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O N F L U E N C E the

AN ARAM IAS ACADEMY'S INNOVATIVE INITIATIVE FOR PRELIMS - 2021

A BOUQUET OF TOPICS FROM SEVEN SUBJECTS - 100 DAYS AND 700 TOPICS

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

S.NO SUBJECT TOPICS PAGE NO

1. POLITY GRAM NYAYALAYA 03

2. HISTORY IMPORTANT DYNASTY 05

3. GEOGRAPHY MEKEDATU PROJECT 08

4. ECONOMY INITIATIVES FOR SCHOOL GOING

STUDENTS DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC

11

5. ENVIRONMENT TREE CITY OF THE WORLD 13

6. SCIENCE

& TECHNOLOGY

1ST PPP RESEARCH REACTOR FOR PRODUCTION OF NUCLEAR

MEDICINES15

7. CURRENT AFFAIRS

UNITED NATIONS 18

03

1. POLITY GRAM NYAYALAYA

Introduction:

Gram Nyayalayas are mobile courts established in India for the speedy and low-cost justice system in rural India.

ThesalientfeaturesoftheGramNyayalayasAct,2008(The act came into force on 2nd October 2009)

Establishment of Gram Nyayalaya:

The State Government, after consultation with the High Court, may establish one or more Gram Nyayalayas

For every Panchayat at intermediate level or

A group of contiguous Panchayats at the intermediate level in a district or

where there is no Panchayat at intermediate level in any State, for a group of contiguous Gram Panchayats

The Gram Nyayalayas established shall be in addition to the courts established under any other law for the time being in force. The headquarters of every Gram Nyayalaya shall be located at the headquarters of

The intermediate Panchayat in which the Gram Nyayalaya is established or such other place as may be noti�ied by the State Government.

Appointments:

The State Government shall, in consultation with the High Court, appoint a Nyayadhikari for every Gram Nyayalaya

A person quali�ied to be appointed as a Nyayadhikari must be eligible to be appointed as a Judicial Magistrate of the �irst class.

While appointing a Nyayadhikari, representation shall be given to the members of the Scheduled Castes, the Scheduled Tribes, women and such other classes or communities

Jurisdiction: Gram Nyayalayas have jurisdiction over an area speci�ied by a noti�ication by the

State Government in consultation with the respective High Court.

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Nyayadhikari can hold mobile courts and conduct proceedings in villages.

Gram Nyayalayas have both civil and criminal jurisdiction over the offences.

They can try criminal offences speci�ied in the First Schedule and civil suits speci�ied in Second Schedule to the Act.

The Central as well as the State Governments have been given the power to amend the First Schedule and the Second Schedule of the Act.

The pecuniary jurisdiction of the Nyayalayas is �ixed by the respective High Courts.

High Courts can transfer eligible cases from the District court to the Gram Nyayalayas.

Working:

The Gram Nyayalayas arenotboundbytheIndianEvidenceAct and follow the principleofnaturaljustice.

The Gram Nyayalaya shall exercise the powers of a Civil Court with certain modi�ications and shall follow the special procedure as provided in the Act.

The Gram Nyayalaya shall endeavour to settle the disputes by bringing about conciliation between the parties as far as possible and it shall make use of the conciliators appointed for this purpose.

The Gram Nyayalaya shall follow the summary procedure in case of criminal cases. A summary procedure is a legal procedure for enforcing the right that takes effect faster and more ef�iciently than ordinary methods.

Nature of Judgement:

The judgements/orders passed by the Gram Nyayalaya are deemed to be a decree

Appeals:

Appeal inCivil cases– Appeals in civil cases shall lie to the District Court which shall hear and dispose it within six months from the date of �iling of such appeal.

Appeal in Criminal Cases– Appeals in criminal cases shall lie to the court of session which shall hear and dispose it within six months from the date of such appeal.

