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Gwadar

A District Profile

Sunset at Gwadar West Bay

Planning & Development DepartmentBureau of Statistics Government of BalochistanPlanning Studies Section Quetta

The District Profiles for all 26 Districts of Balochistan have been developed under responsibility of the Planning Studies Section and Bureau of Statistics, Planning and Development Department, Government of Balochistan, in the framework of Implan-project. This project is funded by Governments of Balochistan and The Netherlands. The United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) has financed the research and the printing costs of the District Profiles in Kalat Division. The United Nations Development Program (UNDP) has committed funds for the printing of the Profiles of the other Districts. Planning and Development Department, Government of Balochistan Planning Studies Section/Bureau of Statistics: • Mr. S. Sajid Hussain Gilani, Assistant Chief, Planning Studies Section. • Mr. Jawad Ahmed Khan, Research Officer, Planning Studies Section. • Mr. Khalid Pervaz, Assistant Director, Bureau of Statistics. Improving the System for Development Planning in Balochistan/Implan-Project. Consultants: • National Management Consultants, Karachi. • Management for Development Foundation, Ede, the Netherlands. • Mr. Koen de Wilde, Chief Technical Advisor Researcher: • Mr. Hamid Sarfraz, Department of Sociology, University of Balochistan. Editors: • Mr. Taj Muhammad Faiz, Chief of Planning Studies Section, P&DD,

Government of Balochistan. • Ms. Salma Majeed Jafar, Women in Development, IMPLAN, Quetta. • Mr. Abdul Ahad Khan, Resident Project Officer UNICEF, Quetta. • Prof: Dr. Mahmood Ali Shah, Department of Political Science, University

of Balochistan • Mr. Teun van Dijk, Regional Planner/Institutional Development, MDF,

Ede. Printed by Quetta Printing Press. July, 1997.

Gwadar

A District Profile

Planning & Development DepartmentBureau of Statistics Government of BalochistanPlanning Studies Section Quetta

FOREWORD. From my various discussions with the general public, Government officials and NGO representatives on development planning in Balochistan, it is clear that lack of accessible information is a major concern. In order to address this matter, a number of initiatives have been taken over the years. However, in most cases, they are of a sectoral nature. Examples include the creation of the Balochistan Education Management Information System (BEMIS), the initiation of the Health Management Information System (HMIS) and further compilation of Agricultural Statistics. We have entered a phase in which more attention must be given to the information needs generated by inter-sectoral efforts, such as planning for specific geographical areas. It is my view that the Planning and Development Department has the primary responsibility for all multi-sectoral aspects of the planning process which includes providing information. Therefore, I wholeheartedly supported the efforts of the Planning Studies Section & Provincial Bureau of Statistics of P&DD, in the framework of the Dutch supported Implan-project, in developing Profiles for each of the 26 Districts in Balochistan. These Profiles contain information on a variety of sectors and subjects. This is the first time since the publication of the Gazetteers at the start of this century, that information is provided for all the Districts of the Province in such a comprehensive manner. I see a great potential for the use of the Profiles by policy makers, planners and implementors in both the public and private sector. Planners in the Districts and at Provincial and Federal level will find them a useful source of information. It can also be a resource for researchers and members of the general public. The District Profiles are not meant to be policy or planning documents by themselves. The main objective of the Profiles is to provide data, and identification and analysis of issues. It is not intended to provide recommendations or solutions to development problems. The Profiles can be an invaluable input in the process of framing policies, and of identifying and formulating development schemes. No new data has been generated in the preparation of the Profiles. All the statistical information included in the district profiles is based on secondary data gathered by the Planning Studies Section & Bureau of Statistics (Sources for all the statistics are cited). The research and analysis has been carried out by university staff. I am proud to say that this is essentially an indigenous effort, in which the lion’s share of the work has been carried out by people from our Province (all but one of the researchers are from the University of Balochistan). In conclusion, I would like to thank the staff of the Implan-project, particularly Planning Studies Section, for providing support in this endeavour, and the researchers and the editors for their untiring efforts. I also wish to express my gratitude to the Royal Netherlands Embassy, UNICEF and UNDP for their assistance.

(Mohammad Yunus Khan Mandokhel) Additional Chief Secretary (Dev.)

Government of Balochistan Quetta, July 1997.

Gwadar: A District Profile page i

© P&DD copyright 1997

Table of Contents Outline District Profile iii Preface vii Gwadar 1 1. District Resources 3 2. Demography and Housing 10 3. Social Organisation 18 4. Government Organisation 24 5. Productive Sectors 33

• Agriculture / Horticulture 33 • Livestock 38 • Fisheries 43 • Forestry 51 • Mining 53 • Industry & Manufacturing 54

6. Economic Infrastructure and Communications 57 7. Social Infrastructure 64

• Water Supply 64 • Health 68 • Education 72 • Sports 78

8. District Accounts and Development Funds 79 9. The District in comparison to Balochistan 82 10. Conclusion: Potential and Constraints 86

Gwadar: A District Profile page ii


Annexes: 1. List of names of all Union Councils, Tehsils, Town and Municipal Committees 2. Population Figures Census 1981 and Projected Figures 1992 and 1995 3. Meteorological Data 4. Functions of Local Government 5. List of names of the MPAs, MNAs and Senators 6. Agricultural Statistics 7. Livestock Statistics 8. Fisheries Statistics 9. Overview of Post, Telecommunication, Banking and Rest House Services at Union Council level 10. Overview of Water Supply Schemes per Union Council level 11. Overview of Health facilities 12. Overview Enrolment Government Primary Schools 13. Some Observations about the Data 14. List of Acronyms 15. Metric System and its Equivalents 16. Bibliography

Gwadar: A District Profile page iii


Outline District Profile

District at a Glance

• District Headquarters Gwadar • Date of Notification 1st July 1977 • Area 15,216 sq.km.

• Population 1981 1995 Male Female Total (Projection)

59,361 53,024 112,385 160,980 • Sex Ratio m/f 1.12 • Population density per sq.km. 7.4 10.6

• Registered Voters (1997) Male: 34,607 Female: 30,700 Total: 65,307 • Major Ethnic Groups An overwhelming proportion (about 98%) of the

population is Baloch. • Major Languages Balochi. • Climate Arid with warm summer and mild winter. • Major Crops (1994-95)

Area (Ha.) Ave. Yield

(Tonnes/Ha.) Fruits 2,496 8.4 Fodder 128 16.7 Water Melon 100 18.8 Vegetables 82 10.1 Wheat 70 1.1 Pulses 70 0.5 • Major livestock (1996) Number Sheep & Goats 38,195 Draught Animals1 8,570 Cattle 5,660 Camels 4,920 Livestock Units (LU)2 33,963 Grazing Capacity3 (Ha./LU) 2.1

1 Draught animals include horses, mules, and donkeys. 2 A livestock unit (LU) is a comparative unit, based on its fodder requirements, through which all livestock can be

summarised; e.g. a cow, bull, camel and horse are defined as 1 LU, while a sheep, goat and donkey are defined as 0.5 LU.

