hazardous waste lecture

ESE 183

Toxic and Hazardous Waste

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ESE 183


Hazardous waste is a waste

with properties that make it

dangerous or potentially

harmful to human health or the

environment.

Hazardous substances

are substances which

present either:

1. short-term acute hazards, such as

acute toxicity by ingestion, inhalation

or skin absorption, corrosivity or

other skin or eye contact hazards or

the risk of fire or explosion;


Hazardous substances

are substances which

present either:

2. long-term environmental hazards,

including chronic toxicity upon repeated

exposure, carcinogenicity, resistance to

detoxification process such as

biodegradation, the potential to pollute

underground or surface waters, or

aesthetically objectionable properties

such as offensive odors.





environment.


Hazardous wastes shall also refer to

by-products, side-products, process

residues, contaminated plant or

equipment or other substances from

manufacturing operations, and as

consumer discards of manufacture

products.





environment.


Hazardous wastes are defined also as

substances that are without any safe

commercial, industrial, agricultural or

economic usage and are shipped,

transported or brought from the country

of origin for dumping or disposal into or

in transit through any part of the territory

of the Philippines.





environment.


HAZARDOUS WASTE IDENTIFICATION PROCESS

Proper hazardous waste identification is essential

to the success of the hazardous waste

management program.

Hazardous waste identification begins with an obvious point: in

order for any material to be a hazardous waste, it must first be a

waste.


But, deciding whether an item is or is not a waste is not always easy. For

example, a material (like an aluminum can) that one person discards

could seem valuable to another person who recycles that material.

IS THE WASTE A SOLID WASTE?

EPA developed a set of regulations to assist in

determining whether a material is a waste. RCRA

uses the term "solid waste" in place of the common

term "waste." Under RCRA, the term "solid waste"

means any waste, whether it is a solid, semisolid, or

liquid.


IS THE WASTE EXCLUDED?

At first glance, one would imagine that distinguishing between hazardous

and nonhazardous wastes is a simple matter of chemical and toxicological

analysis.

Other factors must be considered, however, before

evaluating the actual hazard that a waste's chemical

composition poses. Regulation of certain wastes

may be impractical, unfair, or otherwise undesirable,

regardless of the hazards they pose.


For instance, household waste can contain dangerous chemicals, like

solvents and pesticides, but making households subject to the strict

RCRA waste management regulations would create a number of

practical problems.

Congress and EPA exempted or excluded certain

wastes, like household wastes, from the hazardous

waste definition and regulations. Determining

whether or not a waste is excluded or exempted from

hazardous waste regulation is the second step in the

RCRA hazardous waste identification process.


DEFINITION OF HAZARDOUS WASTE

A solid waste, or combination of solid waste, which

because of its quantity, concentration, or physical,

chemical, or infectious characteristics may (a) cause, or

significantly contribute to, an increase in mortality or an

increase in serious irreversible, or incapacitating

reversible, illness; or (b) pose a substantial present or

potential hazard to human health or the environment

when improperly treated, stored, transported, or

disposed of, or otherwise managed.


It obviously does not provide the clear distinctions

necessary for industrial waste handlers to determine

whether their wastes pose a sufficient threat to warrant

regulation or not.

EPA is tasked to fulfill the task of developing a regulatory

definition of hazardous waste by using two different

mechanisms: by listing certain specific wastes as hazardous

and by identifying characteristics which, when present in a

waste, make it hazardous.


HAZARDOUS WASTE LISTINGS

A hazardous waste listing is a narrative description

of a specific type of waste that EPA considers

dangerous enough to warrant regulation.

Hazardous waste listings describe wastes from

various industrial processes, wastes from specific

sectors of industry, or wastes in the form of

specific chemical formulations.


Before developing a hazardous waste listing, EPA

thoroughly studies a particular wastestream and the

threat it can pose to human health and the

environment.

