 ppt, 200g
12:12 LD, 12 ppt, 600g
24h, FW, 200g
24h, FW,600g
12:12 LD, FW, 200g
12:12 LD, FW, 600g
24h,12 ppt, 200g
24h,12 ppt, 600g
200 g
600 g
• SGR/TGC
• Survival
• Maturation
• Welfare
• Cataract
• deformities
• Pigmentation
• Slaughter quality
• Vaccine sideeffects
1st period in the sea
5 weeks after transferSW
Challenge
72 h
34 ppt
Response variables
Feed intake
Survival
FCR and growth
11x11 m
cages
(4+ kg)
11x11 m
cages
(4+kg)
• SGR/TGC
• Survival
• Maturation
• Seawater tolerance
• Welfare
• Cataract
• Skin health
• Deformities
• Pigmentation
• Vaccine sideeffekts
• Immunocompetence
100 g
(5x5x5 m cages)
Gildeskål Research Station
(GIFAS)RAS Sunndalsøra
RAS conditions
• 3.3 m3 tanks, 300 fish per tank, PIT-tagged
• Temperature: 12-13 oC
• Recirculation: >99%, ~20% exchange/day
• No ozone
• O2 >85% saturation (tanks controlled independently)
• pH > 7.5,
• CO2 < 10 mg/L
• TAN < 1.0 mg/L
• Nitrite < 0.2 mg/L
• Water velocity: ~1 BL/sec
• Max. density 50 kg/m3
• Commercial diets
Performance in RAS:
214 208
282 263
543 557605
574
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
12 ppt FW 12 ppt FW
12:12 12:12 24 h 24 h
Bodyweigth at seawater transfer 200 g
600 g
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
6/1/2016 7/1/2016 8/1/2016 9/1/2016 10/1/2016 11/1/2016 12/1/2016
(g) 12:12 FW 12:12 12 ppt 24 h FW 24 h 12 ppt
transfer 200g
transfer 600g
transfer 100gstart 12:12 LD
• 24:0 improved growth in RAS• 12 ppt improved growth in fish kept on 24:0 LD• Low mortality (>0.5 %)
Specific growth rate (SGR) and thermal growth coefficient
(TGC) in RAS:
200g: 24:0 >12:12 , 12 ppt > FW 600g: 24:0 >12:12 salinity, NS
1.71 1.691.93 1.861.97 1.93
2.452.34
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
12 ppt FW 12 ppt FW
12:12 12:12 24 h 24 h
Growth to transfer at 200 gSGR
TGC
1.63 1.65 1.68 1.64
2.25 2.28 2.37 2.30
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
12 ppt FW 12 ppt FW
12:12 12:12 24 h 24 h
Growth to transfer at 600 gSGR
TGC
200 g: 24:0 >12:12 , FW > 12 ppt 600 g: No effect of salinity or light treatment
Condition factor (CF) in RAS
Results during RAS stage: Seawater tolerance
13.713.1
13.812.6
11.9
10.49.5
10.1
11.6
10.08.7 9.2
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
12:12 FW 12:12 12 ppt 24 h FW 24 h 12 ppt
(µm
olA
DP/
mg
pro
tein
/h))
Gill Na+/K+ –ATPase activity 22.sep 09.nov 28.nov • NKA activity decreased during fall in all treatments
• NKA akt. were not sign. different among treatments in late September
• In late November, NKA levels were higher in fish given a winter signal
• No significant effect of salinity
(Analysed by Pharmaq Analytic)
Sea water tolerance tests (72h at 34 ppt )
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
FW 12 ppt FW 12 ppt
12:12 12:12 24:0 24:0
Serum chloride 22.sep 16.nov 05.des
• No significant effects of treatment on serum levels of Cl, Na and Mg
• No mortality
Results from the seawater phase at Gifas
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
18.0
Temperature
Benchmark trial Average max min
100 g
600 g
200 g
Mortality first 5 weeks after transfer
3.03.4
1.3 1.3 0.6
2.72.4
1.6
2.9
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
control 12 ppt FW 12 ppt FW
12:12 12:12 12:12 24 h 24 h
% mortality 1st period in sea cages (5x5m) 200g
600g
• Low mortality the first 5 weeks after sea transfer• No sign. effects of treatment• Fish were in good condition at transfer, no scale loss
200 g transfer
Performance the first 5 weeks in seacages (5x5m)
Growth and feed conversion ratio (FCR)
• 200g fish: 24:0 h light during the whole production period in RAS gave lower TGC and higher FCR, no sign. effect of salinity
• 600g fish: Positive effect of 12 ppt on TGC and FCR
• Negative correlation between TGC and condition factor at sea transfer
1.98 1.942.04
1.401.31
1.66 1.59 1.631.48
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
control 12 ppt FW 12 ppt FW
12:12 12:12 12:12 24 h 24 h
TGC 200g
600g
0.961.09 1.06
1.291.44
1.071.18
1.011.15
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
1.40
1.60
control 12 ppt FW 12 ppt FW
12:12 12:12 12:12 24 h 24 h
FCR
Growth rate the 2nd period in the sea (11m cages)
3.813.39 3.32
3.09 3.113.34 3.25 3.34 3.15
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
control 12 ppt FW 12 ppt FW
12:12 12:12 12:12 24 h 24 h
TGC 200g (Nov-May) 600g (Jan-May)
0.730.64 0.63
0.56 0.580.53 0.52 0.52 0.50
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.70
0.80
control 12 ppt FW 12 ppt FW
12:12 12:12 12:12 24 h 24 h
SGR
