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3rd Edition, 2009.

Contents

Section One - Aspects of Referencing

1 What is referencing? p. 42 Why reference? p. 53 What is the difference between a reference list

and a bibliography? p. 6

4. How do I present referred material in my essay? p. 65 How do I cite authors in my essay? p. 76 What rules apply if there is more than one author? p. 87 What will my reference list look like? p. 88 Where do I find the exact information I need

for my list of references? p. 99 Is an editor cited like an author? p.1010 What do I do if I can’t find a named person

as the author/editor? p.1111 What do I do if I want to refer to a part or chapter of a

book? p.1112 How do I cite an author that someone else has cited? p.1213 How do I use quotations? p.1314 How do I distinguish between two items by the same

author in the same year? p.1415 How do I distinguish between two authors with the

same surname in the same year? p.1516 What do I do if publication details are not given? p.15

Section Two - Formats for Printed Material

2.1 Books p.162.2 Journal article p.172.3 Corporate author p.172.4 Government Publications p.172.5 White or Green Papers (Command Papers) p.182.6 Conference papers p.182.7 Newspapers p.182.8 Legislation p.192.9 Theses p.202.10 Patents p.202.11 British Standards p.20

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2.12 Maps p.212.13 Diagrams p.212.14 Musical Score p.212.15 Works of Art p.22

Section Three - Formats for Electronic and other MaterialTypes

3.1 World Wide Web p.223.2 E-book p.233.3 Electronic Journal (WWW) p.233.4 Blogs p.243.5 Wikis p.243.6 YouTube p.243.7 CD-ROM and DVD p.25

3.8 Mailbase/Listserv e-mail lists p.253.9 Personal Electronic Communication – E-mail p.25

Section Four - Other Material Types

4.1 Videotape p.264.2 Film p.264.3 Images – Online p.274.4 Broadcast Media – TV/Radio Programmes p.27

4.5 Personal Communications; conversations, interviews ortelephone calls p.274.6 Cochrane Reviews p.274.7 Seminar/Lectures or Lecturer’s Notes p.284.8 Notes taken by self at lecture p.284.9 Unpublished material p.28

Section Five - Points to Remember!

Points to remember! p.29

Section Six – Plagiarism and University Policy onReferencing

Statement on Plagiarism (from University Student Code 1999) p.29University Policy on referencing p.29

Section Seven - References

References and bibliography p.31

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Referencing - Questions &

Answers

The aim of this document is to offer an introduction to the practice of referencing published material to anyone who is starting to writeessays/reports for academic purposes. The ‘question & answer’ format is used so that the reader can easily check areas of specificconcern to them. After reading these ‘questions & answers’ you

should be able to:

• understand the need for, and how to use, referencesystems (specifically the HARVARD SYSTEM)

• indicate others writers’ ideas in your own work usingaccepted citation style

• format appropriate references correctly from these citations

• deal with a range of common and less common bibliographicand electronically formatted material

Look out for this Nb. sign: -

Nb.- this indicates important notes which highlight specific aspects of style or referencing practice.

Q. What is referencing?

A.Academic writing normally involves using the material you have readand studied to justify and support the answer to your essay orquestion. When preparing a piece of written work you will refer tothis information (ideas, theories, statistics or data) in an agreed way

or format (the Harvard System). Making reference to other people’swork is called ‘citing’, and the list of these authors’ works are given

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at the end of a piece of written work in the form of a ‘referencelist’.

The process of citing authors (and the associated reference list) canbe done in one of two main styles - the Harvard or the Numeric.

These are both described in the British Standard BS5605 - Citing and Referencing Published Material (British Standards Institution, 1990).This guide describes the Harvard Referencing System.

Whichever system is adopted, one golden rule applies:

*** be consistent in everything you do! ***

This consistency applies to format, layout, type-face and punctuation.

Q. Why reference?

A.It is the normal academic convention to reference material you haveread from the existing scholarly body of knowledge that exists in

your subject area. To write in an ‘academic’ way you must refer tothis information to show where it has come from, and use it toconstruct your answer to the question posed by the essay or otherpiece of academic work. An essay without references in the text anda full reference list at the end would not normally be considered ‘academic’. So in the broadest sense you reference for a number of reasons:

• To support an argument, to make a claim or to provide ‘evidence’

• To acknowledge other peoples’ ideas or work correctly

• To show evidence of the breadth and depth of your reading

• To avoid plagiarism (i.e. to take other peoples’ thoughts,ideas or writings and use them as your own)

• To allow the reader of your work to locate the citedreferences easily, and so evaluate your interpretation of

those ideas

• To avoid losing marks!5



Q. What is the difference between areference list and a bibliography?

A.At the end of your essay under the heading ‘references’ you list allthe items you have made direct reference to in your essay (by theauthors’ name and year of publication). This list of books, journals,newspaper articles (or whatever) is organised ALPHABETICALLY bythe names of the authors (or originators) of the work. This is yourreference list (often called References).