If the waste poses enough of a threat, EPA includes a

precise description of that waste on one of the

hazardous waste lists in the regulations. Thereafter,

any waste fitting that narrative listing description is

considered hazardous, regardless of its chemical

composition or any other potential variable.


For example, one of the current hazardous waste

listings reads as: "API separator sludge from the

petroleum refining industry." An API separator is a

device commonly used by the petroleum refining

industry to separate contaminants from refinery

wastewaters. After studying the petroleum refining

industry and typical sludges from API separators, EPA

decided these sludges were dangerous enough to

warrant regulation as hazardous waste under all

circumstances. The listing therefore designates all

petroleum refinery API separator sludges as

hazardous. Chemical composition or other factors

about a specific sample of API separator sludge are not

relevant to its status as hazardous waste under the

RCRA program.


Using listings to define hazardous wastes presents certain

advantages and disadvantages

ADVANTAGES

make the hazardous waste identification process easy for

industrial waste handlers

laboratory analysis is unnecessary

by comparing any waste to narrative listing

descriptions, one can easily determine whether

or not the waste is hazardous




DISADVANTAGES

listing a waste as hazardous demands extensive study of

that waste

EPA lacks the resources to investigate the

countless types of chemical wastes produced in

the United States the hazardous waste listings

simply cannot address all dangerous wastes

lack of flexibility




DISADVANTAGES

the hazardous waste listings can unnecessarily regulate some

wastes that do not pose a significant health threat

It is also possible for industries to substantially

change their processes so that wastes would no

longer meet a listing description in spite of the

presence of hazardous constituents


HAZARDOUS WASTE CHARACTERISTICS

The hazardous waste characteristics provide an important

complement to listings by addressing most of the shortcomings of the

listing methodology of hazardous waste identification.

A hazardous waste characteristic is a property which, when present in

a waste, indicates that the waste poses a sufficient threat to merit

regulation as hazardous.

"what properties or qualities can a waste have

which cause that waste to be dangerous?"


For example, ignitability or the tendency for a waste to easily catch

fire and burn, is a dangerous property.

Thus, ignitability is one of the hazardous waste characteristics and a

waste displaying that property is regulated as hazardous, regardless

of whether the waste is listed.

When defining hazardous waste characteristics, EPA identifies, where practicable, analytical tests capable

of detecting or demonstrating the presence of the

characteristic. For instance, EPA regulations

reference a laboratory flash point test to be used

when deciding if a liquid waste is ignitable.


Using characteristics to define hazardous wastes presents certain

advantages over designating hazardous wastes by listings

ADVANTAGES

hazardous characteristics and the tests used to evaluate their presence have broad applicability

Once EPA has defined a characteristic and selected a test for

use in identifying it, waste handlers can evaluate any

wastestream to see if it is classified as a hazardous waste


Using characteristics to define hazardous wastes presents certain

advantages over designating hazardous wastes by listings

ADVANTAGES

use of characteristics can be a more equitable way of designating wastes as hazardous

Instead of categorizing an entire group of wastes as hazardous,

characteristics allow a waste handler to evaluate each waste

sample on its own merits and classify it according to the actual

danger it poses.


Aware of these advantages, EPA originally planned to use

characteristics as the primary means of identifying hazardous waste.

EPA hoped to define and select test methods for identifying all

hazardous characteristics, including organic toxicity, mutagenicity (the

tendency to cause mutations), teratogenicity (the tendency to cause

defects in offspring), bioaccumulation potential, and phytotoxicity

(toxicity to plants).

EPA encountered problems, however, when trying to

develop regulatory definitions of these properties.

One primary problem was that no straightforward

testing protocols were available for use in determining

if a waste possessed any of these characteristics.


For example, deciding if a particular wastestream poses an

unacceptable cancer risk demands extensive laboratory

experimentation. Requiring such analysis on a routine basis from

industrial waste handlers would be impractical.

Therefore, EPA developed a hazardous waste

definition that relies on both listings and

characteristics to define hazardous wastes.


