h205 cosmic origins telescopes (ch. 6) visit kirkwood obs time for reflection hand in ep1 apod
TRANSCRIPT
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H205 Cosmic Origins
Telescopes (Ch. 6)Visit Kirkwood ObsTime for Reflection
Hand in EP1
APOD
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Beginnings…
This sketch of a telescope was included in a letter
written by Giovanpattista della Porta in August 1609
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Thomas Harriet’s Drawings of the
Moon and Sun
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Technology moves forward… Telescopes get BIGGER
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Think about a square telescope…
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Round ones work the same way
The amount of light a telescope collectsincreases as the area of the primary mirror(the square of the diameter)
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Telescopes and
how they work
from lenses…
to mirrors
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Kirkwood Observato
ry• 12” refracting
telescope (uses lenses to form an image)
• Built in 1901• Used for public
outreach and teaching
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The 3.5-meter WIYN telescope Kitt Peak, Arizona
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The WIYN Telescope
• Mirror: 3.5 meter diameter
• Located at Kitt Peak, Arizona
• Built in 1995• IU has a share
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New Telescope Technolog
y• “Fast” mirror
• Lightweight mirror• Mirror shape
controlled• Mechanically simpler
mount• Temperature control
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Casting the WIYN Mirror
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Polishing the WIYN Mirror
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The WIYN New Technology “Dome”
• Compact telescope chamber• Open for ventilation• Insulated to keep cool• Heated spaces kept separate
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in 6-8 meter telescopes
WIYN TECHNOLOGY
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8-10 Meter Telescopes Today
• Keck Telescopes Gemini North and
South• ESO’s Very Large
Telescope• Subaru• Hobby-Eberly
Telescope and SALT• MMT Observatory• Magellan• Large Binocular
Telescope
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The Twin Keck Telescopeson Mauna Kea
• Two 10-meter telescopes• “segmented” mirrors
– 36 hexagonal segments• Keck I in 1993; Keck II in
1996
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ESO’s VLTCerro Paranal, Chile
Four 8.2 meter telescopes– Antu (the Sun)– Kueyen (the Moon)– Melipel (the Southern Cross)– Yepun (Venus - as evening
star)
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6.5-meter Telescopes
Magellan TelescopesTwin 6.5-m in Chile
Borosilicate honeycomb
mirrors
MMT Observatory 6.5-m Telescopealso borosilicate honeycomblocated in southern Arizona
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Large Binocular Telescope
Twin 8.4-meter mirrors on a single mount in
southern Arizona
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Going Observing• To observe at a major observatory,
an astronomer must:– Submit a proposal – Plan ahead– Work day and night
• Astronomers may also “observe” via the Internet– Space observatories– Data archives– Remote observing – We will do this!
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Computers
• Operating a computer and being able to program are as important as knowing how to use a telescope
• Computers accomplish several tasks:– Solve equations– Move telescopes and feed information to
detectors– Convert data into useful form– Communicate and distribute data
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Detecting the Light
• Electronic Detectors– Incoming light strikes an
array of semiconductor pixels that are coupled to a computer
– Efficiencies of 95% are possible
– CCD (Charged-coupled Device)
The Human EyeOnce used with a telescope to record observations or make sketchesNot good at detecting faint light, even with the 10-meter Keck telescopes
•Photographic plates chemically stores data to record fainter light
•Very inefficient: only 4% of the light recorded on film
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Correcting for Correcting for the Earth’s the Earth’s AtmosphereAtmosphere
• Even at wavelengths where the atmosphere is transparent, the atmosphere “blurrs” light– Why to stars “twinkle” (scintillation)?– The condition of the sky for viewing is referred to
as seeing– Distorted seeing can be improved by adaptive optics
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Adaptive Optics – Correcting distortions caused by the Earth’s Atmosphere
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How does it work???
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UH-88”, Courtesy W.Brandner, 0.65” seeing
4’40”
5”
>220 stars in 5”x5”
Gemini N/Hokupa’a-QUIRC (U of H/NSF)
The Power
ofAdaptive
Optics
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• text
The importance of image quality
typical ground-based image
Hubble image
WIYN imageThe Ring Nebula
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New Telescopes to Answer New Questions
• 20 and 30-meter telescopes• 8-meter survey telescope• James Webb Space Telescope• Virtual Observatory
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Adaptive Optics will be a key
component of 20 and 30 meter
telescopes
Lasers will produce artificial stars in the
sky to help focus starlight
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• 8.4-meters• Triple-fold optical design• 3 billion pixel-camera• 30,000 gigabytes each
night
LSSTLarge-apertureSynoptic
SurveyTelescope
Survey the sky each weekReal-time data analysis3 billion sources + transients
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Beyond 30-meters
ESO’s Overwhelmingly Large Telescope
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How much do big telescopes cost?