Also, during the course of your preparatory reading you may use

material that has been helpful for reading around the subject, butfrom which you do not make specific reference to in your essay. It isimportant to acknowledge this material. Under the headingbibliography list all these items, again alphabetically by author,regardless of whether it is a book or journal. Include this list after the reference list.

Nb.Confusingly some people call the ‘reference list’ the ‘bibliography’

(and only use one list). No one is right or wrong in doing either,often institutional convention will determine some aspects of style.

Q. How do I present referred material inmy essay?

A.You present material in two main ways:

• Paraphrasing or summarizing text that you have read –this is the most common way to use material. Putting theideas into your own words (in the context of answering the question) and then stating where thatinformation came from (see next section). Paraphrasingand summarizing is a skill that needs to be practiced anddeveloped.

• Quoting material directly from its source – word for word

as it was in its original form (See page 12). It is lessusual to do this. Your essay should not be a ‘cut and

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paste’ exercise using other peoples’ words. Usequotations only when you have to use the text in itsoriginal form or for presenting a longer quote which youuse to highlight and expand on ideas or issues in youressay.

Q. How do I cite authors in my essay?

A.The Harvard System (sometimes called the ‘name and datesystem’), uses the NAME of the author of the work you wish to citeand the DATE it was published. These are incorporated into the textof your work each time you make reference to that person’s ideas.

• This principle applies to any item that you need to referenceregardless of what it is or where it comes from – you need tofind the author and date of publication.

The author (or originator) is the person or organisationresponsible for producing that information and their details should befound in the source document. Author/originators can be individualsor ‘corporate’. The author and date then become part of the text of your essay. Surname(s) only are used; initials are not included.

Names can be used as part of the sentence or placed in brackets withthe year following.

E.g.Names and dates will appear in your text like this:…There are many factors relating to individuals perceived bodyimage. Jones (1993) has suggested that body image is related toself-esteem. Johnson and O’Brien’s’ (2000) study with 80 adolescentgirls shows that they are also strongly influenced by media images…

Or the name and date can be in brackets (separated by a comma):-

E.g.... some commentators suggest that body image is related to self-esteem (Jones, 1993), others believe a more complex relationshipexists ... (Philips, 1995; Norton, 1999)

Use this form in the middle of a sentence or at the end of aparagraph when you don’t want to ‘name’ the author as part of thesentence.

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Nb.If a work appears to have no name attached to it then [Anon] can beused as the author instead of a name.

• Some works are the result of co-operation between lots of

individuals none of whom can claim authorship e.g.dictionaries, encyclopaedias and films or videos. Titles canthen be used in the place of the author name e.g. Gone withthe wind.

• If no date can be found then [n.d.] can be used (see page 15)

Q. What rules apply if there is morethan one author?

A.If there are TWO authors the names of both should be given in thetext and in the reference list. If there are more than two authorsthe name of the first author only should be given, followed by theabbreviation et al. (meaning ‘and others’).

E.g.Knowles et al. (1991) showed that polymer ...

Nb.et al. is in italics and is followed by a full stop.

Within the reference list it is best practice to include all the namedauthors for your reference.

E.g.Wilkins, R., Menzies, A., Wilder, B. and Priestley, S. (1989). Social Psychology . 7th ed. London: Routledge.

Q. What will my reference list looklike?

A.Everything you cite in your essay will be listed once alphabetically byauthor (or originator) and subdivided by year and letter, if necessary.

E.g.8



Adams, P. J. (1995) Mill workers in Lancashire 1845-1875. London:Cambridge University Press.

Bishop, J. and Lawrence, T. (1993) A history of Victorianemployment. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.

Knowles, D. (1989) The way forward: historical change and revisionism. Cambridge: Harvester Press.

Salcey, B. (1996) Changes in history. The Guardian. 21st June. p9.

Smith, L. (ed.) (1987) Statistics for engineers. London: Helman.

Thompson, R. (1991a) A place in history. History Today . 24 (3), 31.