LISTED HAZARDOUS WASTES

Before listing any waste as hazardous, the Agency developed a

set of criteria to use as a guide when determining whether or not

a waste should be listed. These listing criteria provide a

consistent frame of reference when EPA considers listing a

wastestream.


Listing Criteria The four criteria EPA may use to list a waste are:

1. The waste typically contains harmful chemicals, and

other factors indicate that it could pose a threat to

human health and the environment in the absence of

special regulation. Such wastes are known as toxic

listed wastes.

2 The waste contains such dangerous

chemicals that it could pose a threat to

human health and the environment

even when properly managed. Such

wastes are known as acutely hazardous

wastes.


Listing Criteria The four criteria EPA may use to list a waste are:

3. The waste typically exhibits one of the four

characteristics of hazardous waste described in the

hazardous waste identification regulations (ignitability,

corrosivity, reactivity, or toxicity).

4. When EPA has a cause to believe for

some other reason, the waste typically

fits within the statutory definition of

hazardous waste.

EPA may list a waste as hazardous for

any and all of the above reasons.

End of second

presentation


LISTED HAZARDOUS WASTES

EPA has studied and listed as hazardous hundreds of specific

industrial wastestreams. These wastes are described or listed

on four different lists:

Listed Hazardous Wastes

1. The F-list (non-specific source wastes)

The F list wastes usually consist of chemicals that have been used

for their intended purpose in an industrial process. That is why F

list wastes are known as "manufacturing process

wastes." The F list wastes can be divided into seven groups, depending on the type of manufacturing or industrial operation that

creates them. The seven categories of F-listed wastes are:

The F-list (non-specific source wastes)

Spent Solvent Wastes

Solvents are chemicals with many uses, although they are most often used

in degreasing or cleaning.

The solvents covered by the F listings are commonly

used in industries ranging from mechanical repair

to dry cleaning to electronics manufacturing.


Wastes from electroplating and other metal finishing operations

are wastes commonly produced during electroplating and other metal

finishing operations. Diverse industries use electroplating and other

methods to change the surface of metal objects in order to enhance the

appearance of the objects, make them more resistant to corrosion, or impart

some other desirable property to them.

Industries involved in plating and metal finishing range from jewelry

manufacture to automobile production.


Dioxin-bearing wastes

These listings describe a number of wastestreams that EPA believes are

likely to contain dioxins, which are considered to be among the most

dangerous known chemical compounds. The dioxin listings apply primarily

to manufacturing process wastes from the production of specific pesticides

or specific chemicals used in the production of pesticides.

These wastes are therefore subject to stricter

management standards than other hazardous wastes.


Wastes from the production of certain chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons

These listings stand out on the F list (the list of wastes from nonspecific

sources) because they focus on wastes from a very narrow industrial sector.

Many other wastestreams from the manufacture of organic chemicals are

listed on the K list.


Wastes from wood preserving

These listings apply to certain wastes from wood preserving

operations. Many types of wood used for construction or other non-

fuel applications is chemically treated to slow the deterioration

caused by decay and insects. Such chemical treatment is commonly

used in telephone poles, railroad ties, and other wood products

prepared to withstand the rigors of outdoor use.

Wood preservation typically involves pressure

treating the lumber with pentachlorophenol, creosote,

or preservatives containing arsenic or chromium.

The wood preserving process creates a number of

common wastestreams containing these chemicals.

.


Petroleum Refinery Wastewater Treatment Sludges

These listings apply to specific wastestreams from petroleum

refineries. The petroleum refining process typically creates large

quantities of contaminated wastewater. Before this wastewater can

be discharged to a river or sewer, it must be treated to remove oil,

solid material, and chemical pollutants. Gravity provides a simple

way of separating these pollutants from refinery wastewaters. Over

time, solids and heavier pollutants precipitate from

wastewaters to form a sludge. Other less dense

pollutants accumulate on the surface of wastewaters,

Forming a material known as float. These gravitational

separation processes can be encouraged through

chemical or mechanical means.