05

The 12th and the 13th centuries saw the emergence of the Kakatiyas. They were at �irst the feudatories of the Western Chalukyas of Kalyana, ruling over a small territory near Warangal. Prataparudra I established a sovereign dynasty in 1163 CE. The dynasty saw powerful leaders like Ganapathi Deva and Rudramadevi.

Even today the memory of the Kakatiya rule is green in the minds and hearts of the Andhrajati as the Kakatiyas shaped and moulded the identity of the Andhras by establishing a uni�ied political and cultural hegemony over the entire Telugu-speakingregion.

Like the rest of the political power structures, there is no unanimity among historians regarding theoriginandcaste of the Kakatiyas.

The Kakatiyas are also known as worshippers of Svayambhudeva, i.e., Siva. The Bayyaram tank epigraph now de�initely proves that Venna was the earliest member of the family and he ruled from a town called Kakati and as such his descendants are styled as Kakatiyas.

The literary text Prataparudrayasobhushana of Vidyanatha records that this family of rulers was called Kakatiyas as they were known to have worshipped the goddess Kakati.

Prataparudra I, also known as Kakatiya Rudradeva,was the son of the Kakatiya leader Prola II. It was under his rule that the Kakatiyas declared sovereignty. He ruled the kingdom till 1195 A.D.

It was under the rule of Prataparudra I that usage of Telugu language in inscriptions began.

Before the establishment ofOrugallu/Warangal as the capital, Hanamakonda was the �irst capital of the Kakatiyas.

As Ganapatideva had no male issue, his daughter Rudramadevi ruled from AD 1262 to 1289. Ganapatideva had two daughters; Rudrama and Ganapamba.

He selected his eldest daughter Rudrama to succeed him and made her his co-regent from AD 1260 to 1262 to enable her to gain experience in the art of rulership.

The accession of Rudrama to the Kakatiya throne was a remarkable and memorable event of medieval South India as she was the �irstwomanrulerofAndhraregion.

2. HISTORY IMPORTANT DYNASTY

Kakatiyas:

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The great Italian traveller Marco Polo visited the Kakatiya Kingdom sometime during Rudramadevi’stenure as the ruler of the Kakatiya Dynasty and made note of her administrative style; admiring her extensively.

The iconic Kakatiya Thoranam was built by Rudramadevi’s father in the 12th Century. This ornate arch is said to have many similarities with the gateways at the Sanchi Stupa and is also the emblem of Telangana.

The scenic Pakhallake in Warangal was built by Ganapathi Deva.

The 1000 pillar temple in Warangal was built during the Kakatiya Rule and is another example to the exquisite Kakatiya Architecture.

Under the Kakatiya rule, the caste system was not rigid and in fact, it was not given much signi�icance socially. Anyone could take up any profession and people were not bound to an occupation by birth.

The Koh-i-NoorDiamond, which is now among the jewels set in the British Crown, was mined and �irstownedbytheKakatiya Dynasty.

Since the end of 13th Century and the early of 14th Century, Kakatiya Kingdom faced several attacks by the Delhi Sultanate. The attacks started under AlauddinKhilji’srule and it is said that it is during this time that the Koh-i-Noor went into the hands of the Delhi Sultanate.

The Kakatiyas also extended patronage to the art of painting. The traces of painting that are found on ceilings of the pillared halls of the temples at Ghanapur and Palampet bear testimony to the painting skill of that period. The defaced painting of the ‘Churningof theMilkOcean’ found on the ceiling of the Sabha MandepaoftheNamevaratempleat Pillalamarri is also a good example of their painting skill.

The Kakatiya rule in Andhra was a period of transition and ushered the beginning of an era in the 13th century. The Kakatiyas by their support of art and their integrative polity improved agriculture, commerce and trade in the interior and construction of temples in Telangana, Rayalaseema and coastal Andhra.

The Kakatiya rule �inally came to an end in 1323 A.D. when Warangal was conquered by the GhiyasuddinTughlaq, the then Sultan of Delhi.

07

08

Context:

The National Green Tribunal (NGT) forms panel to probe allegations of illegal construction at Mekedatu.