Thompson, R. (1991b) Historical theory and real people. History Today . 24 (6), 42-50.

Wilkins, R., Menzies, A., Wilder, B. and Priestley, S. (1993)Unearthing the evidence. Derby: Derbyshire Historical Society.

Nb.The punctuation, layout and spacing are the same for each type of item in the list – remember the golden rule:– BE CONSISTENT.

A bibliography would look the same as this. See Section Two - ‘formats’ for conventions that apply to all the different types of mediae.g. books, journals, newspapers, conferences etc…

Q. Where do I find the exactinformation that I need for list of references?

A.Usually from the book title page (or reverse title page) of the book ordocument you are citing. For journal articles this information is onthe contents pages, front page or individual article page. Rememberthough:-

• The order of authors’ names should be retained forexample, if the names are printed as Johnson, Coulson, andBarber then they must remain in the order and not put into

alphabetical order i.e. Barber, Coulson and Johnson.

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• Cite the first named place of publication for books

• Edition dates in books are not reprint dates (new editionswill have new text and must be cited as such). Thecopyright sign will often indicate the date of publication

• Web pages may not appear to offer the information youneed – see if there is a ‘home page’ or an ‘about us/contactus’ link or something similar as these may include ‘publication’ details

If your material has not originated from a commercial publisher andlacks obvious title page data, then the appropriate information shouldbe gleaned from any part of the printed publication, if you can saywith some certainty that it fulfils the required criteria for your

reference list.

Nb.Remember to keep the full reference details for written notes youtake from books and to also note the reference details of any itemsyou have used which you have borrowed from the library orphotocopied.

Q. Is an editor cited like an author?

A.Yes. But make sure that it is the editor you are citing as theoriginator of the text, not one of the chapter writers (see page 12).

In the reference list you should indicate editorship by using one of the following abbreviations:

E.g.Smith, L. (ed.) (1987) Statistics for engineers. London: Helman.

Or:

Smith, L. and Pearson, D. T. (eds.) Solving problems with algebra.Aberdeen: Falmer.

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Q. What do I do if I can’t find a namedperson as the author or editor?

A.Sometimes it is impossible to find a named individual as an author.What has usually happened is that there has been a shared or ‘corporate’ responsibility for the production of the material.Therefore the ‘corporate name’ becomes the author (often called the ‘corporate author’).

Corporate authors can be:

Government bodiesCompaniesProfessional bodiesClubs or societiesInternational organisations

E.g.Institute of Waste Management (1995) Ways to improve recycling.Northampton: Institute of Waste Management.

The ‘corporate author’ appears in the text in the usual way, with the

year of publication.

Nb.For journal articles without authors the journal title becomes bothauthor and cited journal title.

Q. What do I do if I want to refer to apart or chapter of a book? (edited)

A.An edited book will often have a number of authors for differentchapters (on different topics). To refer to a specific author’s ideas(from a chapter) cite or quote them (the chapter writer) in the text -not the editors. Then in your reference list indicate the chapterdetails/title and the book details from which it was published.

E.g.

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Whitehead, C. (1991) Nutrition and growth of fat and lean broilergenotypes. In: Haresign, W and Cole, D. (eds.) Recent advances inanimal nutrition. London: Waverley. pp. 73-89.

Nb.Note the use of ‘in’ to link the chapter to the book and the use of page numbers. Whitehead would appear as the author in the text,and in the reference list. The year of publication is given once.

Q. What do I do if I want to cite anauthor that someone else has cited?

A.A journal article or book someone else cites that you have not seen iscalled a ‘secondary source’. You should:

• try and find this source for yourself and cite it in the normalway. It is important if you are criticising ideas that you do it ‘first hand’

• if you cannot locate the secondary source, you may cite it inyour essay using the reference that is provided in your

‘primary source’

In your text and reference list you must link these two items with theterm ‘cited in’. The format is:

Author of original work’s surname, initials. (Year of originalpublication) Title of original work. Place of publication: Publisher.Cited in Author/editor surname, initials. (Year) Title. Place of publication: Publisher.

E.g.... a change in family circumstances can affect a child’s emotionalstability (Pollock, 1995 cited in Jones ,1996)

Pollock, T. (1995) Children in contemporary society. Cambridge:Macmillan. Cited in Jones, P. (1996) A family affair. London:Butterworth.

Nb.Only the primary source title is italicised and both years are included.

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Q. How do I use quotations?