3 The grazing capacity of an area is defined in the same way as the carrying capacity: For our purpose it is defined that one livestock unit can optimally survive on one hectare of area under fodder and range land (range land being forest area and area under pastures). The grazing capacity = Range land + area under fodder / livestock units

Gwadar: A District Profile page iv


• Economy The major economic sector of the district is fisheries while other sectors include agriculture, livestock farming, construction, and services.

• Important Minerals No mining activity has been reported in the district. • Important Places Ormara is the second major port under use of the

Pakistan Navy, while fish harbours have been constructed at Gwadar and Pasni. Jiwani is another famous town for fishing activity.

• Education Facilities (1996) for Boys for Girls Primary Schools 146 28 Middle Schools 10 3 High Schools 9 1 Inter College 1 1 Technical Training Centre 1 Private Schools 4 Computer Training Institute 1 • Level of recurrent expenditure

per student (1995-96) Rs. 1,385 (as per enrolment of all the students in Gwadar in April 1996).

• Teacher-student ratio (1996) Male Female Primary 1:33 1:135 Middle 1:15 1:20 High 1:13 1:38 Intermediate 1:20 1:3 • Health Facilities (1995) Number Hospital 1 Dispensaries 22 Rural Health Centre 3 Basic Health Units 17 TB Clinic 1 Mother-Child Health Centres 3 School Health Service 1 Private Clinics 20 Other 1 • Water supply (coverage) According to the PHED, almost all of the population

has access to potable water through its water supply schemes.

Gwadar: A District Profile page v


• Energy (sources) Wood and kerosene oil are widely used as fuel for cooking and heating, while illumination is arranged through kerosene oil lamps. Electricity, diesel power generators, and gas are used as fuel by a small proportion of the population for light, cooking, and heating.

• Major Industries Fisheries and WAPDA’s power generation plants at

Pasni, Gwadar, Ormara, and Jiwani. • Communication (1996) Metalled Road 58.0 km. Shingle Road 589 km. Earthen Road 66 km. Railway None Airport 4

Gwadar: A District Profile page vi


Map of Gwadar

Gwadar: A District Profile page vii


Preface

The Gwadar district profile is an attempt to accumulate the available information and to address the socio-economic issues at the district level. Although validity of the data on some sectors is debatable, it may become the point of departure for a regular district level documentation in future. I would like to thank Mr. Koen de Wilde, Mr. Teun van Dijk, and Dr. Saif Sherani for their continuous guidance and support during the whole task. The review comments made by Dr. Sherani made this profile more area specific and critical. During the data collection many of the government functionaries extended their sincere co-operation. More knowledge-worthy were the discussions I had with local key informants and common folks. I owe my sincere thanks for all these friends, whose names are hard to be given here. Hamid Sarfraz

Quetta 15th April 1997

Gwadar: A District Profile page 1


Gwadar

Gwadar district, with its 600 kilometres long coast line and un-irrigated tracts of Kulanch and Dasht valleys, has always been an important chapter of Makran’s history. The known history of Makran goes back to the time of prophet Dawood when people entombed themselves to avoid famine. The area is said to be possessed by Iranian King Kaus followed by Afrasiab of Turan and then by Kai Khusrau, again an Iranian. Then there is a long list of rulers, including Lehrasp, Gushtasp, Bahman, Huma and Darab, to the year 325 BC when Alexander the Great incidentally found the sea in this area on his way from India to Macedonia. Greek historian Arrian has mentioned the coast line as the country of Ichthyophagoi. At that time Nearchos, the admiral of Alexander, sailed along the coast and mentioned places named Kalmat, Gwadar, Pishukan and Chahbar. Afterwards, the area was ruled by Seleukos Nikator, one of Alexander’s generals, who lost it to Chandragupta in 303 BC. Then the tract of history is lost in darkness for centuries. An account of this area is found in the beginning of the sixteenth century when the Portuguese found their way to India and captured several places along the Makran coast. In 1581 they burnt “the rich and beautiful city of Pasni” and Gwadar. Although many invaders conquered the land, mostly the local rulers, including Hots, Rinds, Maliks, Buledais and Gichkis, exercised authority in the area as the conquerors had no intentions to stay there. Two regimes of local rulers, of Buledais and Gichkis, are worth mentioning here. The Buledais gained power with the rise of the Zikri sect. These rulers are said to be connected with the rulers of Maskat and were called Buledais with reference to the valley of Buleda where they resided. The Buledais ruled the area for more than a century up to the year 1740. In the last years of their regime they embraced Islam. The Zikri folk joined hands with the Gichkis who also were Zikris by faith. The family feuds and internal dissension between Gichkis resulted in nine successful expeditions (either partially or fully) by Mir Nasir Khan I. It is said, that the main motive behind all these expeditions, made by Mir Nasir Khan I, was to eliminate the Zikris as he belonged to the (anti-Zikri) Muslim faith. These expeditions resulted in a division of revenues between the Khan and Gichkis. In the last quarter of the eighteenth century, Gwadar and the surrounding country fell into the hands of Maskat. Saiad Said succeeded to the masnad of Muscat in 1783 and had a dispute with his brother Saiad Sultan. The latter appears to have fled to Makran and entered into communication with Nasir Khan who granted him the Kalat share of the revenues of Gwadar. Saiad Sultan lived at Gwadar for some time and eventually succeeded in usurping the Sultanate of Maskat in 1797. He died in 1804 and during his sons reign, the Buledai chief of Sarbaz, Mir Dosten, is said to have acquired temporary possession of Gwadar, but a force sent from Maskat regained it. Although it is generally understood that the right of sovereignty in Gwadar was transferred by the Khans of Kalat to Maskat in perpetuity, the Khans and natives of Gwadar have always denounced this perception. The un-irrigated tracts of Kulanch and Dasht valleys have always been connected with Kech. The first Afghan war (1838-39) directed attention of the British to the area. Major Goldsmith visited the area in 1861 and an Assistant Political Agent was appointed in



Gwadar in 1863. Both Pasni and Gwadar have been ports of call for the steamers of the British India Steam Navigation Company. The first ever telegraphic link to this area was made in 1863 when Gwadar was linked to Karachi. Telegraph offices were opened at Gwadar and Pasni. Later post offices were opened at Gwadar in 1894 and at Pasni in 1903. Ormara was linked telegraphically in 1904.4 After the division of the Indian subcontinent into two sovereign states, areas except Gwadar and its surroundings, joined the Balochistan States Union, as part of Makran state. In early 1949 along with Kalat, Lasbela and Kharan. In October 1955, Makran was given the status of a district of former West Pakistan province after its accession to Pakistan. In 1958, Gwadar and its surrounding area was reverted back from Maskat to Pakistan and was made a tehsil of Makran district. On 1st July 1970, when one unit was dissolved and Balochistan gained the status of a province, Makran became one of its 8 districts. On 1st July 1977, Makran was declared a division and was divided into three districts, named Panjgur, Turbat (renamed Kech) and Gwadar. Gwadar was notified as a district on July 1, 1977 with its headquarters at Gwadar town. A stone-built domed shrine of some saint at Gwadar is said to be centuries old. It may be the same one indicated in the Gazetteer of Balochistan. A square fort along with a tower is present amidst the Memon Muhallah of Gwadar. It is near the old bungalow of the Assistant Political Agent to the Governor General (therefore renowned as governor’s house). Moreover, the fort of Saiad Sultan is still in good condition and is being used as a police station.