.


Multisource Leachate

Leaching occurs when liquids such as rainwater filter through soil or

buried materials, such as wastes placed in a landfill. When this liquid

comes in contact with buried wastes, it leaches or draws chemicals

out of those wastes. This liquid (called leachate) can then carry the

leached chemical contaminants further into the ground, eventually

depositing them elsewhere in the subsurface or in groundwater.

The leachate that percolates through landfills,

particularly hazardous waste landfills, usually

contains high concentrations of chemicals, and is

often collected to minimize the potential that it may

enter the subsurface environment and contaminate

soil or groundwater.

THE K LIST (Wastes from Specific Sources)

The K list of hazardous wastes designates particular wastes

from specific sectors of industry and manufacturing as

hazardous. The K list wastes are therefore known as wastes

from specific sources. Like F list wastes, K list wastes are

manufacturing process wastes. They contain chemicals that

have been used for their intended purpose.

In general, the K listings target much more specific

wastestreams than the F listings.

THE K LIST (Wastes from Specific Sources)

The 13 industries that can generate K list wastes are:

wood preservation inorganic pigment manufacturing organic chemicals manufacturing inorganic chemicals manufacturing pesticides manufacturing explosives manufacturing petroleum refining iron and steel production primary aluminum production secondary lead processing veterinary pharmaceuticals manufacturing ink formulation coking (processing of coal to produce coke, a material used in iron and steel production).

.

THE P AND U LISTS (Discarded Commercial Chemical Products)

The P and U lists designate as hazardous pure or commercial

grade formulations of certain unused chemicals. These listings

apply to unused chemicals that become wastes.

Unused chemicals become wastes for a number of reasons.

For example, some unused chemicals are spilled by accident.

Others are intentionally discarded because they

are off-specification and cannot serve the

purpose for which they were originally produced.


To indicate its reason for listing a waste, EPA

assigns a hazard code to each waste listed on the

F, K, P, and U lists.

The hazard codes indicating the basis for listing a

waste are:


The hazard codes assigned to listed wastes affect

the regulations that apply to handling the waste.

For instance, acute hazardous wastes

accompanied by the hazard code (H) are subject to

stricter management standards than most other

wastes.


The majority of listed wastes fall into the toxic

waste category.

List of chemical compounds or elements which scientific studies show to have

toxic, carcinogenic, mutagenic, or

teratogenic effects on humans or other

life forms.


Acutely hazardous wastes are the second most

common type of listed waste. EPA designates a

waste as acutely hazardous if it contains

constituents that scientific studies show to be fatal

to humans or animals in low doses.

End of third

presentation

Universal Wastes

This is a special subset of hazardous wastes that

are regulated under a streamlined set of

regulations called The Universal Waste Rule.

These wastes include:

Batteries. Covered batteries include lead-acid

batteries, nickel-cadmium batteries, silver cells and

mercury-containing batteries.

Cancelled and recalled pesticides.

Mercury thermostats and other mercury-

containing equipment (e.g., mercury switches,

barometers, sphygmomanometers, etc.).

Universal Wastes





Mercury-containing lamps. This includes

fluorescent lamps (including compact fluorescent

lamps), mercury vapor lamps, and other lamps that

contain mercury.

Universal Wastes





Used electronics. This includes desk top and lap

top computers, computer peripherals, monitors,

copying machines, scanners, printers, radios,

televisions, camcorders, video cassette recorders

(VCRs), compact disc players, digital video disc players, MP3 players, telephones, including cellular

and portable telephones, and stereos.

Used Oil

Just as with Universal Waste, the hazardous waste

regulations also have a special set of requirements

for used oil. The term used oil means any oil refined from crude oil or synthetic oil, that: (A) has

been used and as a result of such use is

contaminated by physical or chemical impurities; or

(B) is no longer suitable for the services for which it

was manufactured due to the presence of

impurities or a loss of original properties. This

includes both used and unused oils that are being

discarded.