945 918 896 950 9061,044 1,048
1,1391,049
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
control 12 ppt FW 12 ppt FW
12:12 12:12 12:12 24 h 24 h
Bodyweight end of May 2017• 600 g were largest in the end of May • Highest SGR and TGC in controls, • no sign. difference in TGC between 200 and
600g• Higher SGR in 200g than in 600g• Lack of winter signal gave lower growth in
200g fish, but not in 600g fish• No sign. effect of salinity on growth rate
Growth in sea cages 3rd period in the sea (May-Sept 2017)
• control > 200 g > 600 g, • Salinity : NS, Light: NS
3.78 3.60 3.67 3.69 3.63
2.71 2.64 2.472.80
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
control 12 ppt FW 12 ppt FW
12:12 12:12 12:12 24 h 24 h
TGC stocking at 200 g stocking at 600 g
1.14 1.11 1.13 1.12 1.11
0.84 0.82 0.750.86
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
control 12 ppt FW 12 ppt FW
12:12 12:12 12:12 24 h 24 h
SGR
3,2483,034 3,048 3,178 3,103
2,594 2,562 2,574 2,694
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
control 12 ppt FW 12 ppt FW
12:12 12:12 12:12 24 h 24 h
BW sept 2017
Growth 3rd period in the sea(May-Sept 2017)
• Controls were largest in late september!
• TGC and SGR: control > 200 g >> 600 g • Salinity : NS, Light: NS
3.78 3.60 3.67 3.69 3.63
2.71 2.64 2.472.80
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
control 12 ppt FW 12 ppt FW
12:12 12:12 12:12 24 h 24 h
TGC stocking at 200 g stocking at 600 g
1.14 1.11 1.13 1.12 1.11
0.84 0.82 0.750.86
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
control 12 ppt FW 12 ppt FW
12:12 12:12 12:12 24 h 24 h
SGR
3,2483,034 3,048 3,178 3,103
2,594 2,562 2,574 2,694
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
control 12 ppt FW 12 ppt FW
12:12 12:12 12:12 24 h 24 h
BW sept 2017
Growth rate overall (RAS + sea cages) from June 2016 to Sept 2017 (30-3000g):
control > 200 g > 600, Salinity : NS, Light: NS
2.89 2.79 2.79 2.83 2.812.46 2.45 2.45 2.50
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
control 12 ppt FW 12 ppt FW
12:12 12:12 12:12 24 h 24 h
TGC from June 2016-Sept 2017
200 g 600 g
1.03 1.02 1.01 1.02 1.010.98 0.98 0.98 0.98
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
control 12 ppt FW 12 ppt FW
12:12 12:12 12:12 24 h 24 h
SGR Juni 2016-Sept 2017
200 g 600 g
Growth rates (TGC) of all groups during RAS and threeperiods after sea transfer (end of september 2017)
Control and ~200 g at transfer to sea
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
control
12:12 12 ppt
12:12 FW
24:0 12 ppt
24:0 FW
~600 g at transfer to sea
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.512:12 12 ppt
12:12 FW
24:0 12 ppt
24:0 FW
Kumulative mortality in seawater
4.6
6.4
2.7
4.13.7
5.9
4.14.5
4.9
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
control 12 ppt FW 12 ppt FW
12:12 12:12 12:12 24 h 24 h
% o
f tr
ansf
ered
to
sea
kumulative mortality by the end of 3rd period in sea cages (Sept 2017)
• Survival in the sea was between 93.6 and 97.3 % at ~3 kg in September 2017
• Highest mortality in 12:12, 12 ppt
Male maturation
GSI (Gonadosomatic index)
• No significant effect of light treatment or salinity in RAS on GSI
• Very few mature males observed during the trial, both in RAS and in the sea
0.00
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18
control 12 ppt FW 12 ppt FW
12:12 12:12 12:12 24 h 24 h
May 2017 BW ~ 1 kg Transfer at 200g
Transfer at 600g
0.00
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18
control 12 ppt FW 12 ppt FW
12:12 12:12 12:12 24 h 24 h
September 2017 BW ~ 3 kg
Conclusions so far:✓Better growth in RAS in the absence of a winter signal ( 24:0) and using 12 ppt
✓However, lack of a winter signal reduced growth after transfer to seawater
✓12 ppt in RAS had positive effects on performance after transfer to sea
✓Negative effect of high condition factor on growth after sea transfer
✓All treatments gave sufficient seawater tolerance, also in 600g fish
✓High survival in RAS and sea cages in all treatments
✓No effects of treatment on male maturation, low incidence of mature males in RAS and
seawater
✓Fish transferred at 600g grew well initially in seawater, but had a reduced growth during
summer compared to fish transferred at 100 and 200 g
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Photo: Nofima
Thank you for your attention
And thanks to partners in CtrlAQUAand the project group in Nofima
Britt Kristin Megård Reiten
Jelena Kolarevic
Yuriy Marchenko Bendik Fyhn Terjesen(now Cermaq)
Grete Bæverfjord
Kjellrun Hoås Gannestad