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METU Hücre Teknolojilerinde Mevcut Durum
METU
Introduction solar energy
Crystalline Si solar cells
Standard cell structure
New approaches
GÜNAM as a center of excellence for solar energy conversion
Conclusions
Outline
METU Güzel Haber
Lowest price offered
October 2017
1.78 c$/kWh
Bu dalganın önünde hiç kimse duramayacak
METU Photovoltaic Solar Cells
A photovoltaic device is an electronic device A PV device is a two terminal device like a diode A single solar cell generates a voltage in between 0.5 – 1 V.
METU Some history
• In 1954, D.M. Chapin, C.S. Fuller and G.L. Pearson, of Bell Laboratory, announced first solar cell silicon-based solar cells.
• 1955, the Hoffman Electronics-
Semiconductor Division announced the first commercial photovoltaic product that was % 2, priced at $25 per cell, at 14 mW each, or $1,785 per watt.
• By the mid-1960s, efficiency levels were nearing 10 percent.
• As an outgrowth of the space exploration in the 1960s-70s.
METU
6
Evolution of Best Cell Efficiency Values
METU Crystal Si based solar cells
Single crytsalline Multicrystalline
Heterojunction (HIT- Heterojunction with
Intrinsic Thin layer) (sadece Sanyo)
Module efficiency : %15-20 Module efficency: %15-17
Market share > % 90
Module efficency : %16-20
7
METU Thin film solar cells
Module Efficiency: %13-15 Module Efficiency : %13-15 Module Efficiency : %8-10
8 Market Share <%10
METU
Kaynak : Oerlikon
Thin Film Solar Modules
METU Is Solar Electricity still Expensive ?
Ankara 5 c$/kWh
ITRPV report, 2014
Minimum system price in Turkey =
900 $/kWp
Elektriğin Perakende satışı : 35 krş = 10 c$/kWh
METU Solar Electricity is Becoming the Cheapest
Electricity
Konya Karapınar YEKA tender for 1000 MW power station, 6.99 c$/kWh has been realized
Tender was won by Q-Cells-Hanwha-Kalyon group
Lowest price (Abu-Dabi tender) September 2016
2.42 c$/kWh
Now in Saudi Arabia October 2017
1.78 c$/kWh
Recent results of tenders
METU Solar Module Prices Falling Down
Module price in Turkey : 40 c€/Wp
METU
*
Total installation exceeded 320
GW at the end of 2016
In 2017, 80 GW additional
installation is expected
PV Installation is Increasing Beyond Expectations
METU Champions of Solar electricity
14
Percentage of the solar electricity in total consumption
Total PV capacity in Turkey : 1000 MW.
This generates 1.5 TWh/year Corresponding
to
= % 0.5 of the total electricity generation
Source : PVPS report 2017
METU
15
*Taş devri taş bittiği için sona ermedi, petrol çağı da petrol bitmeden çok önce sona erecek
*
A vision
to be realized,
… hopefully soon
METU
Crystalline Si solar cell …
METU Crystal Si Value Chain
17
200-300 M$ 12-16 M$ 12-15 M$
13-50 M$ 6-9 M$ 1 $/Wp
Quartz Silicon Ingot Wafer
Solar Cell Module System Electricity
Fabrication of solar cell consists of R&D
intensive processes. Industry can not survive without a true R&D
support.