Location:

Mekedatu means goat’s leap.

It is a deep gorge situated at the con�luence of theriversCauvery and its tributary Arkavathi, which is at the midst of the CauveryWildlifeSanctuary.

About the Project:

The project is of Rs 9000 crore and was approved in 2017 by the Karnataka State government.

The objective of the project is to storeandsupplywaterfordrinkingpurposesforBengaluruCity.

Also, around 400 megawatts (MW) of power is proposed to be generated through

the project. It also received approval from the Ministry of Water Resources for the detailed

project report and is awaiting for the approval from the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC).

It is said the approval from MoEFCC is crucial as 63%of the forest areaof theCauveryWildlifeSanctuary will be submerged.

Tamil Nadu opposes the project would affect the �low of Cauvery water to Tamil

Nadu and also says that project is against the �inal order of the CauveryWaterDisputesTribunal(CWDT)andtheSupremeCourt held that no state can claim exclusive ownership or assert rights to deprive other states of the waters of inter-state rivers.

Recently, The National Green Tribunal has appointed a joint committee to delve into

allegations of unauthorised construction activity taking place in Mekedatu where the Karnataka government had proposed to construct a dam across the Cauvery River.

3. GEOGRAPHY MEKEDATU PROJECT

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As per the 2018 Supreme Court verdict, Karnataka would get 284.75 thousand million cubic feet (tmcft), Tamil Nadu 404.25 tmcft, Kerala 30 tmcft and Puducherry 7 tmcft.

Cauvery River:

The Cauvery (also spelt as ‘Kaveri’), known as ‘Ponni’ in Tamil, is the fourth-largest river in south India.

Originating in the Western Ghats at Talakaveri onBrahmagiriHilloftheWesternGhats in south-western Karnataka , it passes through Tamil Nadu.

The river bisects the state into north and south and �inally reaches the Bay of

Bengal at Poompuhar, also known as Kaveripoompattinam in Tamil Nadu. The river divides itself into two distinct channels at Srirangam near by GrandAnaicut, where Northern channel is called Kollidam(Coleroon) and Southern one Cauvery.

Before draining into Bay of Bengal, the river splits into many distributaries and

forms 8,000 sq.km delta, Hence the place is also called as GardenofSouthIndia. The river is also called ‘DakshinaGanga’or‘theGangaoftheSouth’. The Cauvery basin is spread over 81,155squarekilometres(sqkm) in the states

of Karnataka (34,273 sq km), Tamil Nadu (43,856 sq km) and Kerala (2,866 sq km) and the Union Territory of Puducherry (160 sq km).

The Cauvery’s major tributaries are Hemavati, Lakshmantirtha, Kabani(Kabbani),Arkavathy, Amaravati,Noyil,andBhavanirivers.

The river’s total length, from source to mouth, is 800kilometres.

10

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This initiative was announced for school and higher education under the Atma Nirbhar Bharat programme in May, 2020. It is a comprehensive initiative to unify all efforts related to digital/online/on-air education to enable multi-mode and equitable access to education for students and teachers. The four PM e-Vidya components of school education are:

One nation, one digital education infrastructure: Under this component all States/UTs have free access to a single digital infrastructure i.e, DIKSHA. It is arti�icial intelligence based, highly scalable, and can be accessed through a web-portal and mobile application. It provides access to a large number of curricula linked e-content through several use cases and solutions such as QR coded Energized Textbooks (ETBs), courses for teachers, quizzes and others. DIKSHA has experienced more than 800 crore hits since lockdown. In April, 2020, VidyaDaan portal was launched on Diksha as a national content contribution program that leverages the DIKSHA platform and tools to seek and allow contribution/donation of e-learning resources for school education by educational bodies, private bodies, and individual experts.

Oneclass,oneTVchannelsthroughSwayamPrabhaTVChannels: Swayam Prabha DTH channels are meant to support and reach those who do not have access to the internet. 12 channels are devoted to telecast high quality educational programmes in school education. The pilot/beta version has been launched in October, 2020.