Most referencing involves putting the information you have read intoyour own words within the context of your answer. Quotes aresometimes used but should, in most instances, be kept to aminimum. There are two ways to present both SHORT and LONGquotations.

A.To direct your reader to a short quotation (no more than one line)from your source material it is normal to quote the page numberwithin the text (after the author and year) and to include quotation

marks:

E.g.... whilst it is possible that ‘poor parenting has little effect on primaryeducational development it more profoundly affects secondary orhigher educational achievement’ (Healey, 1993, p.22)

Nb.It is not necessary to indicate the page number in the reference list.

It is also acceptable to use a colon before the page number e.g.Healey, 1993:22.

Longer quotes should be:

• preceded by a colon• indented from your main text (tabbed in at the side)• single spaced on typed documents• not have quotation marks•

cite author, year and page number

E.g.It was just a fragment, no more than 30 seconds: The EustonRoad, hansoms, horse drawn trams, passers-by glancing at thecamera but hurrying by without the fascination or recognitionthat came later. It looked like a still photograph, and had thesuperb picture quality found in expert work of the period, butthis photograph moved!

Walkley (1995, p.83).

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Nb.Page numbers on web pages do not normally appear. If you arequoting from a web page it is helpful to include an indication of wherethe quote can be found (equivalent to the page number in the text)

so give line or screen numbers e.g. use [45 lines] or [approx. 5screens].

Q. How do I distinguish between twoitems by the same author in thesame year?

A.Occasionally authors publish two or more book or journal articles inany given year. This would make the text citation identical for both.To distinguish between different articles, letters (a, b, c, etc.) areused with the date in the text:

E.g....Johnson (1991a) has progressed both experimental and practicalaspects of software technology to the point where they provide aserious challenge to Pacific Belt dominance (Johnson, 1991b)…

Within the reference list the articles are presented alphabetically:1991a then 1991b, etc…

E.g.Johnson, C. (1991a) Software: the way ahead....Johnson, C. (1991b) Changing global markets in IT ...

Same authors’ with a different year are listed earliest year first in thereference list.

Q. How do I distinguish between twoauthors with the same surname in

the same year?

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A.At times you may come across two authors with the same surnameand publications in the same year. In this instance, you can use their

initial(s) to overcome any confusion.

E.g. . . . certain sociologists agree that achievement at school is due toparental encouragement (Smith, F, 2006) whereas other advocatepeer influence (Smith, E, 2006) . . .

Q. What do I do if publication details

are not given?

A.Occasionally you will come across documents that lack basicpublication details. In these cases it is necessary to indicate to yourreader that these are not available. A series of abbreviations can beused and are generally accepted for this purpose:

• author/corporate author not given use [Anon.]• no date use [n.d.]• no place (sine loco) use [s.l.]• no publisher (sine nomine) use [s.n.]• not known use [n.k.]

For web pages it is often necessary to look beyond the page you arereferencing (see page 22) to the ‘Home Page’ for the whole site or ata link like ‘About Us’ from that home page. Dates are often given atthe bottom of web pages.

Section Two - Formats for Printed Material

There are many different types of material that you may use that will

need referencing. Each different material format has an accepted ‘style’ for presentation within the reference list and/or bibliography.

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The following examples give the format style and are followed by anexample. They are broadly separated into ‘printed’ and ‘electronic’ material.

Remember to:• use the correct source information for all your references e.g.

book title page• use the same punctuation consistently in each kind of format

Nb.Note the consistency of use of italics for titles. Italics are thepreferred format but it is acceptable to underline.

2. Printed Material

2.1 Books

Author/editor surname, initials. (Year) Title. Edition. Place of publication: Publisher.

E.g.Orem, D. E. (1991) Nursing: concepts of practice. 4th ed. St. Louis:Mosby-Year Book.

Nb.• The title is in italics• The date is the year of publication not printing.• The edition is only mentioned if other than the first.• The place of publication is the City not the Country (normally

the first stated).• Authors’ names can be in all capitals or first letter capital then

lower case.

2.2 Journal article

Author surname, initials. (Year) Title of article. Journal Name.Volume number, issue or part number, first and last page numbers.

E.g.

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Johns, C. (1993) Professional supervision. Journal of NursingManagement . 21 (1), 9-18.

Nb.

Journal name is italicised, not the article title. The journal volumenumber is in bold.

It is also acceptable to use the terms ‘vol. and no.’ e.g. Vol. 37, no.3,pp. 21-25.