Khian Sea waste disposal

incident

Exposure to these pollutants and chemicals can be harmful.(Photo: Roi Brooks/iStock/Getty Images)

in which a ship carrying incinerator ash from

the city of Philadelphia in the United States

dumped half of its load on a beach in Haiti

before being forced away. It sailed for many

months, changing its name several times.

Unable to unload the cargo in any port, the

crew was believed to have dumped much of

it at sea.

International Agreements

Koko case


Another is the 1988 Koko case in which 5

ships transported 8,000 barrels of hazardous

waste from Italy to the small town of Koko in

Nigeria in exchange for $100 monthly rent

which was paid to a Nigerian for the use of

his farmland.

International Agreements

Human exposure to hazardous chemicals

Human exposure to hazardous

chemicals can occur at the source

or the chemical could move to a place

where people can come into contact

with it.

Chemicals can move through air, soil,

and water. They can also be on plants

or animals, and can get into the air we

breathe, the food we eat and the water

we drink.


The different ways a person can come

into contact with hazardous chemicals

are called exposure pathways.

There are three basic exposure

pathways:

1. inhalation

2. ingestion

3. skin contact


1. inhalation - is breathing or inhaling

into the lungs.

2. ingestion - is taking something in by

mouth.

3. skin contact - occurs when

something comes in direct contact with

the skin. Ingestion can be a secondary

exposure pathway after skin contact

has occurred, if you put your hands in

your mouth and transfer the chemical

from your hands to your mouth.


Some common ways a person may be

exposed to hazardous chemicals

include:

1. Water. Exposure can occur when

people drink contaminated groundwater

or surface water, or accidentally ingest it

while swimming or showering. Direct skin

contact also is an exposure pathway that

occurs during activities like swimming

and showering.


2. Soil, Sediment, or Dust. People can

be exposed to hazardous chemicals in

soil, sediment, or dust if they accidentally

ingest it, breathe it in, or have direct skin

contact. Children are highly susceptible

to these exposure pathways. In their daily

activities, children have a tendency to

have frequent hand-to-mouth contact and

introduce non-food items into their

mouths.


3. Air. Exposure can occur when people

breathe in hazardous chemical vapors or

air that is contaminated by hazardous

chemicals or dust.


4. Food. People can be exposed to

hazardous chemicals through the food

they eat. Food contamination can occur if

the food has come into contact with

hazardous chemicals. It can also occur

further down the food chain such as

through eating contaminated fish.


Exposure, the chemical getting into or on

your body, has to occur to make you sick

or cause adverse health effects, or have

any affect on your health. If you are not

exposed to the chemical, it cannot make

you sick. Also, even if exposure has

occurred, adverse health effects may not

occur.


Adverse health effects are dependent on the

factors of the exposure.

Factors that play a part in whether or not adverse

health effects may result from an exposure are:

1. the type of chemical

2. the amount or dose (the amount or

level of a chemical a person was

exposed to 3. the duration (how long did exposure

occur) 4. the frequency (how many times the

person was exposed)


Also, the occurrence of adverse health

effects can depend on the way the

chemical enters your body. Some

chemicals rapidly absorb through skin,

others not at all. Health effects also

depend on the toxicity of the chemical

that entered your body. Some chemicals

are very toxic in small amounts; others

are only toxic in large volumes.


Also, people respond to chemical

exposure in different ways. Some people

may be exposed to a chemical and not

get sick. Other people may be more

sensitive to chemicals and get sick more

rapidly or have more severe reactions

than others. Certain variables play a role

in a person's susceptibility to exposure

and adverse health effects such as age,

gender, genetics, pregnancy or other

health conditions.


Example:

For the fetus, the adverse health effects

from exposure to chemicals can be much

greater than for adults. The factors that

affect their susceptibility include their

stage of development and level of activity

in the environment. The fetus is the most

susceptible because their developing

organs may be permanently damaged.