4 The Gazetteer of Baluchistan: Makran, (Quetta: Gosha-e-Adab, 1986), pp. 33-51, 269-295.



1. District Resources

1.1 Introduction

According to the land use statistics, only one sixth (16.4%) of the total geographical area of Gwadar is reported. The village area is known, but all other area is know as “being not reported”. Only 3.4 percent of the total area is potentially available for cultivation and about 70 percent of this area is culturable waste. This situation indicates a high level of under-exploitation of the district resources. Most of the reported area is not available for cultivation. Time series data reveal that the area under cultivation has increased gradually except in 1995-96 for which data was obtained directly from the office of the Assistant Director, Agriculture Extension. There seems a discrepancy in the land use data provided by the Agricultural Statistics of Balochistan and those of the Assistant Director. The district has forest on some area from where fuel wood is obtained. According to the Irrigation Department, pasture lands substantiate livestock farming. The district has a relatively high grazing capacity. Gwadar district has about 600 kilometres long coastal line which provides great potential for fisheries.

Land use 1994-95 Area (Ha.) % of total district area Total Geographical Area5 1,521,603 100.0Area not Reported 1,272,752 83.6Area Reported6 248,851 16.4- Area not available for cultivation7 182,105 12.0- Area under forest8 15,545 1.0- Area under permanent pasture 70,088* 4.6*- Culturable waste9 35,842 2.4- Area under water logging/salinity 0 0.0- Arable land10 15,359 1.0Potential area available for cultivation11 51,201 3.4Source: Agricultural Statistics of Balochistan 1994-95 * These figures are provided by the National Management Consultants (NMC) with reference to the Irrigation Department however these are not reported by any other source.

1.2 Topography

Gwadar district is located from 25°-01′ to 25°-50′ north latitudes and from 61°-37′ to 65°-15′ east longitudes. It is bounded on the north by Kech and Awaran districts, on the east 5 Total geographical area is the area within the administrative boundaries (of the district). 6 Area reported is the area covered by village and/or district record. The difference between the geographical area and

the area reported is the “area not reported” (yet). 7 Area not available for cultivation includes barren or mountainous land, area under roads, canals, sites of villages,

houses, etc., or otherwise area put to uses alien to agriculture. 8 Area under forest is any land, which is covered by trees, permanent pastures, game sanctuaries and also those areas,

which fall administratively under Revenue and Forest Departments. 9 Culturable waste is such area, which may be available for cultivation but has either not been cultivated or abandoned,

is water logged or saline or left fallow for more than four years. 10 Arable land is land suitable for ploughing and crop production (or being ploughed), net sown or left fallow for less than

four years. 11 Net potential area available for cultivation is both arable land and the culturable waste, as the latter one can be

brought under cultivation by way of e.g. land levelling, irrigation, etc.



by Awaran and Lasbela districts, on the south by the Arabian Sea, and on the west by Iran. Total area of the district is 15,216 square kilometres. Gwadar is a district along the sea-board. Most of its area lies south of the Makran Coast range. The Coast range or Bahrigarr skirts the Arabian Sea for about 450 kilometres between 25°-22′ and 26°-00′ North and 61°-44′ and 66°-30′ East. Its width varies from 55 to 110 kilometres and the parallel ranges of which it is formed descend gradually from east to west. At its eastern end it touches the Hala hills, which bound the western side of the Lasbela plain. It continues west-ward in one mass, of which little is known to about the 64th east parallel, where it commences to bifurcate. The main mass continues south-west and develops into the Talar-e-band ridge, which ends abruptly at Suntsar above the Dasht river. The other part continues west ward from Tal-e-sar, south of Oshap in a well-defined ridge, which forms the southern boundary of the Kech valley, and which may be called the Gokprosh hills. Crossing the Dasht river the Gokprosh hills continue west-ward into Iran. At Pasni the main mass runs down southward to the sea after which it again retreats to enclose the Kulanch valley, on the western side of which it once more sends down an offshoot south-ward in the shape of the Koh-e-Dramb. Throughout its length, the ridges of which it is composed increase gradually in height towards north, the watershed being formed in the extreme north. As the slopes approach the sea, the height of the hills decreases and in many places they are a little more than a mass of hillocks. The coast line of Gwadar district is about 600 kilometres long. The coast extends in an east - west direction, generally being somewhat convex. Owing to the little rainfall, the salt nature of the soil and the physical conformation of the country, it is almost entirely desert. It presents a succession of arid clay plains impregnated with saliferous matter and intersected with water courses. From these plains rise precipitous table-hills, with most fantastic peaks and pinnacles, varying in height above sea level from about 600 meters to hillocks of 6 to 9 meters high. Further inland, ranges of mountains of varying height extend parallel to the coast and to each other, bare, rugged and scorched. The coast line is deeply indented with bays, but its most characteristic feature is the repeated occurrence of promontories and peninsulas of white clay cliffs capped with coarse limestone or shelly breccia which all approach the table-topped form. The intermediate coast is low, with white high sand hills or low sand hills with bushes and tufts, of grass or in some places a strip of very low sand with extensive salt water and mangrove swamps behind it. There is little vegetation to be seen except here and there a clump of date trees indicating a village. Near the sea, the rivers, which are frequently dry or nearly so, become salt water creeks. The surroundings are generally regular, the bank generally running out to about 24 kilometres where it ends abruptly sometimes quite precipitously. Webb Bank near Astalu island had been the only place dangerous to navigation along the coast of Balochistan. The rise and fall of the tide varies in different parts from 2 to 3 meters and may generally be considered about 2.5 meters at springs.12 There are a few good harbours in the district. The principal ports are Jiwani, Gwadar, Pasni, and Ormara. There is a small island named Astola, lying about 20 kilometres off

12 The Gazetteer of Baluchistan: Makran, pp. 5-7.



the coast and some 40 kilometres from Pasni.13 The important rivers and streams in the district include, Shadi Kaur, Sawar, and Dasht river with its tributaries Nilag and Daddeh.