Cost increases rapidly as the
diameter increases
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Light Pollution
• artificial lighting threatens all observatories on the ground
• shield all outdoor lights
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Electromagnetic Spectrum
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Is the Atmosphere Transparent or Opaque?
Applets\light_absorption.swf
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Observing at Nonvisible
Wavelengths
• Astronomical objects radiate in wavelengths other than visible (thermal radiators)– Cold gas clouds – Dust clouds– Hot gases around black holes
• Telescopes for each wavelength region– Require their own unique design– All collect and focus radiation and resolve details– False-color pictures to show images– Some wavelengths must be observed from space
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Radio Telescopes
• Radio telescopes work the same way as optical telescopes• Large metal “mirror” reflects radio waves
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Space vs. Ground-Based Observatories
• Space-Based Advantages– Freedom from atmospheric blurring– Observe at wavelengths not transmitted by air
• Ground-Based Advantages– Larger collecting power– Equipment easily fixed
• Ground-Based Problems– Weather, humidity, and haze– Light pollution
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Exploring New
Wavelengths:
Gamma Rays• 1967 gamma-ray bursts from space discovered
by military satellites watching for Soviet nuclear bomb explosions
• Source of gamma-ray bursts is now (almost) understood
• Gamma rays from Milky Way center and remnants of exploded stars
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Space Telescopes
• NASA’s four Great Observatories – Visible – Hubble Space Telescope– Gamma rays - Compton Gamma Ray Obs.– X-rays - Chandra X-ray Observatory– Infrared - Spitzer Space Telescope
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The Hubble Space Telescope
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Hubble Trivia
• Launched April 24, 1990, by Space Shuttle Discovery
• Visible light, ultraviolet, and near-infrared
• Orbits about 380 miles (611 km) above Earth
• About the size of a bus• Primary mirror ~ 2 meters• Named after astronomer
Edwin Hubble– discovered galaxies beyond
our Milky Way– determined that space is
expanding
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Keeping track of Hubble
•Where is Hubble now?
•When can I see Hubble?
Where is the Hubble Space Telescope?
www.heavens-above.com
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Space and Ground in Partnership
• Supernova brightness measured with Hubble
• Distances measured from the ground
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The Chandra X-Ray Telescope
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How Do X-Ray Telescopes Work?
• X-rays do not reflect off mirrors the same way that visible light does
• X-ray photons penetrate into the mirror in much the same way that bullets slam into a wall
• X-rays ricochet off mirrors like bullets off a wall• X-ray telescopes are very different from optical telescopes.
X-ray mirrors are precisely shaped and aligned to incoming x-rays. They look more like barrels than the familiar dish mirrors of optical telescopes.
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The SpitzerInfrared
Space Telescope
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Spitzer Trivia
• Launched 25 August 2003• Estimated Lifetime:2.5 – 5 years • Orbits the Sun, Earth-trailing, heliocentric• Telescope – only 85 cm diameter (33.5”)
www.spitzer.caltech.edu/about/now.shtml
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Compton Gamma Ray Observatory
• 1991 – 2000• solar flares
• gamma-ray bursts• pulsars
• nova• supernova explosions
• black holes• quasar emission
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What does it cost?????
• Proposed NASA budget for 2009: ~$18 B
– Science ~$5.3 billion *– Exploration ~$5.0 billion– Aeronautics ~$0.7 billion– Space Ops ~$7 billion– Education ~$0.15 billion
*All astronomy research and space telescopes are in this part.
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Comparable Spending
• $20 billion at jewelry stores (US)• $24 billion at liquor stores (US)• $40 billion on weight loss (US)• $23.5 billion on candy and gum (US)• $31 billion on pet toys and supplies
(US)• $7 billion on video rentals (US)• $18 billion on makeup (worldwide)• $35 billion on bottled water
(worldwide)
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Great Observatories’ Costs
• Hubble Space Telescope: $6 billion• Chandra X-ray Telescope: $2.5 billion• Spitzer IR Telescope: $1.2 billion• Compton Gamma Ray Tel: $0.56 billion
Question: Why does society chose to support science research at this cost?
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For Week 2:
Chapter 23 (Origin of Universe)Chapter 4 (Gravity)
EP 2Special Lecture:Tuesday, March 24, FA015, 7:30 PMThe Chemical Heritage of Star and Planet Formation
Good for Reflection 1
!!!