handout 1 geografi tanah program studi pendidikan geografi fakultas keguruan dan ilmu pendidikan...
TRANSCRIPT
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HANDOUT 1
GEOGRAFI TANAH
PROGRAM STUDI PENDIDIKAN GEOGRAFIFAKULTAS KEGURUAN DAN ILMU PENDIDIKANUNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH SURAKARTA
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What is soil?What is soil?
Soil is the unconsolidated cover on the surface of the earth.
Soil is made up of mineral particles,
organic particles, air, and water.
Soil is capable of supporting plant growth.
Soil is the unconsolidated cover on the surface of the earth.
Soil is made up of mineral particles,
organic particles, air, and water.
Soil is capable of supporting plant growth.
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Soil ComponentsThe 4 parts of soil
MineralMatter45%
SoilWater25%
SoilAir
25%
OrganicMatter
5%
About ½ of the soil volume is solid particles
About ½ of the soil volume is pore space
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Soil TextureThe mineral part of soil consists of sand, silt, and clay particles
The amounts of each size particle determines the textural property of the soil
Coarse textured, loose (more sand, less clay)Fine textured, heavy (more clay, less sand)Loamy (more even mix of sand, silt and clay
Sand0.1 – 0.002 in2 – 0.05 mm
Silt0.002 – 0.0001 in0.05 - 0.002 mm
ClayLess than 0.0001 inLess than 0.002 mm
1/100 in
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Soil StructureThe arrangement of sand, silt, and clay particles to form larger
aggregates.
Organic matter is the glue that holds the aggregates together
Large pores (spaces) between aggregates are filled with air in a moist soil.
Small pores are filled with water in a moist soil. Even smaller pores inside the aggregates (not shown) are also filled with water.
1/10 inch
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Supplying Plant Nutrients
Macronutrients:(needed in large amounts)
Nitrogen (N)
Phosphorus (P)
Potassium (K)
Calcium (Ca)
Magnesium (Mg)
Sulfur (S)
Macronutrients:(needed in large amounts)
Nitrogen (N)
Phosphorus (P)
Potassium (K)
Calcium (Ca)
Magnesium (Mg)
Sulfur (S)
Micronutrients:(needed in small
amounts)Chlorine (Cl)
Cobalt (Co)
Copper (Cu)
Iron (Fe)
Manganese (Mn)
Molybdenum (Mo)
Nickel (Ni)
Zinc (Zn)
Nutrients that plants obtain from the soil
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Where do plant nutrients come from?
Decaying plant litter
Breakdown of soil minerals
Addition by humansCommercial fertilizer
Manure
Lime
Other
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Recycling plant nutrients
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Breakdown of soil minerals
Acid
Ca
Mg
KCu
Ni
Zn
Water
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Nutrient additions by humans
Commercial fertilizersNutrients are in a form that is available to plantsDissolve quickly and nutrients go into soil water
Lime Dissolves slowly as it neutralizes soil acidityReleases calcium and magnesium
Organic nutrient sources Manure, compost, sewage sludgeDecay and nutrient release is similar to crop litter
Commercial fertilizersNutrients are in a form that is available to plantsDissolve quickly and nutrients go into soil water
Lime Dissolves slowly as it neutralizes soil acidityReleases calcium and magnesium
Organic nutrient sources Manure, compost, sewage sludgeDecay and nutrient release is similar to crop litter
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The soil solution
Soil water is a complex solution that contains
Many types of nutrientsOther trace elementsComplex organic molecules
Nutrients in the soil solution can be readily taken up by plant roots
If nutrients remained in solution they could all be quickly lost from the soil.
P
Ni Ca Mg
Cu
KN
Zn
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AdsorptionAdsorption refers to the ability of an object to attract and hold particles on its surface.
Solid particles in soil have the ability to adsorb
Water
Nutrients and other chemicals
The most important adsorbers in soil are
Clays
Organic matter
+ -
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Surface area of clay
¼ cup¼ cup of clay has more surface area than a football field
The large surface area of clay allows it to
• Adsorb a lot of water• Retain nutrients• Stick to other soil
particles
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Chemical bonding
pH
Nutrient Availability
Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC)
Soil Chemistry
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What is “chemistry?” Elements: the simplest kind of matter. They cannot be broken down into anything simpler.
Elements can exist alone. Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P), Potassium (K), Oxygen (O), are elements and they can be made to exist alone, but in nature they seldom do.
Elements tend to combine with each other. These are called “compounds.” When they combine, it’s called a “chemical reaction.”
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What is “chemistry?” Chemistry is the study of the “how” and “why” elements combine, and break apart, through chemical reactions.
Soil Chemistry is simply studying how and why compounds are formed and broken apart in the soil, and how these chemical reactions affect plants.