1.3 Climate

The climate of Gwadar, elevated at 0-300 meters above sea level, is dry arid hot. It is placed in “warm summer and mild winter” temperature region. The oceanic influence keeps the temperature lower than that in the interior in summer and higher in winter. The mean temperature in the hottest month (June) remains between 31°C and 32°. The mean temperature in the coolest month (January) varies from 18°C to 19°C. The uniformity of temperature is a unique characteristic of the coastal region in Balochistan. Occasionally, winds moving down the Balochistan plateau bring brief cold spells, otherwise the winter is pleasant.14 In Gwadar, winter is shorter than summer. It stays only from December through February (3 months) while summer starts in March and prolongs up to November (9 months). Mean monthly temperature in summer remains between 21°C and 32°C. In the coldest month, January, the mean monthly temperature remains above 10°C. Freezing temperature has been recorded at Pasni but nowhere else in the district.

Rainfall 1994 (in mm)

12.5

4.60

50 0

57

0

20

0 0

60

18.7

0 0

50

0 0

28.5

11

0 0 0 2.4

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

PasniJiwani

Source: Pakistan Meteorological Department, Karachi

Aridity prevails all over the district because average annual rainfall is below 250 mm and in some years annual rainfall was even below 100 mm. Both the monsoons and the Western Depressions result in scanty rainfall but overall precipitation level remains low. According to the Pakistan Meteorological Department, total annual precipitation in 1994 was 159.1 mm at Pasni and 110.6 mm at Jiwani.

1.3.1 Annual Mean Rainfall15

The Pakistan Meteorological Department has two stations in Gwadar district but meteorological data is not being compiled properly. However the available rainfall data for the last three years confirm the “dry arid” climatic category of the area. There is no regular pattern of rainfall in the district. In 1993, total annual rainfall at Jiwani was 27.0 mm while in 1994 it was 110.6 mm. In 1995, rainfall in just one month exceeded the total 13 Government of Pakistan, 1981 District Census Report of Gwadar (Islamabad: Population Census Organisation, 1983),

p. 1. 14 Fazale Karim Khan, A Geography of Pakistan: Environment, People, and Economy, (Karachi: Oxford University Press,

1993), pp. 32-51. 15 See Annex 3 for Meteorological Data for the period 1993 - 1995



annual precipitation in 1994 as it was 113.0 mm in December 1995. The extent of precipitation affects the supply of drinking water in Gwadar district as most of it is provided from reservoirs which are rain-dependent.

1.3.2 Annual Mean Temperature

At Pasni and Jiwani stations of the Pakistan Meteorological Department, mid summer mean maximum temperature (in June) varied slightly in the years 1993 to 1995 (from 34.5°C to 35.5°C) while mid summer mean minimum temperature ranged from 25.0°C to 27.4°C. The mid winter mean maximum temperature (in January) in these three years was between 24.6°C and 26.0°C and mean minimum temperature in mid winter remained between 11.3°C and 15.0°C.

Mean Temperatures 1995 (in °C)

26 26.6 27.2

34.7 34.632.4 31.6 32.1 32.8

30

23.8

12.5 12.9 14.418.5

24.126.6

23.626.5

24.7 23

17.615.5

31.8

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Max.

Min.


The data on temperature seem consistent through the years as the annual mean maximum temperature for the years 1993 to 1995 ranged from 30.3°C to 31.4°C. Similarly annual mean minimum temperature for these three years varied from 20.0°C to 21.3°C. This data validates the climatic categorisation of the district as “warm summer and mild winter” because mean monthly temperature in summer was around 30°C and mean monthly temperature in winter remained around 19°C. These temperatures are within the temperature ranges for “warm summer and cool winter” region.

1.4 Soils

In Gwadar district, soil is of two types: Alluvial soil and lithosols and rigosols. The valley of Dasht river in the western part of the district and the Kulanch valley in the north consist of alluvial soil. The foothills are covered with talus cones and alluvial fans generally composed of gravel, pebbles, and sands. Beyond the foothills, the valley floors are covered with silt and loam. These are fertile soils of great agricultural value in the rocky waste. The mountainous area of the district is covered with lithosols and rigosols. Limestone, shale and sandstone are the main rocks involved in the formation of this area. Volcanic rocks cover the area in patches. Limestone yields very little soils. Most of the soils formed on the slopes are removed by wind, water, and gravity. These stony soils lie over the bedrock and are classified as lithosols. Over the flatter areas, rigosols dominate. These are also soils but unlike lithosols they are usually not stony.16 16 Fazale Karim Khan, pp. 54-60.



In Gwadar, soil is divided into two local categories; milk for khushkaba and kallar for uncultivated areas. Milk, found in Kulanch valley, is white soft clay brought down from the hills and deposited by the streams and hill torrents. It is considered fit for all kinds of grain crops, specially wheat. It has a great capacity of moisture retention thus it does not crack or harden. Kallar is the soil which is impregnated with salt. The largest tracts of kallar are to be found near the coast as at Kalmat, and between Jiwani and Gabd. With the virtual absence of vegetation, soil formation is minimal. Soil in the dry crop (khushkaba) areas has some agricultural value. Khushkaba lands are flood irrigated. Torrential waters from hill slopes bring along nutrient enriched soil which is highly valuable for agriculture. Soil erosion through wind is more potent in desert and semi-desert areas of the district because of minimal vegetation. A Sand Dune Stabilisation Project has been started in the district with financial support of the World Bank.

1.5 Minerals

Although the Inspectorate of Mines has reported no mining activity in the district, the Gazetteer of Balochistan points out some mineral resources which were being exploited at that time. Aluminium Sulphate mixed with Ferrous Sulphate was obtained from a mine near Shamal Bandar and was used for producing a black dye. There was a sulphur mine near the Mazwar Kaur in the neighbourhood of Pasni. A chemical examination of water from springs at Kallag in Kulanch indicated the presence of a large amount of Sulphured Hydrogen.17 Salt is manufactured throughout the district and is obtained by the evaporation of sea or rain water which leaves behind good quality salt. Sea or rain water is stored in pans or pools. Sometimes high tides also brought the sea water in.

1.6 Vegetation

The vegetation in Gwadar consists mainly of grasses and spiny scrubs. Grass and fodder plants are fairly numerous in the district. The landscape is featured with chish (acacia), chigird, and kahur (prosopis spicigera) in the plains and gazz (tamarix galica) or tamarisk trees in the beds of torrents. Fodder grass is plentiful and found in places where water is scarce.18 Some plants of pharmaceutical importance including aishak, guldir, morpuzo, danichk (Ispaghol), keraich, udesh are also found in the district. A frequently found plant is pish (nannorhops ritchieana) or dwarf palm which is used for construction of huts in some areas of the district.

