hard facts on atmospheric co 2 concentration, and
DESCRIPTION
Hard facts on atmospheric CO 2 concentration, and. a sure way to stabilise it???. 11 Jan 2008 R. Shanthini. Global CO 2 emissions from the burning of fossil fuels & the manufacture of cement. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Hard facts on atmospheric CO2 concentration, and
a sure way to stabilise it???
11 Jan 2008 R. Shanthini
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000Year
Gas fuel consumption
Liquid fuel consumption
Solid fuel consumption
Cement production
Gas flaring
Global CO2 emissions from the burning of fossil fuels & the
manufacture of cement
(Unit: 109 kg)
Source: http://cdiac.ornl.gov/trends/trends.htm
11 Jan 2008 R. Shanthini
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000Year
Global CO2 emissions from the burning of fossil fuels & the
manufacture of cement
(Unit: 109 kg)
Source: http://cdiac.ornl.gov/trends/trends.htm
11 Jan 2008 R. Shanthini
275
300
325
350
375
400
1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000Year
CO2 concentration in the atmosphere
(Unit: ppmv)
Source: http://cdiac.ornl.gov/trends/trends.htm
11 Jan 2008 R. Shanthini
383.7
11 Jan 2008 R. Shanthini
http://cdiac.ornl.gov/trends/temp/hansen/graphics/gl_land.gif
Global temperature (land meteorological stations)
11 Jan 2008 R. Shanthini
http://cdiac.ornl.gov/trends/temp/hansen/graphics/gl_land_ocean.gif
Global temperature (land + ocean)
11 Jan 2008 R. Shanthini
http://cdiac.ornl.gov/trends/temp/hansen/graphics/nhsh.gif
Global temperature (North and South)
Global temperature has not variedby more than 1 or 2oC during the past 10,000 years.
Global temperature has risen by more than 0.6oC during the last 100 years.
Global Warming has begun, and so has the Climate Change.
11 Jan 2008 R. Shanthini
Consequences…………
75% of the ice on Kilimanjaro
has been lost since 1912, and
all ice could vanish soon.11 Jan 2008 R. Shanthini
11 Jan 2008 R. Shanthini
Consequences…………
11 Jan 2008 R. Shanthini
Consequences…………• death of coral reefs
• fewer cubs for polar bears
• spread of dengue and other diseases
• heavy rains & severe draughts
• fires, floods, storms, & hurricanes
• changed rainfall patterns
• warming and aridity
• loss of biodiversity11 Jan 2008 R. Shanthini
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010Year
Rate of increase of CO2 concentration
(Unit: ppmv/year)
Source: http://cdiac.ornl.gov/trends/trends.htm
11 Jan 2008 R. Shanthini
350
375
400
425
450
475
500
2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050Year
actual valueat 1.5 ppmv/ yearat 2.0 ppmv/ yearat 2.5 ppmv/ year
CO2 concentration in the future (ppmv)
11 Jan 2008 R. Shanthini
global temperaturemay be up by 2oC
-Accelerated Climate Change-Mass extinctions-Ecosystems breakdowns-Large scale discontinuities
At the rate of 1.5 ppmv of CO2 increase per year, 400 ppmv CO2
will be reached in 2018, and it is probable that the global temperature would go up by 2oC (compare it with the 0.01oC per decade estimate by WWF).
11 Jan 2008 R. Shanthini
Some say, forget about the 2oC. The limit is not 400 ppmv
CO2. It is 550 ppmv CO2 (which is
nearly twice the pre-industrial value), which we may reach
not. 11 Jan 2008 R. Shanthini
350
400
450
500
550
600
650
2000 2025 2050 2075 2100Year
actual valueat 1.5 ppmv/ yearat 2.0 ppmv/ yearat 2.5 ppmv/ year
CO2 concentration in the future (ppmv)
11 Jan 2008 R. Shanthini
We are lucky. Are we?
How to stop further global warming, climate change, and the terrible consequences of increased CO2
concentrations in the atmosphere?
11 Jan 2008 R. Shanthini
But, we replace our forests with cities, highways & golf courses.
Option 1: Increase the use of carbon sinks (such as forests where 70% of all photosynthesis occurs).
Stop destroying forests, and grow more trees.11 Jan 2008 R. Shanthini
The forest cover is already too small
to help reducing global warming. How long does it take to grow
a tree like this?
11 Jan 2008 R. Shanthini
Option 2: Change to non-CO2 emitting energy sources
11 Jan 2008 R. Shanthini
What are they?Nuclear HydroRenewables (Geothermal,
Solar, Wave, Tidal, Wind, Biomass and Biogas) Muscle Power
Energy from sustainably managed renewable sources
Ulf Bossel – October 2005
Solar energy Photovoltaic DC electricitythermal AC electricity, hot water,
space heating etc.Wind energy AC electricityHydropower AC electricityOcean energy waves, tides AC electricityGeothermal heat AC electricity, hot water,
space heating etc.Biomass & organic waste
heat, organic fuels
Biomass & organic waste
heat AC electricity, hot water, space heating etc.
11 Jan 2008 R. Shanthini
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
Petroleum
Coal
Dry Natural Gas
Hydroelectric Power
Nuclear ElectricPower
Electric Power fromRenewables
Global Energy Consumption by Fuel (in 1015 BTU)
11 Jan 2008 R. Shanthini
http://www.eia.doe.gov/pub/international/iealf/table18.xls
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
50%
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
Petroleum
Coal
Dry Natural Gas
Hydroelectric Power
Nuclear ElectricPower
Electric Power fromRenewables
Global Energy Consumption by Fuel (in %)
11 Jan 2008 R. Shanthini
http://www.eia.doe.gov/pub/international/iealf/table18.xls
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005Year
Fossil fuel
Nuclear Electric Power
Hydroelectric Power
Electric Power from Renewables
Global Energy Consumption by Fuel (in %)
11 Jan 2008 R. Shanthini
http://www.eia.doe.gov/pub/international/iealf/table18.xls
enlarge
11 Jan 2008 R. Shanthini
0%
2%
4%
6%
8%
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005Year
Hydroelectric Power
Nuclear Electric Power
Electric Power from Renewables
http://www.eia.doe.gov/pub/international/iealf/table18.xls
Global Energy Consumption by Fuel (in %)
There is no immediate financial benefits for a switch to renewable energy in the profit-oriented energy markets.
11 Jan 2008 R. Shanthini
More people
More pollution
Option 3: Reduce Population
11 Jan 2008 R. Shanthini
If you are in USA, you will be lighting 15 bulbs, each with 100 W power
If you are in China, you will be lighting 2 bulbs, each with 100 W power 11 Jan 2008 R. Shanthini
in 2004
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
CO2 (metrictons per capita)
Population GDP percapita, PPP(const 2000
International $)
Low income
Lower middleincome
Upper middleincome
High income
11 Jan 2008 R. Shanthini
in 2003
Should not we rethink about economic growth (increasing GDP per capita), at any cost?
11 Jan 2008 R. Shanthini
The supreme Greek God Zeus told Prometheus:
“You may give men such gifts as are suitable, but you must not give them fire for that belongs tothe Immortals.”
– Roger Lancelyn GreenTales of the Greek Heroes
Puffin Classics
11 Jan 2008 R. Shanthini
Option 4 to stabilise atmospheric CO2 concentration?
11 Jan 2008 R. Shanthini
Think about it and come up with ideas. By the way, it would make a very good project for the sustainable development course.