2.3 Corporate Author

Format is the same as for a book, but uses the ‘corporate’ (company,

business, organisation) author in place of a named author.

E.g.Royal College of Nursing. (1993) Guidance on the handling of patients in the hospital and community. London: ROYAL COLLEGE OFNURSING.

Royal College of Nursing (1993) would be used in the text of youressay as the citation.

2.4 Government Publications

Available data may vary for these, but where possible include thefollowing:

Government Department/Institute. Subdivision of department/institute (if known). (Year) Title of document . (Name of chairperson if it is a committee.) Place of publication: Publisher.

E.g.Department of Health and Social Services. (1980) Inequalities inhealth: report of a research working group. (Chairman: Sir DouglasBlack.) London: DHSS.

2.5 White or Green papers (CommandPapers)17



Department Name (year) Title of paper. Command Paper. Number.Place: Publisher.

E.g.Department of Health (1998) Smoking kills a white paper on tobacco.Cm.4177. London: The Stationery Office.

2.6 Conference papers

Conference papers are often published in book form or as a specialissue of a journal. It is necessary to include the name, place anddate of the conference.

Author, Initial. (Year) Title of conference paper. In: conference proceedings title, including date. Place of publication: Publisher.

E.g.Webb, N. L. (1993) Mathematics education reform in California. In:Science and mathematics education in the United States: eight innovations: proceedings of a conference, Paris, 1991. Paris: OECD.

2.7 Newspapers

Journalist name, initial. (Year) Title of news item. Name of newspaper . Date. Page number.

E.g.Peters, R. (1992) Picking up Maxwell’s bills. Independent. 4 June, p28.

Nb.Name of newspaper is italicised.

E.g.The Guardian (1995) ‘Lottery’ for breast cancer help. The Guardian.21 March, p 10.

Nb.

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If it is a news article and does not attribute an author the newspapername is used in the text and instead of the author in the referencelist.

2.8 Legislation

Law Reports

Dates are given in square brackets, not round.

Names of parties involved in case [Year] Volume number/Abbreviatedname of law report/Page number on which report starts.

Eg.Holgate v Duke [1984] 2 All ER 660.

Statutes

The usual method of citing an Act of Parliament is to cite its title inyour text. (Normally the country of origin is regarded as the ‘author’,but this is not always stated if you are discussing the law of the landyou are actually in.) The format is therefore:

Title of statute, year of statute. Place of publication: publisher.

Nb.Data Protection Act 1984. London: HMSO.

Statutory Instruments

It is not necessary to put the country of origin if it is the UK. The

format would be in this form:

Short title of the statutory instrument. Year (SI year: number). Placeof publication: Publisher.

E.g.Lobster pots (size regulations). 1989 (SI 1989: 1201). London:HMSO.

2.9 Theses

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Author, initials. (Year) Thesis title. Level of thesis. AwardingInstitution.

E.g.Kirkland, J. (1988) Lay pressure groups in the local educationsystem: a study of two English boroughs. Ph.D. Thesis, BrunelUniversity.

2.10 Patents

This format starts with the patent applicant and should include thecountry, patent number and full date.

Patent applicant. (Year) Title of patent . Name of author/inventor.Country of patent, serial number. Date of application.

E.g.Mitsui Toatsu Chemicals Inc. (1972) Dyeing by acid dyes. Author: F.Fuji. Japan patent application 6988, 3951969. 2 October 1972.

2.11 British Standards

Corporate author. (Year) Title of standard . Number of standard.Place: Publisher.

E.g.British Standards Institute. (1989) References to published materials.BS1629. London: BSI.

2.12 Maps

Surname of creator, initials (may be mapmaker, cartographer,compiler etc.) (Year) Title. Scale (normally given as ratio). Place of publication: publisher.

E.g.Jones, H. (1953) East Anglia: North 1:10,000. Peterborough: Grove.

If the name of the creator/originator is not known use the title of themap in its place.

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For Ordnance Survey maps use this format:Ordnance Survey (Year) Title of map. Sheet Number, Scale. Series.Place of publication: publisher.

E.g.Ordnance Survey (1997) Land’s End & Isles of Scilly. Sheet No. 203,1:50,000. Landranger Series. Southampton: Ordnance Survey.

2.13 Diagrams

These should be referenced in the same way as you reference adirect quote i.e. the author/date/page number of the book that it

came from (see page 7), with the full source details included in yourreference list.

2.14 Musical Score

Composer (Year of publication) Title of work. Editor(s) followed byed. or any other arrangers, for example Scored by or Arranged by(note that the name is not written surname first). Place of publication: Publisher.