1.7 Energy

Fuel wood and kerosene oil is mainly used for cooking and heating, while diesel is used to run tubewells. Kerosene oil is used for illumination, wherever the electric supply is scarce. All most all the kerosene oil, diesel, and petrol comes from Iran through cross-border trade. As this trade is in violation of the country laws, a record of total import in this way is not available. The price difference in Iranian and Pakistani petroleum products is

17 The Gazetteer of Baluchistan: Makran, pp. 219-20. 18 Saifur Rahman Sherani, “Makran Region: Socio-economic Profiles of Districts,” (Islamabad: NRSP, 1993), p. 3.



significant and vigilance on cross-border trade is not at par. Therefore this illegal trade flourishes well. One litre of petrol is available for 11 rupees, of diesel for 6 rupees and that of kerosene oil for 10 rupees. The only Pakistani petroleum product being sold in the district to some extent is diesel because it is without any contamination hence good for motor vehicles. The consumption of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is increasing, mainly for cooking. Electricity, where available, is used for light mainly. Only 3 tubewells have yet been provided with electricity supply connections. Fuel wood comes from Nigor and Dasht areas of the district. The price of fuel wood is increasing; at present 40 kilograms of fuel wood cost rupees one hundred. Regular electricity supply is the need of the area. People like to enjoy modern electric appliances, which only is possible if electricity supply is regular.

1.8 Environment

Land, having little agricultural potential, is threatened by wind erosion. The wind blowing at high speed strips off the upper layer (about 5 cm thick) of soil which has most of the nutrients necessary for cultivation. Wind erosion can be said as one reason behind less soil formation and consequent less agricultural activities in Gwadar. Although overall population density is very low in the district, the human settlements are very densely populated. This thickly located population becomes a problem in the absence of civic facilities. The sewerage system is absent, except in Gwadar and Pasni town areas. The solid waste disposal system is not effective. People throw their household garbage just outside their houses in the streets, and drainage in most cases is without any channel. The sewerage and drainage system has been constructed by the Gwadar and Pasni municipal committees but it is functional only in Gwadar town, while in Pasni it is non-functional due to lack of repair and maintenance. The Gwadar Municipal Committee has arranged 3 and the Pasni Municipal Committee has arranged 2 tractor trolleys for the collection of household garbage. They throw the garbage mostly in open places near the sea and sometimes burn it there. This situation poses serious environmental threats to not only the health of inhabitants but also to the marine life near the Makran coast. This threat is more serious in other small villages as there is no solid waste collection arrangement on communal level. Noise pollution is not a problem in Gwadar due to little traffic. As there is no industry chemical pollution of soil is also not there. It may be concluded that presently the district is facing environmental threats of soil erosion (green pollution) and solid waste management (grey pollution).

1.9 Conclusion and major Development Issues

According to the land use statistics most of the reported area in Gwadar district is not available for agriculture and 83.6 percent of the area is not yet reported. The water available is saline, not suitable for irrigation. The agricultural activities depend upon rain water only. There is intense need to promote saline water crops like oil seeds. However a long coast line has great potential for fisheries but it needs to be developed. Average annual rainfall is less than 250 mm therefore aridity is prevalent in the area. The climate is generally temperate in the district.



Wind erosion being a major environmental threat needs afforestation as a protective measure. The Sand Dunes Stabilisation Project has been started in the district. Grey pollution also needs attention of public health planners which is causing severe health hazards. Fuel wood and petroleum products are used as energy sources, as the electricity supply is not regular. Cross-border import has made the availability of petroleum products easy and affordable. The district has not been explored for minerals. At present salt is the only mineral being produced in Gwadar. After an overview of the district resources it might be concluded that the district has potential for fisheries and agriculture. To develop this potential small scale loans may be provided to the fishermen and boat-makers and salt resistant crops may be introduced in the district.



2. Demography and Housing

2.1 Population

Since independence, four population censuses have been conducted: in 1951, 1961, 1972, and 1981. The new census was due in 1991 but due to political forces it could not be executed. The data provided by previous censuses do not present a consistent trend. The Planning Commission indicated under-enumeration of population in the 1961 census by 7.5 percent.19 Usually male enumerators are deputed to interview the respondents, male members of the household in most cases. This may give rise to an issue of invisibility of females in the census data, specially in the productive sector. Female family members are usually less reported due to a social desirability factor. Their participation in the productive sector is also ignored. All the enumerators of the census, as well as the supervisory officials, were government employees who, as a matter of routine, were not very careful about the validity of the censuses. Supervision has also been ineffective and manipulation of the census data has been a common practice. Keeping in view all these facts, reliability of all these censuses can be questioned.

1951 1961 1972 1981 1995 (projected)Population 40,630 49,661 90,820 112,385 160,980 M/F ratio n/a n/a n/a 1.12 n/a Population Density 2.7 3.3 6.0 7.4 10.6 No. of Households n/a n/a n/a 17,527 n/a No. of Female Headed Households

n/a

n/a

n/a

0

n/a

Average Household Size n/a n/a n/a 6.3 n/a Percentage under 15 years n/a n/a n/a 52.6 n/a Urban Population 6,168 18,485 36,881 43,253 n/a M/F ratio Urban n/a n/a n/a 1.08 n/a Rural Population 34,462 31,176 53,939 69,132 n/a M/F ratio Rural n/a n/a n/a 1.15 n/a Urban Population (%) 15.2 37.2 40.6 38.5 n/a Source: 1981 District Census Report of Gwadar, NIPS projections, and 1951-81 Population of Administrative Units

The NIPS projections (1995) for the district’s population show an annual growth rate of 2.6 percent which is the same as it was in the inter-censal period 1972-81. The increase in the population density has been changing since the first census after the partition.

Population density (per sq.km.)

67.4

10.6

3.32.7

02468

1012

1951 1961 1972 1981 1995

Source: 1981 District Census Report of Gwadar, NIPS projections, and 1951-81 Population of Administrative Units

19 Abdul Razzaque Rukanuddin and M. Naseem Iqbal Farooqui, The State of Population in Pakistan, (Islamabad: NIPS,

1988), p. 4.



2.1.1 Population Growth Pattern

The population growth rates for the district have been inconsistent right from the initial censuses. During the inter-censal period 1951-61, the annual population growth rate was 4.8 percent which increased to 5.3 percent in the next 11 years (1961-72). The population growth rate during 1972-81 period reduced to a half of the previous growth rate, i.e., 2.6 percent which remained unchanged in the next 1981-95 period. This trend indicates an exaggerated over-enumeration of population in the 1961-72 period or under-enumeration in the 1972-81 period, either erroneously or intentionally under some vested interests. The recent growth rate of the population, which has been calculated on the basis of projections of population for 1995, made by NIPS, is lower than that of Pakistan (3.1%). In 1981, total fertility rate in the district was 8.5. It further confuses the issue since, if the total fertility rate of the district is higher than that of Pakistan, how come the annual growth rate can hardly be lesser than the country’s one. These fluctuating growth trend cannot completely be explained.