The body naturally attempts to eliminate

substances that are harmful or are not

used. The kidneys filter substances out of

the blood and excrete them in urine. Also,

chemicals are removed from the body in

feces, sweat and exhalation. However,

the body may not be able to remove all

the chemicals. The amount, type, and

length of time you are exposed to harmful

substances will determine if you are at

risk for adverse health effects.


The human body has the ability to

tolerate certain amounts of chemicals and

the ability to excrete chemicals from the

body. Once a person is exposed to a

chemical, it may enter the blood stream,

and eventually reach the liver. The liver

attempts to detoxify harmful chemicals in

the body by converting them to less toxic

ones or ones that could be used by the

body

What are the health hazards associated with HW?

Health hazard: chronic or acute

Chronic HH: occurs as a result of

long-term exposure

Acute HH: occurs rapidly as a result

of a short-term exposure

Health Hazards may also be

classified as follows

carcinogens: cancer causing agent

as evaluated by IARC.

Classification of Health Hazards(OSHA)

Toxic: may be highly toxic or toxic (see OSHA

criteria)

Corrosives: cause a visible destruction of living

tissue.

Irritants: cause reversible inflammatory effect on

skin or eyes.

Sensitizer: if large number of people or animals

develop an allergic reaction in normal tissue after

repeated exposure

Health Hazards

Cancer

Many pesticides are carcinogens.(Photo: Alistair

Scott/iStock/Getty

American farmers apply more than 300 million

pounds of pesticides to farmlands each year.

Of the 27 most commonly used pesticides, the

EPA has classified 15 of them as carcinogens

or cancer-causing agents. Cancer has also

been linked to air pollution from industry as well

as in the home. Radon, for example, is a

radioactive by-product of uranium decay.

Uranium is found within the Earth's crust and is

everywhere in the environment. Radon

exposure is the second leading cause of lung

cancer according to the National Cancer

Institute.

Health Hazards

Respiratory Conditions

A direct link exists between air pollution and respiratory conditions such as asthma.(Photo:

PeterTG/iStock/Getty Images)

A direct link exists between air pollution and

respiratory conditions such as asthma.

Exposure to hazardous waste from emissions

irritates the mucous membranes of your mouth

and throat. A 2008 study published in the

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences

found that individuals merely living near a

hazardous waste site had an increased risk of

developing respiratory diseases.

Health Hazards

Heart Disease

Auto emissions also carry an increased risk of heart attack and stroke from thickening of arteries.(Photo:

Fontanis/iStock/Getty Images)

The risks of living near hazardous waste sites

do not stop with increased risk for respiratory

disease. A 2004 study published in the Archives

of Environmental Health found an elevated risk

of the development of congenital heart disease

in the offspring of pregnant women living within

one mile of a hazardous waste site. The threat

is also more innocuous. Auto emissions also

carry an increased risk of heart attack and

stroke from thickening of arteries. Fossil-fuel

emissions contain several toxins considered

non-specific hazardous waste by the EPA. A

non-specific hazardous waste is one without a

readily identifiable source.

Health Hazards

Exposure Effects


The health effects from some types of

hazardous waste may be temporary, with no

link to other conditions having been

determined. Xylene, for example, is one of the

most widely used chemicals in the United

States. It is an ingredient found in paints,

solvents, and varnishes. Although not

considered a carcinogen, exposure to the

chemical causes dizziness and headaches. A

person may also experience stomach

discomfort. At high levels, xylene may cause

unconsciousness and even death.

Health Hazards

CASE STUDY: Sapang Palay


In March 26, 2003, 53 patients from Sapang Palay

District Hospital were referred to East Avenue

Medical Center.