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Chemistry Made Simple: The Atom
Hydrogen
(+)-
The Nucleus = positive chargeThe Electron = negative charge
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Chemistry Made Simple: The Atom
Hydrogen
(+)-
The Nucleus = positive charge
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A Water Molecule
H2O(+)
(+)
(+)
Hydrogen Hydrogen
Oxygen
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Anion ChemicalSymbol
Ionic Form
Chloride Cl Cl-
Nitrate N NO3-
Magnesium Mg H2PO4-
Cation ChemicalSymbol
Ionic Form
Hydrogen H H+
Potassium K K+
Sodium Na Na+
Magnesium Mg Mg++
Calcium Ca Ca++
Common soil cations and anions, their chemical symbols and ionic forms
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The Chemistry of Clay:
Clay Particle
- - --
--
-------------- - - - - - -
Clay particles carry negative charges
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Water ionizes: it falls apart into ions.
H2O H+ + OH-
Called the self ionization of water.
Only a small amount.
The Strange Properties of Water:
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It’s simply a measure of the relative amount of H+ ions
In the soil, it is driven by the ionization of water: H2O H+ + OH-
We us pH to measure the acidity or the alkalinity (basicity) of a solution (a soil solution)
What is pH?:
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Possible pH Ranges Under Natural Soil Conditions
black walnut: 6.0-8.0
Most desirable
carrot: 5.5-7.0
cucumber: 5.5-7.0
spinach: 6.0-7.5tomato: 5.5-7.5
white pine: 4.5-6.0
Verystrong
Strong Moderate Slight Slight Moderate StrongVery
strong
Neutral
Acid Basic
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 111 2 12 13 14
Most agricultural soils
Extreme pH range for most mineral soils
cranberry:4.2-5.0
apple: 5.0-6.5
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Soil Clays
•Clays are usually crystalline in nature
•Some may be amorphous (e.g., allophane)
•Three general definitions;
•particle < 2 µm in dia
•name of a group of minerals
•soil textural class
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Soil Clays
•Crystalline clays have layers of Si and Al oxides held
together by ionic bonds (attraction of positive and
negative charges; no electron sharing)
•Three or four planes of O layers with intervening Si and
Al make up a layer.
•One clay particle is made up of many layers and is
called a micelle.
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-
--
-
Mg+2
H+Mg+2
K+
H+ Ca+2
Ca+2
PO4-3
-
--
--
-
-
-
--
-
--
-
-Al+3
-
-
-
K+
Clay Particle
Soil reactions in neutral to high (alkaline) pH conditions
Clay and organic particles have a negative charge
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-
--
-
H+
H+Al+3
K+
H+ Al+3
Al+3
PO4-3
-
--
--
-
-
-
--
-
--
-
-Al+3
-
-
-
K+
Clay Particle
Soil reactions in low (acid) pH conditions
Clay and organic particles have a negative charge
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Pertukaran Kation
KPK atau Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) merupakan kapasitas tanah untuk menjerap atau menukar kation. Biasanya dinyatakan dalam miliekuivalen/100 g tanah atau me %, tetapi sekarang diubah menjadi cmolc/kg tanah (centimoles of charge per kilogram of dry soil
Permukaan aktif terdapat pada permukaan suatu koloid.
Koloid tanah yang menjadi merupakan pusat terjadinya reaksi kimia adalah koloid liat dan koloid humus.
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•Colloid: solid substance whose particles are very
small (few micrometers, 0.001 cm) .
•Predominant colloids in soil are clays and humus.
•Colloids have a net negative charge (different reason
for clays vs humus) and impart the soil cation
exchange capacity (CEC): the ability to adsorb and
exchange cations.
•Soil pH is determined by the nature of the
exchangeable cations on colloids (H+ + Al3+ vs Ca2+,
K+, Mg2+, Na+).
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Kejenuhan basa berhubungan erat dengan KPK tanah:
% Kejenuhan basa = [Jumlah Kation Tertukar (dlm me %) / KPK] x 100
Contoh : Kation Tertukarme % Ca 10
Mg 5K 10Na 5Jumlah 30
Jika KPK tanah = 50 me %, maka % kejenuhan basa = 30/50 x 100 = 60 % Ada korelasi positif antara pH tanah dan persen kejenuhan basa. Secara umum jika pH tinggi, kejenuhan basa akan tinggi. Kejenuhan basa yang rendah berarti kandungan H+ yang tinggi. Kejenuhan basa biasanya dapat digunakan sebagai indikasi kesuburan tanah. Tanah sangat subur à derajat kejenuhan basa ≥ 80%,Tanah kesuburan sedang à derajat kejenuhan basa 50 % - 80 %Tanah tidak subur à derajat kejenuhan basa ≤ 50 %