ExtensiveuseofRadio,CommunityradioandPodcasts: Radio broadcasting is being used for children in remote areas who are not online. 303 pieces of curriculum-based radio programmes (for Classes 1-8) have been produced by CIET-NCERT for its dissemination/ broadcast on 12 GyanVani FM Radio Stations, 60 Community Radio Stations, iRadio and Jio Saavn Mobile apps. 289 Community Radio Stations have also been used to broadcast content for NIOS for grades 9 to 12. A Podcast of CBSE called Shiksha Vani is being effectively used by learners of grades 9 to12. It contains over 430 pieces of audio content for all subjects of grades 9 to 12.

For thedifferently-abled:One DTH channel is being operated speci�ically for hearing impaired students in sign language. For visually and hearing-impaired students, study material has been developed in Digitally Accessible Information System (DAISY) and in sign language; both are available on NIOS website/ YouTube. 25 NCERT textbooks have also been converted into DAISY format.

INITIATIVES FOR SCHOOL GOING STUDENTS

1. PM eVIDYA:

4. ECONOMY

DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC

12

2. Swayam MOOCs for open schools and pre-service education:

Online MOOC courses relating to NIOS (grades 9 to 12 of open schooling) are uploaded on SWAYAM portal. Around 92 courses have started and 1.5 crore students are enrolled under Swayam MOOCs.

3. Funding support for digital initiative:

To mitigate the effect of COVID-19, 818.17 crore is allotted to states/UTs to promote online learning through digital initiatives, and 267.86 crore for online teacher training to ensure continuous professional development of teachers under Samagra Shiksha Scheme.

4. National Repository of Open Educational Resources (NROER):

NROER is an open storehouse of e-content. Nearly 17,500 pieces of e-content are available for various school subjects in all grades.

5. PRAGYATA:

Guidelines on digital education were developed with a focus on online/blended/ digital education for students who are presently at home due to the closure of schools.

6. MANODARPAN:

The ‘Manodarpan’ initiative for psychosocial support has been included in the Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan, as part of strengthening and empowering the human capital to increase productivity and ef�iciency through reforms and initiatives in the education sector.

13

Introduction:

In a unique distinction, Hyderabad has become the only city in India to be recognised as a ‘Tree City of the World’ by the Arbor Day Foundation and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations. Hyderabad is placed alongside 119 other cities from 63 countries.

The United States, Canada and the United Kingdom are the countries with the maximum cities featured on the list, with 38, 15 and 11 cities, respectively. The countries have been recognised for their commitment to growing and maintaining urban forests in building healthy, resilient and happy cities.

About Tree cities of the world programme: Urban forests help de�ine a sense of place and well-being where people live, work,

play, and learn. The Tree Cities of the World programme is an international effort to recognise cities and towns committed to ensuring that their urban forests and trees are properly maintained, sustainably managed, and duly celebrated.

The goal is to connect cities around the world in a new network dedicated to sharing and adopting the most successful approaches to managing community trees and forests.

To be recognised as a Tree City, a community must meet �ive core standards that illustrate a commitment to caring for its trees and forest.

STANDARD 1: Establish Responsibility:

The city has a written statement by city leaders delegating responsibility for the

care of trees within the municipal boundary to a staff member, a city department, or a group of citizens—called a Tree Board.

STANDARD 2: Set the Rules:

The city has in place a law or an of�icial policy that governs the management of

forests and trees. These rules describe how work must be performed—often citing best practices or industry standards for tree care and worker safety—where and when they apply, and penalties for noncompliance.

5. ENVIRONMENT TREE CITY OF THE WORLD

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STANDARD 3: Know What You Have:

The city has an updated inventory or assessment of the local tree resource so that

an effective long-term plan for planting, care, and removal of city trees can be established.

STANDARD 4: Allocate the Resources:

The city has a dedicated annual budget for the routine implementation of the tree

management plan.