E.g.Mozart, W. A. (1983) Flute concertos: Concerto no. 2 in D, K. 314and Andante in C, K. 315. T. Wye ed. Sevenoaks, Novello.

2.15 Works of Art

Artist (Year of production) Title. Material type, measurements. Place:Gallery.

E.g.Renoir, Pierre-August (1875) The Skiff (La Yole). oil on canvas, 71 x92 cm. London: The National Gallery.

Section Three - Formats for Electronic andother Material Types

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3.1 World Wide Web

The principles for citing web pages are the same as for other types of media - use author name and date of publication in your text and thefollowing format for the reference list. The nature of web publicationcan often mean that author names are missing and dates are vagueor unavailable. The solution to this problem is to decide who isresponsible for producing the web page (the originator) and they willthen become the ‘author’. It is often easier to find this information(and a date) if you look at the Home Page link for the site you are inor at the ‘About Us’ or ‘Contact Us’ type of links associated with thatpage. The web page reference list format is:

Author/editor, initials. (Year) Title [online]. (Edition). Place of publication: Publisher (if ascertainable). Available from: URL[Accessed date].

Do not worry about omitting ‘place and publisher’ if they are notavailable.

E.g.British Nutrition Foundation (2003) Healthy eating: a whole diet

approach [online] London: British Nutrition Foundation. Availablefrom: http://www.nutrition.org.uk/home.asp?siteId=43&sectionId=325&subSectionId=320&parentSection=299&which=1 [Accessed 11th August 2005].

The “Accessed date” is the date on which you viewed or downloadedthe document. It may be subject to changes or updating andincluding this date allows for this possibility. Keeping a record of thedocument as you used it (if permissible) is recommended.

3.2 E-book

It is good practice to differentiate between books and e-books. Theformat is as follows:

Author, initials. (Year) Title [online]. Place of publication: Publisher.Available from: URL. [Accessed date].

E.g.

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http://www.nutrition.org.uk/home.asp?siteId=43&sectionId=325&subSectionId=320&parentSection=299&which=1








Hutcheon, L. (2002) Politics of postmodernism [online]. London:Routledge. Available from: http://reader.eblib.com/Reader.aspx?p=181639&o [Accessed: 3rd August 2009].

3.3 Electronic Journal (WWW)

Some journals are published solely on the internet therefore it isimpossible to reference them in the same way as you would a print journal. The format for this is:

Author, initials. (Year) Title. Journal title [online], volume (issue),location within host. Available from: URL [Accessed Date].

E.g.McArthur, D. N. and Griffin, T. (1997) A marketing management viewof integrated marketing communications. Journal of AdvertisingResearch [online], vol. 37 (5), p19. Available from:http://web3.searchbank.com/infotrac/session/66/850/10267118w3/15!xrn_12&bkm [Accessed 1st March 1998].

‘Location within host’ may have to be used to indicate where the itemcan be found within the cited address. For example the page,paragraph, or line number (when these are fixed within the

document) e.g. ‘pp19-29’ or ‘lines 120-249’. Other locations couldbe a specific labeled part, section or table, or any host-specificdesignation.

Nb.If a journal exists in both print and electronic form it is often simplerand clearer to use the print journal format for referencing the item,regardless of which item you have viewed.

3.4 Blogs

Author, initials. (year) Title of blog entry. Date written. Title of blog.[online]. Available from: URL. [Accessed date].

E.g.Olsen, E (2008) Five things I love about Firefox 3. 9 April 2008.Librarian Avengers. [online]. Available from:http://librarianavengers.org/page/2/ [Accessed 2 July 2008].

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http://librarianavengers.org/page/2/

http://librarianavengers.org/page/2/



3.5 Wikis

Wiki name. Date. Title of article. [online]. Available from: URL.[Accessed date].

E.g.Wikipedia. 2008. William Shakespeare. [online]. Available from:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_shakespeare[Accessed 3 July2008].

Lexis-Nexis wiki for higher education. 2008. Consumer Law. [online].Available from: http://wiki.lexisnexis.com/academic/index.php?title=Consumer_Law [Accessed: 23 July 2008].

3.6 YouTube

Screen name. Year. Title. [online]. Available from: URL. [Accesseddate].

E.g.Leelefever. 2008. Podcasting in plain English. [online]. Availablefrom: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y-MSL42NV3c [Accessed 3

July 2008].

