hardware computer business applications. 2 computer system components and ipos a computer system...
TRANSCRIPT
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Hardware
Computer Business Applications
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Computer System Components and IPOS
A computer system requires many components to do its job:
Input: Some device or method to input data so it can be processed
Process: Circuits and programs in order to process the data
Output: Some type of output device to give the result its processing to the user
Storage: Some mechanism for storing data
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Common System Components
This figure shows several devices that are common components of a computer system.
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The Motherboard
The motherboard is a circuit board inside the microcomputer’s plastic case. It contains integral components including The central processing unit or CPU Basic controllers Expansion ports and slots Memory
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Motherboard
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Computer System Components
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The Central Processing Unit
The CPU is a tiny silicon chip that executes commands from a computer’s hardware and software; the principal computer chip that contains several processing components, which determines the computer’s operating speed; also known as the “brains of the computer”.
The system clock is an electronic pulse that controls the speed of the CPU. The rate of the pulse is measures in gigahertz (GHz).
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The Central Processing Unit (continued)
The CPU has two primary sections: The Arithmetic/Logic Unit (ALU)
This section performs arithmetic and logical operations.
The Control Unit This section coordinates all activity
within the CPU. It uses programming instructions to control what actions the CPU performs and when it performs them.
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A CPU Chip
This figure shows a CPU chip for a small computer. The CPU determines which of the millions of switches that it contains should be turned on or off by processing program statements that tell it what to do.
Computer programs are written in programming languages, and each program statement causes one or more actions to occur in the CPU.
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Microprocessor
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Types Computer Memory
Data being processed by a CPU is stored in system memory.
Memory are computer chips that store data and programs while the computer is working.
Data stored in memory is not permanent. If the power fails, everything in memory is lost.
Data must be stored on a disk or some other device when not being processed so it is not lost each time the computer shuts down.
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Types of Computer Memory
There are two types of memory found on a motherboard:
RAM: Random Access Memory
ROM: Read-Only Memory
RAM chip
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Random Access Memory (RAM)
RAM is short-term memory where data is processed while a program is running.
Data stored here can be accessed and modified as needed.
This type of memory loses any data it holds if the computer is shut down.
RAM is also called main memory.
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RAM Chips
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Read-Only Memory (ROM)
ROM is memory placed on the motherboard by the manufacturer and contains instructions, such as BIOS ROM, that tell the computer how to start itself.
This data cannot be accessed or modified by application programs.
The contents of this memory are not lost when the computer is shut down.
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Storage Devices
If you want to keep a permanent copy of data, you must store it on some type of storage medium.
Storage Device are external hardware used to store and retrieve data such as disk drive, CD/DVD drive, flash drive, or tape drive.
Storage devices are categorized by the method they use to store data, including magnetic and optical storage devices.
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Data Representation
Byte—one character of data Kilobyte—one thousand bytes of data Megabyte—one million bytes Gigabyte—one billion bytes Terabyte—one trillion bytes Petabyte—one quadrillion bytes Exabyte—one quintillion bytes Zettabyte—one sextillion bytes Yottabyte—one septillion bytes
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Storage Devices - Magnetic
There are many types of magnetic storage devices, including
Floppy disks: Small, portable disks that hold a limited amount of data. (1.44 MB)
Hard disks: Large-capacity and fast-access storage devices. (Measured in gigabytes or terabytes)
Magnetic tape drives: Used for making system backups and storing large quantities of data.
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Hard Disk
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Floppy Disks
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Magnetic Tape
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Storage Devices - Optical
There are several optical storage devices in use today, including
CD-ROM: Can hold large amounts of data, but is read-only access.
CD-R: This drive allows you to read and to write to a compact disk.
CD-RW: This drive allows you to read and write to a compact disk several times.
DVD: This is the size of a CD, but can hold much more data, including full-size movies
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Laser Reads cd or dvd
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Flash Drive or Quick Drive
A small portable device that is capable of storing digital contents such as images, documents and other kinds of files.
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Network Drives
A network drive is located on another computer or a server where space is provided for storage of data from many computer terminals.
Network drives may appear as the Q:\ or R:\ drive on a terminal to distinguish it from the drives that are part of the computer terminal. Our network drive is H:\.
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Caring for Storage Media
1. Keep away from magnetic fields such as those contained in televisions and computer monitors.
2. Avoid Extreme temperatures3. Remove media from drives and store
them properly when not in use.4. When handling DVD and other optical
disc, hold them at the edges.5. Never try to remove the media from a
drive when the drive indicator light is on.6. Keep discs in a sturdy case when
transporting.
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Input and Output Devices
Input devices data entered into the computer through a variety of devices such as keyboards, microphone, scanner, flash drive or mouse.
Output devices allows a user to view or listen to the data a computer processes such as a monitor, printer, headphones, or speakers.
Some devices can perform both input and output operations. (Modems)
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Input Devices – The Keyboard
The keyboard is the most common input device. As you press keys on the keyboard, an electrical signal
representing that key is sent to the computer. Keyboards are divided into sections:
Typewriter keys: The standard alphabetic and numeric characters you would find on a typewriter.
Function keys: Special keys that perform some specific function for the application being run.
Numeric keypad: Used for mathematical operations. Directional keys: Used to move the cursor around the
screen.
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Standard Input Devices-Keyboard
Most commonly used input device. Besides a traditional keyboard, popular types include:
– Ergonomic– Cordless or
wireless– Specialized
– Security– Foldable or
flexible– Laser virtual
keyboard
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Security Keyboard
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Foldable Keyboard
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Laser Virtual Keyboard
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Ergonomic Keyboard
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Input Devices – The Mouse
The mouse is a pointing device that rolls around on a flat surface and controls the location of the pointer on the screen.
