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Haemophilus(Hib)
Haemophilus influenza
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Haemophilus influenza
• normal throat microbiota• meningitis, pneumonia, otitis media,
epiglottitis• mortality rate of 6%• incidence decreasing: Hib vaccine(meningitis in infants and children 5 years and
under has declined by 99%)
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Campylobacter jejuni
• Bacteriogastroenteritis• Adapt well to intestinal environment• 2 million cases in the U.S. per year
Readings question 1:How are Campylobacter jejuni contracted?
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Legionella
• aerobic, gram-negative rod• over 44 species, not all pathogenic• can be isolated from natural waters• no person-to-person• recent outbreaks• ingested by waterborne amoebae, but
continue to proliferate and survive• resistant to phagocytes
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Legionella pneumophilia
• Legionnaires’ disease/Legionellosis• 1976: 182 pulmonary disease, 29 died• 1000 cases reported, actual estimate 25,000• diagnosis: charcoal-yeast extract medium• respiratory specimens: fluorescent antibody• DNA probe test• treatment: erythromycin, azithromycin
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Listeria monocytogenes
Readings question #2:What type of pathogen is Listeria monocytogenes recently becoming recognized as? What are the symptoms associated with Listeriosis? If fatal, what is the frequent cause of death?
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Pseudomonas
• aerobic, gram-negative rods; polar flagella
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Pseudomonas
• common in soil and other natural environments• UTI, burns, wounds, sepsis, abscesses, meningitis• grow on minute traces of carbon sources• grow in antiseptics• resistant to most antibiotics• responsible for 10% of nosocomial infections• grow at refrigerator temperatures
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Pseudomonas Infection Sites
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Mycoplasma
Readings question #3:Where do the Mycoplasma pneumonia colonies adhere? How do they spread? What diseases are caused by this bacterium? (3 points)
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Rickettsia
• Only reproduce within a mammalian cell• Induce phagocytosis; enter cytoplasm;
reproduce by binary fission
Readings question #4: What is the most severe rickettsial infection, and what organism causes it?
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Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
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Rickettsia prowazekii
• Readings question #5:• How is the Rickettsia prowazekii microbe
transmitted to produce epidemic typhus?
• Signs and symptoms: high and prolonged fever that lasts at least 2 weeks; stupor; rash that darkens as disease progresses
• Anne Frank
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Treatment
• tetracycline, doxycycline, chloramphenicol• eliminate conditions• vaccines for military
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Rickettsia typhi
• sporadic• murine: mouseReadings question #6:
How is the Rickettsia typhi microbe transmitted to produce endemic typhus?
• treatment: tetracycline, doxycycline, chloramphenicol
• rat control is best preventive measure
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Coxiella burnetti
• parasite of several arthropods• birthing: organisms shed in high numbers• resistant to heat, drying, a many disinfectants• inhaling a single pathogen can cause infection• pasteurization temperature raised in 1956• responsible for Q fever
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Q Fever
• Wide range of clinical symptoms• 60% asymptomatic• Acute: high fevers (104-105 degrees), severe
headache, general malaise, confusion, sore throat, chills, sweats, non-productive cough, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain and chest pain
• pneumonia: 30-50% patients; hepatitis
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Chronic Q Fever
• Infection persists for more than 6 months• 1 year or 20 years• Endocarditis• Transplant recipients, cancer, kidney disease• Treatment: acute- doxycycline
chronic- doxycycline & quinolones doxycycline &
hydroxychloroquine
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Prevention
educationappropriate disposalrestrict accesspasteurized milklaboratory clothingvaccinationquarantineholding facilitiesroutine testing
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Chlamydia
Readings question #7:
What are the 3 species of chlamydias that are significant pathogens for humans? Describe the growth stages of this microorganism.
Chlamydias are transmitted to humans by interpersonal contact or by airborne respiratory routes.
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Chlamydial pneumonia
• outbreaks among college students• transmitted by the respiratory route• 50% U.S. population has antibodies• treatment: tetracycline
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Chlamydia trachomatic
• Causative agent for:trachoma
Lymphogranuloma veneruem NGU (non-gonococcal
urethritis) or NSU (non-specific urethritis)
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Trachoma
• Greek: “rough eye”• arid parts of Africa and Asia, almost all
children are infected early in their lives• 500 million active cases worldwide and 7
million blinded victims• occurs occasionally in the southwestern U.S.• transmitted by hand contact or by sharing
personal objects
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Trachoma (cont’d)
• conjunctivitis leads to permanent scarring• long-term mechanical abrasion of the cornea• turned-in eyelashes• secondary infections• tetracycline ointment• partial immunity• sanitary practices and health education
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Lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV)
• Genital infections associated with an increased risk of cervical cancer
• NGU/NSU: any inflammation of the urethra that is not caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae– painful urination and watery discharge– coinfection with C. trachomatis
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Chlamycia psittaci
• Infected birds will usually have diarrhea, ruffled feathers, respiratory illness, and a generally “droopy appearance”