STANDARD 5: Celebrate Achievements:

The city holds an annual celebration of trees to raise awareness among residents

and to acknowledge citizens and staff members who carry out the city tree programme.

Benefits of Recognition: 1. Reduce costs for energy, stormwater management, and erosion control. Trees

yield 3–5 times their cost in overall bene�its to the city. 2. Boost property values across community. Properly placed trees can increase

property values from 7–20%. Buildings in wooded areas rent more quickly, and tenants stay longer.

3. Build stronger ties to neighbourhood and city. Trees and green spaces directly

correlate to greater connections to neighbours. 4. Cities and towns can use the Tree Cities of the World standards as a way to

begin caring for city trees or enhance urban forest management through improved ordinances, innovative programmes, and increased emphasis on planting and care.

5. Educate the people living in the city about the value of trees and the importance

of sustainable tree management.

15

Introduction: Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) has evolved a design for the �irst PPP

Research Reactor for production of Nuclear Medicines. The premier research organization of the Department of Atomic Energy (DAE) is ready to share the technology of production of a variety of nuclear medicines. In the proposed partnership, the private entities will get exclusive rights to process and market the isotopes produced in the research reactor, in lieu of investing in the reactor and processing facilities.

When this started?

It may be stated that on May 2020, Union Finance Minister announced establishment of a Research Reactor in PPP mode for production of medical isotopes as a part of Aatma Nirbhar Bharat initiatives for DAE.

Process in the evolution of this reactor: DAE has initiated discussion with potential Indian and global investors regarding

this project to seek their inputs. Going forward, investor's road shows are planned starting from 1st quarter of 2021, followed by a formal tender process for selection of private partner(s). The proposed reactor is expected to come online within �ive years of the beginning of the construction. The construction is planned to start after obtaining all requisite permissions.

Gains for India in this project:

1. In line with the ‘Make In India’ vision of the Government, this project will be a major step towards making India self-reliant in key radio isotopes used in medical and industrial applications.

2. As a result, it will increase availability of effective and affordable treatments for cancer.

3. At the same time, the large scale and the technology being deployed for the planned research reactor will enable India to not only become a signi�icant global player in the growing nuclear medicine market, but also have one of the most modern research reactors anywhere in the world.

Globally, nuclear medicine is a USD 6 Billion market and is expected to grow rapidly

to reach USD 30 Billion by 2030. India produces all major isotopes in the country under the aegis of BARC. It also imports some of the isotopes to ful�il the growing

6. SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 1ST PPP RESEARCH REACTOR FOR

PRODUCTION OF NUCLEAR MEDICINES

16

demand of the country from Europe, Australia and other Asian countries. The planned PPP has an opportunity to completely transform India's stature in the global nuclear medicine industry.

BARC: BARC is the premier research institute for research in radio-isotopes for medical,

industrial and research purposes for more than 60 years. BARC's research has resulted in developing and processing many new radio-isotopes, reducing import dependency as well as making the life-saving isotopes available to the country's poorest of the poor at a most reasonable cost.

BARC has active groups for Research and Development in Reactor Technologies, Fuel reprocessing and waste management, Isotope Applications, Radiation Technologies and their application to health, agriculture and environment, Accelerator and Laser Technology, Electronics, instrumentation and reactor control and Materials Science. Strong emphasis on basic and applied research in a number of core disciplines of Science has made synergy between basic research and technology development possible.

Other Research reactors in BARC:

1. APSARA-U-Apsara-U (Apsara-Upgraded) was successfully commissioned and its First Approach to Criticality (FAC) was achieved on 10th September 2018. Indigenously developed Low Enriched Uranium (LEU) fuel in Uranium Silicide form is used in the reactor. By virtue of higher neutron �lux, Apsara-U will enhance indigenous production of radioisotopes for various societal applications. The reactor will also be used extensively for research in nuclear physics, material science and radiation shielding.