METU C-Si Solar Cell Fabrication on Standard
p-type Si Wafer
Mono-Crystal Multi-Crystal
156mm
156mm
p
n
SiN Ag Ag
Al p+
METU Maximum Efficiency Limit
19
Asumptions : Single junction is used. Temperature is 300 K
New approaches are needed to approach and/or exceed the
Shockley-Queisser limit
For Si solar cells, the maximum achievable efficiency is about % 29
METU
Limitations : Electrical and Optical
Crystalline Si solar cell Efficiency
Record efficiency at R&D level %26.7
Industrial Efficiency %18-23
Si limit %29
We can gain up to % 6-11 at industrial level
Status of Si solar cells
METU Losses in Crystalline Si Solar Cell
Rolf Brendel et al, Prog. Photovolt: Res. Appl. (2015)
h = 28.5 %
METU
22
Standard Technology (Al-BSF c-Si
cells)
High Efficiency Concepts • Selective Emitter • PERC, PERL, PERT • Bi-Facial • Back Contact (IBC) • Passivated Contacts • TOPcon cell • Dopant free cells (DASH) • Tandem cells with new
materials like pervoskites
Low Cost Concepts
• Multi – C • UMG Si • Quasi Mono – C • Thin Silicon
Future Low Cost + High
Efficiency
New approaches in c-Si Solar cell Technology
METU
Main problems and losses:
Homogeneous highly doped emitter results in high Auger recombination Low Voc
Fully metallised back surface results in high back surface recombination velocities Low Voc
Back Al also results in parasitic absorption in IR
region Low Jsc
Light induced degradation due to B-O related defects in p-type base
Standard Technology – Full
Al:BSF
23
p-type
Al p+ Al:BSF
Ag SiNx
n+
METU
Passivated Emitter Rear Cell
Back surface is coated with a dielectric passivation layer
Metal contacts are taken from local
opening on rear passivation layer
Less Metal-Si interface on back side Less back surface recombination Higher Voc 21.2% efficiency recorded industrial size*
PERC Technology
24 *Rolf Brendel et al, Prog. Photovolt: Res. Appl. (2015)
METU PERC Technology
25
Projection Realization
PERC Cells are becoming industry standard
METU High Efficiency Solar Cells :
Heterojunction c-Si Technology
e-
h+
Low temperature deposition conditions (>200C°).
Excellent surface passivation by hydrogenated amorphous Si layer.
Contacts are removed from c-Si surface.
Thin wafers ~100um are utilizable!
Good temperature coefficient
Extremely high Voc ~750mV
High efficiency
METU
High Efficiency Solar Cells Interdigitated Back Contact (IBC) Cells
-Homojunction case
Interdigitated Back Contact (IBC) cISFH
aA. Halm et al., in 27th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition, Frankfurt, Germany, 2012 bA. Mewe et al., 42nd IEEE Photovoltaics Specialists Conference, New Orleans, USA, 2015 chttp://www.isfh.de/institut_solarforschung/ionenimplantierte-ibc-zellen.php?_l=1 dR. Müller et al., in 4th International Conference on Silicon Photovoltaics, SiPV2014
156-156mm2
Eff: 22.1%/Voc: 676.2mV Jsc:41.6mA/cm2/FF:78.5%
Interdigitated Back Contact (IBC) bECN-Mercury Cell Concept
Interdigitated Back Contact (IBC) aKonstanz-Zebra Cell Concept
Idnterdigitated Back Contact (IBC) dFraunhofer ISE
METU
Interdigitated Back Contact (IBC) SunPower
Homojunction IBC (Industry)
module eff:24.2% (2017-record)
Interdigitated Back Contact (IBC) Trina Solar
brecored cell eff: 23.5% 156x156mm2/screen printed process
ahttps://www.pv-tech.org/news/sunpower-hits-average-cell-conversion-efficiencies-of-25-at-fab-4 bhttps://www.pv-magazine.com/2016/04/26/trina-solar-sets-new-ibc-cell-efficiency-record_100024306/
aindustrial line av. cell eff: 25% (2017-record)
METU
Interdigitated Back Contact (IBC) cFraunhofer ISE-TOPCon
High Efficiency Solar Cells -Heterojunction/Passivating Contact IBC
Back Contacted SHJ aEPFL
PolySi Passivating Contact IBC bDelft University
Heterojunction IBC dPanasonic HIT Cells
aA. Tomasi, IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 1046-1054, 2014 bY. Guangto, Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, vol. 158, pp. 84-90, 2016 cC. Reichel, in 29th European PV Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2014 dhttp://news.panasonic.com/global/press/data/2014/04/en140410-4/en140410-4.html ehttp://www.kaneka.co.jp/kaneka-e/images/topics/1473811995/1473811995_101.pdf
Heterojunction IBC eKaneka & NEDO HJ Cells
cell eff:26.33% (180cm2) (Sep.2016- new record)
METU Best Cell Efficiencies-Hetorojunction IBC