Signs and Symptoms of the 53 patients were:

Dizziness, Headache, Vomiting, Malaise, Difficulty in breathing ,Cyanosis

Yellowish discoloration of palms and soles

Upon investigation, it was discovered that this

was a case of Chemical Poisoning in Sapang

Palay, San Jose Del Monte City, Bulacan

History of the patients revealed inhalation of

yellowish powder chemical from the dumpsite in

Brgy. Citrus, San Jose del Monte;

Unknown people dumped 25 40 drums in March 25, 2002

Drums contained textile dyes with the following chemicals; phatologen (blue dye), brenthamine

(red blue), acid brown, orange and fast red

Environmental Impact of THW

1. Water pollution contaminates ground water and other water bodies (e.g. disinfectants, pesticides, lab reagents, etc.)

2. Air pollution (e.g. lead, carbon monoxide, sulfur oxide, nitrogen

oxide, dioxin, furan, etc.)

3. Soil pollution (e.g. lead, mercury, cadmium, waste disposal of

sludge)

4. Habitat destruction of major ecosystem

RA 6969: Toxic Substances and Hazardous and Nuclear Waste (TSHNW) Act

Regulate, restrict or prohibit the importation, manufacture,

processing, sale, distribution, use and disposal of chemical

substances and mixtures that present unreasonable risk and/or

injury to health or the environment;

Prohibit the entry, even in transit of hazardous and nuclear

wastes and their disposal into the Philippine territorial limits for

whatever purpose

Provide advancement and facilitate research and studies on

toxic chemicals.

Treatment Methods

The following treatment methods for THW are currently available in the Philippines.

There are currently facilities accredited by the Environment Management Bureau:

Physical/chemical treatment soil washing, solvent extraction, filtration, distillation

Neutralization (for acidic or alkaline waste) Stabilization/solidification (heavy metals) Remediation Encapsulation Fuel Substitution

Toxic and Hazardous Waste Management Process

Industrial THWM Plan

Requirements of an Industrial THWM plan are the following:

THW registration of waste generators and transporters THW reduction at source THW categorized, labeled and stored properly Recycling/reuse Processing/reprocessing Collection/treatment-neutralization, smelting, acidification, distillation, encapsulation


DAO No. 29 Implementing Rules and Regulations of RA 6969

This DAO outlines the requirements of THWM plan in Industries. LGUs must be vigilant

in monitoring the compliance of industries to these provisions:

Section 24 - Minimization of waste generation

Recycling and reuse of hazardous waste Treatment of hazardous wastes Landfill of inert hazardous waste residues





Section 25 Waste Identification

Identified broad classes and subcategories of hazardous wastes Established broad exemptions of certain waste streams





Section 26 Generators

Requirement for waste generators: Notification, Reporting, Planning, Training





Section 27 and 28 Transporter and Transport Record

Established a permitting program for transporters of hazardous waste Required that generators only use authorized transporters to transport hazardous waste

Required tracking the movement of hazardous wastes from the point of generation to the ultimate disposal location (cradle to grave)





Section 29 Hazardous Waste Storage and Labeling

Required that vessels, containers and tanks storing hazardous waste be clearly labeled with proper information





Section 30 Waste Treatment and Disposal Premises

Defined categories of acceptable waste management premises (also referred to as hazardous waste treatment, storage or disposal facilities)

Required that all waste management premises must receive permits from DENR before accepting hazardous wastes form off-site sources


Storage of Industry THW- all THWs must be properly labeled

Treatment Process: Solidification Stabilization

This is applied to wet sludge or solid wastes containing heavy metals such as lead,

arsenic, chromium, cadmium, boron, selenium and mercury.

Disposal of Industrial THW2

Siting of THWM disposal facility must not be in sensitive areas (e.g. flood plains, wet lands, ground water, earthquake zones

Consider non-technical factors: people, infrastructure, emergency evacuation


STORAGE OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS & WASTES

What is storage?

Storage: holding of hazardous wastes for a

temporary period, at the end of which the HW

is treated, disposed or stored elsewhere

HW Containers

Container must be compatible with the

wastes

Good condition and leak free

Unacceptable containers: household

detergents, food service containers

Best container: original chemical container

Labeling HW Containers

Tags are necessary

from start of use.