3.7 CD-ROM and DVD

Author/editor, initials (Year) Title. [type of medium e.g. CD-ROM].Place of publication: publisher (if ascertainable). Supplier. Identifyingnumber (optional).

E.g.Acland, R. D. (2003) Acland’s DVD atlas of human anatomy: DVD 2:the lower extremity. [DVD]. London: Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins.

Nb.This format is for full-text CD-ROM/DVD and does not include CD-ROM bibliographic databases.

3.8 Mailbase/Listserve e-mail lists

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_shakespeare

http://wiki.lexisnexis.com/academic/index.php?title=Consumer_Law


http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y-MSL42NV3c

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_shakespeare



http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y-MSL42NV3c



Author, Initials. Day Month year. Subject of Message. Discussion List [online] Available from: list e-mail address [Accessed Date]

E.g.

Bates, E. 11th

Aug 2005. Re: Changes to NLH. Lis-Nursing [online]Available from: [email protected] [Accessed 12th August 2005].

3.9 Personal ElectronicCommunication – E-mail

Sender’s Surname, Initials. (Sender’s e-mail address), Day MonthYear. Subject of Message. e-mail to Recipient’s Initials, Surname

(Recipient’s e-mail address)

E.g.Haley, K. ([email protected]) 10th August 2004 Changes to your report format . e-Mail to C. Bond ([email protected])

Section Four - Other Material Types

4.1 Videotape

For off-air (recorded from television Programmes) recordings use:Broadcast company (Year) Title of programme. Off-air recording.Transmission date. Format.

E.g. TV ProgrammesChannel Four (1992) J’Accuse: Sigmund Freud. Off-air recording.10th June, 1992. Videotape.

In your essay refer to: (Channel Four, 1992).

For an off-air recording of a film use this format:

Title (Year) Person or body responsible for production. Off-airrecording. Format.

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mailto:[email protected]








E.g. Video/DVDThe Graduate (1969) Directed by Mike Nichols. Off-air recording.Videotape.

In the text of your essay refer to: (The Graduate, 1969).

The Commitments (1991) Directed by Alan Parker. Off-air recording.DVD.

In the text of your essay refer to: (The Commitments, 1991).

4.2 Film

Title. (Year). Person or body responsible for production. Running

time. Production company. Place of production or publication (if known). Format.

E.g.The Apartment (1960) Directed by Billy Wilder. 124 mins. UnitedArtists. Videotape.

In the text of your essay refer to (The Apartment, 1960)

Nb.It is permissible to list films separately under a ‘filmography list’.

4.3 Images - Online

Originator (Year) Title of image [online]. Available from: URL.[Accessed date]

E.g.Daisy_Chains (2009) Victoria Butterfly Gardens [online]. Availablefrom: http://www.flickr.com/photos/69561650@N00/3784458656/[Accessed: 3rd August 2009].

4.4 Broadcast Media – TV/RadioProgrammes

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Series title (Year) Title and number of episode. Transmittingorganisation and channel, full date and time of transmission.

E.g.

Doctor Who (2005) The empty child. Episode 9. BBC1. 21st

May, 1830hrs.Or:Women’s Hour (2004) BBC Radio 4. July 29th, 1030 hrs.

Contributions within individual programmes should be cited ascontributors:

Blair, T. (2005) Interview. In: Today Programme. BBC Radio 4. 1st

May, 0810 hrs.

4.5 Personal Communications;conversations, interviews or telephonecalls

As this data has not been recorded anywhere (and is therefore notrecoverable) details should only be recorded within the text.

Surname, Initials. Type of communication e.g. interview or personalcommunication) Date of communication

E.g.… we need to ‘invest more money in student accommodation’ (Jones,S. interview. 27th Aug 2004) and until we do …

4.6 Cochrane Reviews

Author, Initials. Title of review. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. Year, Issue number, Article number. DOI: number.

E.g.Loveman, E, Royle, P and Waugh, N. Specialist nurses in diabetesmellitus. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2003, Issue 2,Art. No. CD003286. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.

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4.7 Seminar/Lectures or Lecturer’sNotes

Lecturer’s surname, Initials. (Year) Title of Lecture, Course. Coursecode. Place, Day, Month.

E.g.Williams, B. (2004) Introduction to pollination. Plant Biology.BIO1234. University of Bramchester, Fri 12th August.

4.8 Notes taken by self at lecture

Lecturer’s surname, Initials. (year) Lecture Notes. [Description of Lecture Note, Day, Month].