aK. Masuko et al., IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics, 4, 1433 (2014) bD. Adachi et al., Applied Physics Letters, 107, 233506 (2015) cM. Taguchi et al., IEEE Journal of Photovaoltaics, 4, 96 (2014) dhttps://www.helmholtz-berlin.de/media/media/projekte/hercules/hercules-m36-workshop/yoshikawa-kaneka-2016-hercles-designated-version.pdf
Voc [V] Jsc [mA/cm2] FF% Efficiency % Area*[cm2] Cell type
aPanasonic 0.740 41.8 82.7 25.6 143.7 (da) SHJ-IBC
bKaneka 0.738 40.8 83.5 25.1 151.9 (ap) SHJ
cPanasonic 0.750 39.49 83.2 24.7 101.8 (ta) SHJ
dKaneka 0.744 42.25 83.78 26.33 180.43(da) SHJ-IBC
METU
James Bullock et al. DOI: 10.1038/NENERGY.2015.31
Dopant-free Asymmetric
Heterocontacts (DASH) Solar Cell
METU GÜNAM : a global research center on solar
energy conversion
METU
GÜNAM is 8 years old
Mission : to develop fundamental and applied knowledge on
solar energy conversion for the benefit of the society in a global
context
GÜNAM is being supported by Ministry of Development
Total investment by the end of 2017 will exceed 15 Million USD
GÜNAM is the most comprehensive R&D center on solar energy
in the whole eastern mediterenaen region
http://www.gunam.metu.edu.tr/
GÜNAM : a global R&D center on solar energy
METU
Research Outputs
National/International articles Conference presentation Citation Thesis (MSc and PhD) Book/Chapter in a book Awards Patent Spin off company Event organization (Summer School, workshop)
192 78
801 59 5 2 1 1 9
Projects
National Projects International Projects University-Industry Joint Project
46 15 10
Total 71
External Supports Generated ( end of 2016)
National projects International projects University- Industry project supports
43.628.798,63 TL 3.767.151,22 TL 1.791.854,52 TL
Total ≈ 50.000.000 TL 14.200.000 $
Collaborations
National Internationals
32 24
Human Capital
Academician (affiliated to GÜNAM) Graduate students (MSc and PhD): Technical and administrative staff members
23 66 14
Total 103
GÜNAM in Numbers
GÜNAM is 8 years old
METU
c-Si Solar Cell Research Lab (With Physics Dpt.)
Thin Film Solar Cell Research Lab (With Physics Dpt.)
Organic and DSSC Solar Cell
Research Lab (OPV) (With Chemistry and Materials Eng. Dpt.)
Solar Thermal Power Lab. (ODAK)
(With Mechanical Eng. Dpt.)
GÜNAM Laboratories
Nanomaterials Research Laboratory
(With Materials Eng. Dpt.)
Outdoor Test Platform (With Physics Dpt.)
METU GÜNAM’s Expansions
3500 sqm lab space
500 m2 clean room with various classes
Connected to other research centers at
the new research park of METU
Close to the METU technology
development region
METU Research Park
METU Research Park Complex
A unique R&D line based on c-Si solar cells
for industry-university collaboration
Built for MILGES project
100 – 500 w/h throughput
All C-Si solar cell technologies can be
developed fabricated at this facility : Al-
BSF, PERC, PERT, Bi-facial cells, IBC
Can be an R&D center for national
projects like Karapınar Project
Under construction (to be completed in 2018-2019)
Fully operational in November 2017
METU GÜNAM C-Si Solar Cell Laboratory
• Capable of fabricating mono- and multi-crystalline Si solar cell with industrial size.
• 1000 and 10000 class clean rooms
Assist.Prof Dr. Selçuk Yerci
Prof Dr. Raşit Turan
METU
19.0%
4” full wafers
156mm x 156 mm wafers
small samples
2 Busbars
3 Busbars
18.2%
20.0% n-Bificial
p-PERC Al:BSF
4 Busbars
Al:BSF PERC
01-2009 04-2009 10-2009 04-2010 12-2010 06-2010 08-2011 10-2011 11-2011 12-2012 04-2014 02-2015 05-2016 12-20170
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Effic
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%)
Date
HIT and IBC
GÜNAM Evolution on c-Si Solar Cell
METU Integration to Europe through
projects and networking
Project’s name Researcher Project’s Subject
EU-SOLARIS Raşit Turan
Derek Baker Solar Thermal Electricity (CSP)
FOCUS Alpan Bek Material Science for PV
NANODEV Burcu Akata Kurç Solar Energy/Biosensor
CHEETAH Rasit Turan Photovoltaics
GÜNAM is a member of European Energy Research Allience
Low cost , more power
GÜNAM is at the Steering Committee of European Photvoltaic Technology Platform
METU
Announcement
METU Thank you for your attention
Visit www.gunam.metu.edu.tr
41
METU
A single junction solar cell can use
only some part of the solar radiation
Solar radiation and limitations AVERAGE INSOLATION Average insolation just outside the atmosphere : 1366 W/m2
One can convert 1/3 of solar
radiation using a single junction Si solar cell !
Thermal Losses
Infrared Losses