Annual Growth Rates

2.4

3.63.1 3.1

1.5

5.5

6.6

3.9

5.3

2.6 2.6

4.8

01234567

1951-61 1961-72 1972-81 1981-95

NationalProvincialDistrict

Source: 1981 District Census Report of Gwadar, NIPS Projections, and 1951-81 Population of Administrative Units

2.1.2 Population Composition

According to 1981 census, the female population in the district remained lower than that of the males except for the ages 20-44 years (the reproductive age). This trend is quite contrary to the other districts, where male outnumber the females of reproductive age. One probable reason may be the high out-migration of the young male family members to the Gulf states for employment. This also points towards high mortality of females in infant or adolescence age. However, final conclusions can only be drawn after availability of birth and death rates at the district level. In 1981, about one third (37.0%) of the total population was eligible to vote (21 years of age and above) while the adult population (18 years of age and above) was 42.6 percent. Women of the child bearing age (15-49 years) constituted 18.5 percent of the total population. The population of 15 years and above was 53,264 out of which 24.0 percent were never married. The currently married were 68.0 percent. The divorcees and widowers were 0.8 and 7.4 percent respectively.20 Mean age at marriage for females in Gwadar district was 20.3 years.

20 Government of Pakistan, (1983), pp. 5-6.



Age Sex Composition (1981)

10,293

11,679

9,348

5,206

3,223

3,386

2,849

2,860

2,582

2,164

1,904

921

1,361

506

528

551

9,918

10,165

7,718

3,550

3,236

3,555

3,113

2,896

2,603

1,799

1,566

743

885

417

485

375

0 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 12,000

0 to 4

5 to 9

10 to 14

15 to 19

20 to 24

25 to 29

30 to 34

35 to 39

40 to 44

45 to 49

50 to 54

55 to 59

60 to 64

65 to 69

70 to 74

75 and above

Female

Male

Source: 1981 District Census Report of Gwadar

2.1.3 Household Size

The average household21 size in the district, according to 1980 housing census, is 6.3 which is smaller than that of Pakistan and the province. The employment of the adult male family members in Gulf states may have resulted in a relatively smaller household size.

2.1.4 Dependent Population

According to the 1981 census, the majority (55.2%) of the population in the district is dependent, either below the age of 15 or above 65 years of age. The youth dependency ratio is 117.3 percent while the old age dependency ratio is 5.7 percent. An overall dependency ratio of 123.0 percent is a significant burden on the earning population. This situation increases the economic pressure for the families which may result in child labour and malnutrition of both the women and children, usually the neglected strata of the society.

21 A household is defined as a person or a group of persons living together and eating from the same kitchen and using

the same budget, whether or not related to each other. Hospitals, hostels, jails and hotels are not considered as households.



2.1.5 Rural-Urban Dimensions

The definition of urban area has been changing in different censuses. In 1972, urban areas included municipal corporations, municipal committees, cantonment boards, and town committees. Other places having a concentration of population of at least 5,000 persons in continuous collection of houses where the community sense was well developed and the community maintained public utilities, such as roads, street lighting, water supply, sanitary arrangements, etc., were also treated as urban areas. These places were generally centres of trade and commerce with a population mostly non-agricultural and with a comparatively higher literacy rate. As a special case, a few areas having the above urban characteristics but with a population less than 5,000 persons were also treated as urban.22 The 1981 census defined the urban locality on the basis of type of local government institutions. All the localities which were either metropolitan corporation, municipal corporation, municipal committee, town committee or cantonment at the time of census, were treated as urban.23 The definition of urban areas in 1961 census is not given in the census reports. This variation and unavailability of the definition of urban area has made the comparative analysis a difficult task.

Urban Population

15.2%

37.2 40.6% 38.5%

10.0%20.0%30.0%40.0%50.0%

1951 1961 1972 1981

Source: 1981 District Census Report of Gwadar and 1951-81 Population of Administrative Units According to 1981 census, more the one third (38.5%) of the population of Gwadar district is urban, mainly located in Gwadar and Pasni municipal committee areas and Ormara town committee area. The highest of the urban population ratio can be observed at the time of 1972 census (40.6%), a slight increase after 1961 census when a sudden rise from 15.2 percent was observed in 1951. This unprecedented change in proportion of urban population can only be defined in terms of change of definition.

2.1.6 Spatial Population Distribution

Most of the human settlements are alongside the coast of Arabian Sea as fisheries is the main economic activity. The towns of Gwadar, Pasni, Ormara, and Jiwani have a long history of human settlements. Other remarkable localities are Pishukan, Sur Bandar, Gabd, Suntsar, Kappar, Gunz, Tank, Nokhbur, Shinzani, Chur, Rambra, Gursunt, Makola, Jafri, Had, and Kulmir Sunt. According to the 1981 census, there were 104 (excluding 2 un-inhabited) Mauzas/villages. The individual population of only 2 Mauzas was above 5,000 while 88 had a population of less than 1,000. The rest of the district is rather sparsely populated. See e.g. the map of the distribution of schools in chapter 7.3, which reflects the spatial distribution of the population.

2.1.7 Ethnic Composition

The Balochs constitute an overwhelming proportion (about 98%) of the population in the district while the remaining part include Punjabis, Sindhis, Pushtuns, Brahvis, and 22 Government of Pakistan, District Census Report: Makran (Islamabad: Census Organisation, 1977). 23 Government of Pakistan, (1983), p. viii.



others.24 Balochi is the language spoken in almost all the homes in the district. However this Balochi is a different dialect from that spoken in Dera Bugti and Kohlu. Balochi spoken in Gwadar has relatively less Persian words than the Balochi spoken in Panjgur and Kech. It has great variation as far as accent is concerned. Accent varies from village to village, even located in close vicinity of each other. Urdu is the second major language for communication in the area, specially because of people’s links to Karachi.