E.g.Maxwell, J. (2003) Lecture notes. [Notes from World War One Historylecture, Monday, 10th July].

4.9 Unpublished Material

Some printed materials are not produced by recognisable publishers,and may not be widely available. In this case it is necessary toindicate this, and if the document is archival in nature, e.g. amanuscript or personal letter, its location should also be included.

E.g.Lawler, C. (1987) Childhood vaccinations. Health promotion leaflet,Chester Group Practice, unpublished.

Section Five - Points to Remember!

5.1 Above all - be consistent in whatever method of referencingyou use.5.2 The main title of the document should be distinguishable -

italics or underlined5.3 Author(s) name(s) can be in capitals or lower case.

5.4 The date is the year of publication not printing.5.5 For a book the edition is only mentioned if other than the first.

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5.6 The place of publication is the city not the country.5.7 Journal titles should be given in full.5.8 Volume and part numbers can be:

Vol. 25 no. 2 25 (2) 25:25.9 Page numbers can be written:

p.33-39. 33-39. pp.33-39.

Section Six – Plagiarism and University Policyon Referencing

PlagiarismStatement on Plagiarism (from Student Code 1999)The University unequivocally condemns plagiarism, which it considersto be comparable to falsifying data and cheating in an examination,and warns students that the Senate looks gravely upon incidents of plagiarism. Such incidents are classed as Academic Misconduct andare subject to the procedures further set out in the Student Code.

DefinitionThe University considers plagiarism involves an intention to deceiveand entails the submission for assessment of work which purports tobe that of the student but is in fact wholly or substantially the work of

another. Since it is difficult to establish such an intention to deceiveexcept through practice the University defines plagiarism in thefollowing way.

The University defines plagiarism as the incorporation by a student inwork for assessment of material which is not their own in the sensethat all or substantial part of the work has been copied without anattempt at attribution or has been incorporated as if it were thestudent's own when in fact it is wholly or substantially the work of another person.

The University of Northampton Policy on ReferencingThe University considers that referencing is an essential componentof academic activity. It is a sound discipline for students, whichrequires them to demonstrate the provenance of their material andthe sources of their argument. It should indicate their understandingof scholarship and enable them to recognise their place as learners inan academic discipline. Acknowledgement of the academic work of others emphasises the integrity of both the University'sundergraduate and postgraduate study within the wider academiccommunity.

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Referencing is also vital in reinforcing the University's policy onplagiarism and in enabling students to understand the relevance andimportance of that policy.

In promoting good practice in relation to referencing, the University

considers it is more important that students understand 'why' theyshould be referencing than that they are simply concerned with 'how'to reference.

As a result, the University thinks it is important to relate the practiceof referencing to the academic requirements and expectations of aparticular discipline rather than requiring slavish adherence to auniform model.

The University therefore does not require adherence to a single

standard form of reference. However, the University recognises theproblems and concerns that referencing can occasion for studentsand therefore it considers that in order to simplify the problem of referencing for students there should be a limited number of modelsin operation in the University.

The University therefore issued the Referencing Guide which it wouldexpect course teams to use, unless they can justify that it isinappropriate in relation to accepted external academic orprofessional practices in their area. Minor variations of practice are

discouraged.

Section Seven - References

British Standards Institute. (1989) British Standard recommendations for references to published materials. BS1629.London: BSI.

British Standards Institute. (1990) Recommendations for citing and

referencing published material . BS5605. London: BSI.

Gibaldi, J. (1988) MLA handbook for writers of research papers. 3rded. New York: Modern Language Association of America.

Holland, M., (2004). Citing references: brief guide [online]. Poole:Bournemouth University. Available from:http://www.bournemouth.ac.uk/academic_services/documents/Library/Citing_References.pdf [Accessed 12 August 2005].

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http://www.bournemouth.ac.uk/academic_services/documents/Library/Citing_References.pdf






Leeds University (2008) Harvard style bibliographies and references.[online] Leeds: Leeds University. Available from:http://www.leeds.ac.uk/library/training/referencing/harvard.htm[Accessed 2 July 2008].

Li, X. and Crane, N. B. (1993) Electronic style: a guide to citingelectronic information. London: Meckler.

This guide is also available electronically via the University’sLibrary Web pages at:

http://library.northampton.ac.uk/pages/hrg

http://www.leeds.ac.uk/library/training/referencing/harvard.htm


http://www.leeds.ac.uk/library/training/referencing/harvard.htm


harvard ref

Documents