2. APSARA achieved criticality on August 4, 1956 and was the �irst research reactor in Asia to achieve criticality. Light water was used as both moderator and coolant. It was mainly used for production of isotopes, basic research, shielding experiments, neutron activation analysis, neutron radiography and for testing neutron detectors. Apsara was permanently shutdown in June, 2009.

3. ZERLINA was a thermal reactor based on natural uranium metallic fuel and heavy water as both moderator and coolant. It achieved criticality in January 14, 1961. It was mainly utilized for reactor lattice studies and was decommissioned in 1983.

4. CIRUS reactor was built in collaboration with Canada and was commissioned on 10th July 1960. CIRUS was extensively used for condensed matter research using neutron beams, material irradiation, fuel testing, neutron activation analysis and production of radioisotopes for applications in medicine, agriculture and industry. After 50 years of successful operation, it was permanently shut-down in December 2010.

17

5. DHRUVA was conceived in the 1970s out of the need for a research reactor with higher neutron �lux for research in basic sciences in addition to a growing demand of radioisotopes and advanced. The reactor incorporates several features not only to satisfy multidisciplinary user community but also in the production of radioisotopes of high speci�ic activity. Dhruva is a National Facility for Neutron Beam Research to cater to the needs of Indian scienti�ic community where scientists from BARC, other units of the Department of Atomic Energy (DAE), universities and national laboratories work under collaborative projects. Many of the collaborations are supported by the University Grants Commission – DAE Consortium for Scienti�ic Research (UGC-DAE-CSR) and the Board of Research in Nuclear Sciences (BRNS).

6. PURNIMA-I was the �irst experimental fast reactor built in BARC with Plutonium Oxide as the fuel. This 1 Watt reactor was critical on May 1972 and was used for studies of fast reactor physics. It was decommissioned in 1973.

7. PURNIMA-IIwas an experimental thermal reactor in BARC achieved criticality on May, 1984. The purpose of this reactor was 233U fuel evaluation and futuristic reactor studies and was decommissioned in 1986.

8. PURNIMA-III was another 233U based thermal reactor built in BARC intended for mockup studies for KAMINI reactor. It achieved criticality on November, 1990. Like its predecessor, this reactor too operated on light water as both moderator and coolant. This reactor was decommissioned in 1991.

9. Critical Facility for Advanced HeavyWater Reactor (AHWR-CF) attained �irst criticality on April, 2008. The Critical facility is basically a low power research reactor with built-in design features which allow arrangement of fuel rods, safety rods and experimental assemblies in the variable lattice spacing to simulate different core con�igurations as per the requirements of various reactor physics experiments for AHWR and 500 MWe PHWR. Though the critical facility is designed for validating the reactor physics design of AHWR, it is utilized for neutron activation analysis, nuclear detector testing and assessment of negative reactivity of absorber material.

18

The predecessor of the United Nations was the LeagueofNations, established in

1919, after World War I, under the TreatyofVersailles" to promote international cooperation and to achieve peace and security."

Despite some early successes, the League of Nations was not able to prevent World War II.

As of 20 April 1946, the League of Nations ceased to exist, having handed over all of its assets to the United Nations, and having granted the new UN Secretariat full control of its Library and archives.

Aim: UN aims to maintain internationalpeace and security, develop friendly relations

among nations, achieve international cooperation, and be a centre for harmonizing the actions of nations.

Member States: The UN’s Membership has grown from the original 51 Member States in 1945 to the

current 193 Member States.

All UN Member States are members of the General Assembly. States are admitted to membership by a decision of the General Assembly upon the recommendation of the Security Council.

7. CURRENT AFFAIRS UNITED NATIONS

Why was in the news? The United Nations (UN) will celebrate its 75th anniversary on 24 October 2020: About: The organisation formally (of�icially) came into existence on 24thOctober1945,

with 51 countries considered as founding members and several non-governmental organisations, who signed the charter which was drafted at the UNConferenceonInternational Organisation in San Francisco, California. The UN is headquartered on international territory in New York City, with its other main of�ices in Geneva,Nairobi,Vienna, and TheHague.