2.1.8 Nature and Extent of Migration

The vast majority of the fishermen, who operate small fishing boats cannot carry out fishing in summer months because the sea is very rough. These fishermen migrate to other areas in search of work. Most of them go to Karachi and some to other areas of Makran. Information about the extent of this migration is not available. The largest number of overseas migrants from Makran division belong to Gwadar district. A substantial number of men are working in the Oman army and in other Gulf states. Compared to other districts of Makran, more persons from Gwadar possess Omani nationality. According to the census of 1981, 2,775 persons of the district went abroad between 1971 and 1981. Because of regular pattern of international migration, Gwadar district remained chronically an area of labour scarcity in different sectors. Therefore, demand for labour from other areas continued unabated. According to the census of 1981 total number of in-migrants was 1,459. It is estimated that about 70 percent of the labour in construction and service sector belong to other provinces. In Gwadar town all restaurants and hotels are managed and operated by Bengalis. Participation of Afghan refugees in the labour force is negligible.25

2.2 Labour Force

In 1981, civilian labour force constituted 28.0 percent of the population in Gwadar district. About half (49.3%) of the male population and a small percentage (4.3%) of the females participated in the labour force. The urban and rural labour force participation rates were 24.3 and 30.4 percent respectively. The major occupation group “Fishermen, agricultural, animal husbandry and forestry workers and hunters” was adopted by a majority (67.1%) of the labour force.26 Fishing is the main occupation and majority of the labour force in this occupation is native and resident of coastal areas of the district. Migrant workers are not employed in this profession. Agricultural labour force is very small and is almost local. The non-resident workers are involved in tasks needing skills, specially the construction work and service sector. At present a mason charges 300 rupees a day while a labourer takes 120 rupees per day. Other craftsmen get wages according to the nature of the task. The visible labour force in the district consists mainly of males. However women are involved in various productive sectors, including agriculture, livestock farming, handicrafts, and fisheries related activities. Fishing nets for instance are made by women also. In Gwadar women are proprietors of many shops because the male family members have migrated to the Gulf states for employment.

24 Government of Pakistan, (1983), p. 81. 25 Sherani, (1993), p. 77. 26 Government of Pakistan, (1983), pp. 56.



The main reason behind the invisibility of female labour force is the socio-cultural milieu of the district. Women of upper income groups are not allowed to work outside their homes. Veil is considered necessary for these women. Darzada and Lori women have been used to work outside their homes but these days they also follow the Baloch traditions as the segregative group boundaries between Balochs and Golams are now merging. Urbanisation is very slow in the area thus the consequent socio-cultural change, allowing and sometimes necessitating the women’s active participation in the labour force, is also slow. The education expansion has resulted in participation of women in the formal sector, specially in education. Nowadays women are occupying jobs as teachers and educational administrators, where they have to deal mostly with females.

2.3 Housing

According to the 1980 housing census, the district was reported having 17,177 houses. On the average a house was occupied by 6.0 persons and crowding per room was only marginally less. Most (90.0%) of the houses comprised only one room while the remaining (10.0%) had more than one rooms. Boundary wall was around almost all the houses. The Local Government and Rural Development Department has introduced two housing schemes in the district. Singar Housing Projects, Gwadar has been planned on about 600 hectares of area on Koh-e-Batil. Because of the expected deep sea port at Gwadar, this housing project has gained importance among the bureaucracy, politicians, and the general public. It was told that there may hardly be any higher official who does not have a plot here. Zarrien Housing Scheme is initiated in Pasni.

2.3.1 Tenure

In 1980, about 97 percent of the houses were occupied by the owners while only some houses were rented out. Some houses were given to others rent-free. Renting is found in urban area only, as in rural areas there is no tradition of renting out ones house. The practice of renting out the houses has increased, mainly, due to establishment of various government offices in the district, which do not have their own buildings. Similarly most of the immigrant labour also live at rented places.

2.3.2 Construction Material

There have been a tremendous change in construction material being used for buildings. Previously mud and un-baked bricks were mostly used for construction of houses and specially for courtyard walls. Roofs were made of trunks and leaves of date trees. In some areas, pish mates are used with date tree branches for construction of abodes. The houses having roofs made of girders/beams and kiln bricks were 87 percent. RCC or RBC construction was very rare. According to 1980 housing census, 92 percent of the houses were constructed after creation of Pakistan. Twenty five percent of the houses were constructed in the period of 1975-80. Nowadays, many buildings are being constructed with concrete blocks made of cement, gravel crush and sand. Roofs in such buildings are constructed using RCC or iron girders and concrete blocks or kiln bricks or tiles while the walls are constructed with concrete blocks. However, mud and un-baked bricks are still the main construction material for



houses. Interestingly the chimneys of houses made of mud are plastered with cement so that they can survive in the rains.

2.3.3 Sources of Energy

Kerosene oil lamps are used in most of the houses as source of light. In Gwadar town electricity is supplied daily for 12 hours only (9:30-16:30 & 18:30-23:30 hours). Electric appliances are used for light and rarely for cooking. Only Pasni has regular electricity supply. Ormara and Jiwani have their own power generation plants. These plants provide electricity supply for limited hours as per local requirement. A very few people have generators to produce electricity by their own. In Gwadar district a total of 4,392 electricity supply connections were provided up to February 1997, out of which 3,445 were domestic connections. Keeping in view the number of houses (17,177 in 1980) in the district electricity supply coverage seems quite insufficient. Cooking is done mainly by using fuel wood. Kerosene oil stoves are also used for cooking to some extent as petroleum products are relatively cheaper in Gwadar due to cross-border trade. Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is also available in cylinders which is mainly used for cooking. At present about 4,000 cylinders, each containing 11 kg of LPG, were being supplied per month in the whole district. Fuel wood is collected by both the males and females. Some people supply fuel wood on commercial basis after cutting it from forest or wood lands in Kulanch and Dasht valleys.

2.3.4 Housing Characteristics

According to the 1980 housing census, 90 percent of the houses had only one room for multipurpose use. In urban areas, Gwadar, Pasni, and Ormara, a separate kitchen was available in two third of the houses, separate bathrooms in 71 percent of the houses, and separate latrines in 24 percent of the houses. Latrines with flush were very few (1%). Houses without kitchen constituted 20 percent and without bathroom 17 percent while 64 percent of the houses were without any latrine facility.

2.3.5 Drinking Water and Sanitation

In 1981, about one third of the households had access to piped drinking water. Around 40 percent of the houses were using drinking water obtained from open surface wells while 13 percent of the households were obtaining drinking water from springs and karezes. Houses having latrines with a flush system were very few. The Public Health Engineering Department (PHED) has completed 26 water supply schemes till March 1997, all of which are functional, providing drinking water to 96 percent of the population. In some water supply schemes, drinking water is supplied to the houses through pipelines while in others community tanks have been constructed at relatively central places from where people fetch water. In case the source of drinking water is not located inside the house, usually it is the duty of the women or children to fetch water for household needs. The Water and Sanitation Section of the Local Government and Rural Development Department (LG&RDD) has recently completed a project in collaboration with UNICEF under which construction of 200 latrines at public places has been carried out throughout the district. However some of these latrines were constructed in government offices which may not be considered as public places. Most of the houses in Gwadar have dry latrines while some houses have latrines with flush system. The municipal committee Gwadar has



3 tractor trolleys for collection and disposal of household garbage but this arrangement is inadequate. Same is the case with Pasni municipal committee which has 2 tractor-trolleys.