The mouse performs the following functions: Pointing: Place the on-screen pointer at a specific place. Clicking: Press and release the mouse button. Dragging: Holding down the mouse button and
dragging an object to a new location by dragging the mouse.
Double-clicking: Pressing and releasing the mouse button twice very quickly.
Right-clicking: Pressing the right mouse button.
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Mouse: Most commonly used pointing
device. Types include:
Standard Input Devices (continued)
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– Mechanical– Optomechanical– Optical– Wireless
Optical mouse
Wireless Mouse and Receiver
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Other Input Pointing Devices
In addition to the mouse, there are other devices that control the on-screen pointer, including a Joystick: Joysticks consist of a metal or plastic handle
mounted on a base that you can move in any direction to move the pointer or other object.
These are typically used for video games. They frequently have buttons that can be pushed
or clicked to control input/output. Trackball: A pointing device that works like a mouse
turned upside down; the ball is on top, operated by your thumb and fingers.
These are frequently found on notebook computers.
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Trackball and Joystick
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Trackball Joystick
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Other Input Devices (Part I)
A graphic tablet is a flat drawing surface connected to the computer. The user draws on the surface, and the figures or
writing on the tablet can be input to the computer for processing.
Touch display screens contain pictures or shapes that the user can press to input that information.
Voice recognition devices allow a user to speak to a computer and have their words input to an application program. These usually require a microphone and special
voice recognition software to be installed on the computer.
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Graphics Tablet and Touch Display Screen
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Graphics Tablet Touch Display Screen
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Other Input Devices (Part II)
Scanners are devices that can convert a graphical image into a digital image and input it to the computer. Types of scanners include
Image scanners for scanning images and text. Bar code scanners to read product bar codes. Magnetic scanners to read the magnetic strip on a
credit card. Optical Character Reader (OCR) scanners read
answers on a scantron answer sheet. Video input from a camcorder or VCR can be input
using video capture cards. Digital cameras takes pictures are stored digitally and
then transferred to the computer’s memory. Their images can be input directly into the computer.
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Scanners
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Image Scanner
Bar Code Scanner
Magnetic
Scanner
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Scanner and Digital Camera
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Optical Character Reader Scanner
Digital Camera
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Standard Input Devices (continued)
Touchpad: Common feature on laptops; a
specialized surface that converts the motion and position of your fingers to a position on the screen.
Pointing Stick: A pressure-sensitive device located on
the keyboard of many notebook computers and moved with the forefinger.
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Touchpad and Pointing Stick
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Touch Pad Pointing Stick
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Standard Input Devices (continued)
Stylus: Pen-like writing instruments to input
information to a PDA or other mobile device.
Environmental Probes and Sensors:
Used with a Web browser to monitor elements of the work area such as humidity, pollution, or security
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Stylus
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Remote Controls: An input device used for televisions,
lights, and fans as well as for industry and business applications.
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Specialized Input Devices (continued)
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Specialized Input Devices (continued)
Security Devices: Biometric devices consist of a reader or scanning device and software that
converts the scanned information into a digital format. The way biometric technology works:
Enrollment: User establishes baseline measurement Submission: User presents proof of identity Verification: System compares samples
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Fingerprint Scanner
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Specialized Input Devices (continued)
Virtual Devices: Use the synchronized positioning of light-
emitting and sensing devices to detect user input; for example, a virtual computer keyboard.
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Output Devices - Monitors
Monitors are used to display video output to a user. Monitors may be monochromatic or color.
Monochromatic monitors display output in a single-color display.
Factors that influence the quality of a monitor are Screen size: The diagonal measurement in inches
of the display area. Resolution: The number of pixels that can be
displayed in the display area. Dot pitch: The distance between each pixel in the
display area.
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Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) Monitor
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Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) Monitor
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Gas Plasma Display Monitor
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Output Devices - Printers
Printers are used to create a hard copy of a document or image. Printers vary by speed, quality, and price.
The most popular types of printers are Laser: Produce images using the same techniques
as copier machines. Ink-Jet: These use fine nozzles to spray ink onto
the page as the paper passes through. Dot matrix: These work similarly to a typewriter in
that ink is transferred to the paper by some part of the printer striking a ribbon to transfer an image.
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Laser Printer
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Inkjet Printer
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Dot Matrix Printer
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Specialized Output Devices (continued)
Specialized Printers: Line printer: High-speed printer attached primarily to large computers. Thermal: Forms characters by heating paper. Mobile: Small, battery-powered printer. Label and postage: Prints labels, including postage, on adhesive-type paper. Plotters are printers that use pens to draw lines to create maps, charts, and blueprints. used by engineers, architects, and artists.
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Plotter
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Other Output Devices
Multifunction printer: Combines various output options such as printing, scanning, and copying.
Projectors are used to project a large image of what is on the computer screen.
Speakers allow you to hear recorded music or speech from your computer.
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Multifunction Printer, Projector, and Speaker
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Multifunction Printer
Projector Speaker
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Specialized Output Devices
Fax machines and fax modems: Transmit and receive documents through phone lines or computer.
Control devices/robots: Robotics is the study, design, and use of robot systems for manufacturing.
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Fax Machine
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Specialized Output Devices (continued)
Output Devices for the Physically Challenged: Various special devices are available:
Screen magnifiers: Enlarge information on the computer screen. Screen readers: Use speech synthesizers to read content for people who are blind or visually impaired. Voice synthesizers: A voice changes written computer text into synthetic speech.
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