Background:

19

Main Organs of the UN: The main bodies of the United Nations are the General Assembly, the Security

Council, the Economic and Social Council, the Trusteeship Council, the International Court of Justice, and the UN Secretariat. All were established under the UN Charter when the Organization was founded in 1945.

General Assembly: The General Assembly is the main deliberative, policymaking and representative

organ of the UN. All 193MemberStatesoftheUN are represented in the General Assembly, making it the only UN body with universal representation. Each year, in September, the full UN membership meets in the General Assembly Hall in New York for the annual General Assembly session, and general debate, which many heads of state attend and address. Decisions on important questions, such as those on peace and security, admission of new members and budgetary matters, require a two-thirds majority of the General Assembly. Decisions on other questions are by simple majority. The General Assembly, each year, elects a GA President to serve a one-year term of of�ice.

Security Council: The Security Council has primary responsibility, under the UN Charter, for the

maintenance of international peace and security. It has 15 Members (5permanent and 10 non-permanent members). Each Member has one vote. Under the Charter, all Member States are obligated to comply with Council decisions. The Security Council takes the lead in determining the existence of a threat to the peace or act of aggression. It calls upon the parties to a dispute to settle it by peaceful means and recommends methods of adjustment or terms of settlement. In some cases, the Security Council can resort to imposing sanctions or even authorize the use of force to maintain or restore international peace and security. The Security Council has a Presidency, which rotates, and changes, every month.

Economic and Social Council: The Economic and Social Council is the principal body for coordination, policy

review, policy dialogue and recommendations on economic, social and environmental issues, as well as implementation of internationally agreed development goals. It serves as the central mechanism for activities of the UN system and its specialized agencies in the economic, social and environmental �ields, supervising subsidiary and expert bodies. It has 54 Members, elected by the General Assembly for overlapping three-year terms. It is the United Nations’ central platform for re�lection, debate, and innovative thinking on sustainable development.

20

Trusteeship Council: The Trusteeship Council was established in 1945 by the UN Charter, under Chapter

XIII, to provide international supervision for 11 Trust Territories that had been placed under the administration of seven Member States, and ensure that adequate steps were taken to prepare the Territories for self-government and independence. By 1994, all Trust Territories had attained self-government or independence. The Trusteeship Council suspended operation on 1 November 1994. By a resolution adopted on 25 May 1994, the Council amended its rules of procedure to drop the obligation to meet annually and agreed to meet as occasion required -- by its decision or the decision of its President, or at the request of a majority of its members or the General Assembly or the Security Council.

International Court of Justice: The International Court of Justice is the principal judicial organ of the United

Nations. Its seat is at the PeacePalaceinTheHague(Netherlands). It is the only one of the six principal organs of the United Nations not located in New York (United States of America). The Court’s role is to settle, in accordance with international law, legal disputes submitted to it by States and to give advisory opinions on legal questions referred to it by authorized United Nations organs and specialized agencies. The International Court of Justice functions in accordance with its Statute.

Secretariat:

The Secretariat comprises the Secretary-General and tens of thousands of international UN staff members who carry out the day-to-day work of the UN as mandated by the General Assembly and the Organization's other principal bodies. The Secretary-General is Chief Administrative Of�icer of the Organization, appointed by the General Assembly on the recommendation of the Security Council for a �ive-year, renewable term. The Secretary-General is also a symbol of the Organization's ideals, and an advocate for all the world's peoples, especially the poor and vulnerable.

About UN75:

The UN’s 75th anniversary in 2020 arrived at a time of great upheaval and peril. If the world is to recover from COVID-19 and we are to deliver on our promises to future generations - to secure a world where everyone can thrive in peace, dignity and equality on a healthy planet – then 2021 must be the year we change gear.

Member States have identi�ied 12 areas of action that can only be addressed through reinvigorated multilateralism.

The Secretary-General, as mandated by the General Assembly, will put forward his recommendations to advance our common agenda this September.

21

12 identified areas:

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