haemophilus (hib) haemophilus influenza. normal throat microbiota meningitis, pneumonia, otitis...
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Haemophilus(Hib)
Haemophilus influenza
Haemophilus influenza
• normal throat microbiota• meningitis, pneumonia, otitis media,
epiglottitis• mortality rate of 6%• incidence decreasing: Hib vaccine(meningitis in infants and children 5 years and
under has declined by 99%)
Campylobacter jejuni
• Bacteriogastroenteritis• Adapt well to intestinal environment• 2 million cases in the U.S. per year
Readings question 1:How are Campylobacter jejuni contracted?
Legionella
• aerobic, gram-negative rod• over 44 species, not all pathogenic• can be isolated from natural waters• no person-to-person• recent outbreaks• ingested by waterborne amoebae, but
continue to proliferate and survive• resistant to phagocytes
Legionella pneumophilia
• Legionnaires’ disease/Legionellosis• 1976: 182 pulmonary disease, 29 died• 1000 cases reported, actual estimate 25,000• diagnosis: charcoal-yeast extract medium• respiratory specimens: fluorescent antibody• DNA probe test• treatment: erythromycin, azithromycin
Listeria monocytogenes
Readings question #2:What type of pathogen is Listeria monocytogenes recently becoming recognized as? What are the symptoms associated with Listeriosis? If fatal, what is the frequent cause of death?
Pseudomonas
• aerobic, gram-negative rods; polar flagella
Pseudomonas
• common in soil and other natural environments• UTI, burns, wounds, sepsis, abscesses, meningitis• grow on minute traces of carbon sources• grow in antiseptics• resistant to most antibiotics• responsible for 10% of nosocomial infections• grow at refrigerator temperatures
Pseudomonas Infection Sites
Mycoplasma
Readings question #3:Where do the Mycoplasma pneumonia colonies adhere? How do they spread? What diseases are caused by this bacterium? (3 points)
Rickettsia
• Only reproduce within a mammalian cell• Induce phagocytosis; enter cytoplasm;
reproduce by binary fission
Readings question #4: What is the most severe rickettsial infection, and what organism causes it?
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
Rickettsia prowazekii
• Readings question #5:• How is the Rickettsia prowazekii microbe
transmitted to produce epidemic typhus?
• Signs and symptoms: high and prolonged fever that lasts at least 2 weeks; stupor; rash that darkens as disease progresses
• Anne Frank
Treatment
• tetracycline, doxycycline, chloramphenicol• eliminate conditions• vaccines for military
Rickettsia typhi
• sporadic• murine: mouseReadings question #6:
How is the Rickettsia typhi microbe transmitted to produce endemic typhus?
• treatment: tetracycline, doxycycline, chloramphenicol
• rat control is best preventive measure
Coxiella burnetti
• parasite of several arthropods• birthing: organisms shed in high numbers• resistant to heat, drying, a many disinfectants• inhaling a single pathogen can cause infection• pasteurization temperature raised in 1956• responsible for Q fever
Q Fever
• Wide range of clinical symptoms• 60% asymptomatic• Acute: high fevers (104-105 degrees), severe
headache, general malaise, confusion, sore throat, chills, sweats, non-productive cough, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain and chest pain
• pneumonia: 30-50% patients; hepatitis
Chronic Q Fever
• Infection persists for more than 6 months• 1 year or 20 years• Endocarditis• Transplant recipients, cancer, kidney disease• Treatment: acute- doxycycline
chronic- doxycycline & quinolones doxycycline &
hydroxychloroquine
Prevention
educationappropriate disposalrestrict accesspasteurized milklaboratory clothingvaccinationquarantineholding facilitiesroutine testing
Chlamydia
Readings question #7:
What are the 3 species of chlamydias that are significant pathogens for humans? Describe the growth stages of this microorganism.
Chlamydias are transmitted to humans by interpersonal contact or by airborne respiratory routes.
Chlamydial pneumonia
• outbreaks among college students• transmitted by the respiratory route• 50% U.S. population has antibodies• treatment: tetracycline
Chlamydia trachomatic
• Causative agent for:trachoma
Lymphogranuloma veneruem NGU (non-gonococcal
urethritis) or NSU (non-specific urethritis)
Trachoma
• Greek: “rough eye”• arid parts of Africa and Asia, almost all
children are infected early in their lives• 500 million active cases worldwide and 7
million blinded victims• occurs occasionally in the southwestern U.S.• transmitted by hand contact or by sharing
personal objects
Trachoma (cont’d)
• conjunctivitis leads to permanent scarring• long-term mechanical abrasion of the cornea• turned-in eyelashes• secondary infections• tetracycline ointment• partial immunity• sanitary practices and health education
Lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV)
• Genital infections associated with an increased risk of cervical cancer
• NGU/NSU: any inflammation of the urethra that is not caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae– painful urination and watery discharge– coinfection with C. trachomatis
Chlamycia psittaci
• Infected birds will usually have diarrhea, ruffled feathers, respiratory illness, and a generally “droopy appearance”