Name, tel. No., buildg

no., room no., and

exact content

date when the container

is already full

Mixing HW

Whenever possible, wastes chemicals must

be separately contained

Do not mixed hazardous with non-hazardous

Mixing HW with other HWs - increases cost

of disposal

halogenated wastes is more costly than non-

halogenated wastes

HW Container Storage

A designated place for storage should be available

May be for each laboratory room or for all laboratory rooms

HW Container must be stored in secondary containment to

prevent spills in hood, sink or floor drain

Incompatible HWs must be segregated to prevent reaction

storing in separate cabinets

storing in separate hood

storing in separate secondary containment

Which is correct?

A B

What is wrong ?

A B

HW Storage Limit

Laboratory should not store more than 55

gallons of HW or one quart of acute HW at

one time

Must be collected at frequency as not to

exceed this limit

All laboratory personnel should be trained on

proper handling of HWs

DAO 29

Storage in Above-Ground & Underground Storage Tanks

Certification of structural integrity

Secondary containment and release

detection

Operation requirements

Self-inspection

Compatibility of wastes

Closure

Storage in Lagoons

Liners and leachate collection system

Maintaining adequate freeboard

Waste analysis

Monitoring of leachate collection system &

groundwater

Self-inspection


Closure and/or post-closure

Storage in Piles

Liner & leachate collection

Run-off and wind dispersion

control

Waste analysis

Monitoring

Self-inspection


Closure & post-closure

Labeling

labels containing the words "caution", "danger",

"warning" or "poison" should be treated with special

care

Other words on labels that can signal of hazardous

nature include "corrosive", "toxic", "flammable"

and "explosive". These wastes should be stored

properly until the collection event.

Store wastes in original containers away from

extreme temperatures and out of reach of children.

Product labels may also state other specific

precautions.

Two Major Categories: U.S. Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)

1. Characteristic hazardous wastes

2. Listed hazardous wastes

1. Characteristic hazardous wastes

are materials that are known or tested to exhibit one or more

of the following four hazardous traits:

ignitability (i.e., flammable)

reactivity

corrosivity

toxicity


END OF PRESENTATION

Characteristic Hazardous Wastes

2. Corrosivity

Corrosive wastes, such as battery acid, are acids or bases (pH less

than or equal to 2, or greater than or equal to 12.5) that are

capable of corroding metal containers, such as storage tanks,

drums, and barrels.

2. Listed hazardous wastes

are materials specifically listed by regulatory authorities as a

hazardous waste which are from non-specific sources,

specific sources, or discarded chemical products.



1. Ignitability

Ignitable wastes, such as wastes oils and solvents, can create fires

under certain conditions, are spontaneously combustible, or have a

flash point less than 60 C (140 F).


3. Reactivity

Reactive wastes, such as lithium-sulfur batteries and explosives,

are unstable under "normal" conditions. They can cause

explosions, toxic fumes, gases, or vapors when heated,

compressed, or mixed with water.


4. Toxicity

Toxic wastes are harmful or fatal when ingested or absorbed (e.g.,

containing mercury, lead, etc.). When toxic wastes are land

disposed, contaminated liquid may leach from the waste and

pollute ground water.


1. The F-list (non-specific source wastes)

Identifies wastes from common manufacturing and industrial

processes, such as solvents that have been used in cleaning or

degreasing operations. Because the processes producing these

wastes can occur in different sectors of industry, the F-listed wastes

are known as wastes from non-specific sources.


2. The K-list (source-specific wastes)

This list includes certain wastes from specific industries, such as

petroleum refining or pesticide manufacturing. Certain sludges and

wastewaters from treatment and production processes in these

industries are examples of source-specific wastes.


3. The P-list and the U-list (discarded commercial

chemical products).

These lists include specific commercial chemical products in an

unused form. Some pesticides and some pharmaceutical products

become hazardous waste when discarded.

hazardous waste lecture

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