The population, increasing at a growth rate of 2.6 percent and with a population density 11.1 per square kilometre (in 1997), is overwhelmingly Baloch. Average household size in Gwadar is 6 and more than half of its population is dependent. The total fertility rate has been 8.5 and mean age at marriage for females has been 20.3. Inconsistent population growth trends indicate unreliability of census data. There is an immense need for a more carefully executed fresh census. The dubious under-enumeration of females and cultural deprivation, which result in their lesser share in all areas of life, should be kept in mind while making policies and devising strategies. The majority of the population resides in rural areas and is deprived of all civic facilities. Provision of safe drinking water, solid waste disposal, link roads, and electricity supply are some of the basic prerequisites for their development. Usually the women and children fetch drinking water from community sources and collect fuel wood in many households. The major economic activity is fishing followed by agriculture, livestock farming, and government service. Only few women are involved in formal sector employment. However they are allied workers in fisheries, agriculture, and livestock farming. They are good at handicrafts.



3. Social Organisation

3.1 Introduction

Historically the society in Gwadar was divided in three social strata, Hakims, Balochs, and Hizmatgars, locally known as Darzadas or Golams. Hakims constituted privileged class of the society as they were owners of the land, free to kill any Baloch or Darzada without any fear of blood compensation. Balochs being intermediary class were basically pastoralists, partially settled and semi-agriculturists. They were relatively in better position than Hizmatgars who were the lowest socio-economic stratum of the society. This becomes visible by the amount given for blood compensation which ranged from 2,000 to 3,000 rupees for a Baloch and from 500 to 1500 rupees for a Hizmatgar.27 As a result of social changes Hakims lost their influence as tribal chiefs and the social class system gave way to economic compromises. Presently all the inhabitants of the area are known by a common name, Baloch and calling someone Darzada or Golam is considered as derogatory. But the fact is that social class boundaries lost their existence between Hakims and Balochs but not between these two dominant strata and Hizmatgars. Hakims still believe in endogamy however now they accept inter-marriages with Balochs. Some Balochs get married with Hizmatgar girls, mainly due to the lesser amount of labb (bride price) or haq mehr (dower) , but this is not a common practice. As the society in Gwadar is transforming into a semi-urban society, socio-cultural change is on its way. Educational expansion has broken down old chains and economic status has become the major determinant of social status. This has affected the whole socio-cultural scenario. Now the Hizmatgars have become a political force under various political parties playing their effective role in electing representatives to the constituent assemblies and local bodies institutions.

3.2 The Family

The district has a predominant tradition of joint families. Male siblings reside under one household even after their marriage. However, some nuclear families are also there. New life styles have motivated people for a nuclear family system but sometimes economic requirements and sometimes cultural values restrain them from adopting this type of family system. If brothers are employed abroad, it becomes a moral and cultural obligation of the brothers staying at home to live in a joint family and look after the families of brothers abroad. If parents are in old age then also it is considered duty of the children to look after them. The family ties are still good and relatively less materialistic. The family plays its role of social control instrument very effectively by means of socialisation. As a social institution, the family still is functional. In Gwadar the family pattern is patriarchal and patrilocal in most cases.

27 Bedh P. Upreti, Agriculture and Society in Makran, (Islamabad: USAID, 1989), p. 12.



3.3 Marriage

In Gwadar district, marriage rituals significantly differ from those in other areas of Balochistan. Unlike other parts of Balochistan, labb (bride price) or haq mehr (dower) received in a marriage contract is owned by the bride herself and she has the full right of spending or dispensing it. Haq mehr is more prevalent in Gwadar and the parents of the bride do not get any money from the groom’s parents. Endogamy is the prevalent style of marriage specially among Hakims. Most of the people are monogamous as a second marriage is expensive. The custom of bride exchange is not practised in Gwadar. The marriage starts with search of a bride by the grooms father. Mothers have very little role in decision making about the marriage of their son or daughter. Neither the groom nor the bride is allowed to choose his or her life partner. Decision of the parents is considered final, however sometimes the bridegroom is consulted before the final decision. When parents of the groom selects a bride for their son, they make a formal proposal to the bride’s parents who have full authority to accept or reject the proposal. If both parties agree for marriage, details of the marriage including amount of haq mehr and dates of wedding are finalised. Some people arrange mangni (engagement ceremony) also. Customary haq mehr contains 40 sona (about 110 grams of gold), 80 date trees, some land along with irrigation water rights, and 20-30 pieces of clothes are given by the groom to the bride. At the time of nikah the parents of the groom give about 10 thousand rupees, 2 bags of floor, 1 bag of sugar, 1 bag of rice, 1 tin of ghee (cooking oil), enough quantity of condiments and spices, and 5-6 goats or sheep to the bride’s parents for arranging a feast. After marriage, the groom stays for three nights at the bride’s home. After that he takes her to his home. The bride has full autonomy in using, spending, or selling the items received as haq mehr. Only a part of the haq mehr is paid in actual at the time of marriage and the remaining is given in written form. If the husband divorces his wife, he will have to pay the haq mehr in full. If the wife demands divorce, she will have to withdraw from all her rights on haq mehr. The wife’s rights on haq mehr not only give her economic independence to some extent, but also raise her social status. This is the reason that the amount of haq mehr is considered a matter of social prestige for both the parties. After the death of the wife, the amount of haq mehr is divided among her children according to Muslim inheritance laws.

3.4 Social Organisation

In Gwadar district society is structured on kinship basis. Tribal identity has lost its importance and Baloch is a common identity. All decisions are made at household level and no tribal structure is present to make collective decisions. Communal leadership is a function of aged people in the community. Sometimes educated individuals are accepted as community leaders, specially in collective welfare and development. Wealth does play some role in political popularity but the people have elected educated individuals from middle income group as their representatives in the previous provincial and national assembly elections. Education and social relationships are also basis of local leadership. Unlike many other parts of Balochistan, society here is liberal and there is no place at all for authoritarian ethos or leadership. The vestiges of the sardari system have been eliminated to a great extent. The tribal leaders, sardars, nawabs, and kahodas, are still there but their role has been minimised in politics or decision making. In case of conflict,



parties go to court of law instead of any tribal jirga. Political consciousness is wide spread and all political decisions are made individually or, at the maximum, at family level. However people do co-operate in collective welfare activities, for example, people have organised many football clubs in the area.

3.5 Customs of Co-operation

Co-operation is a prerequisite for survival of a society. Co-operation is necessary for welfare as well as development activities. People in the district have very old traditions of co-operation. One of the forms of co-operation is called bijar or sarrech. This is a system of making contribution by members of the tribe or community to arrange labb or haq mehr for marriage. Usually people contribute according to their affordability and a reciprocal contribution is made later on by the receiving party at marriage of the giving party. A newly introduced form of co-operation is management of water supply schemes by the community. These schemes were completed by the Public Health Engineering Department and afterwards handed over to Water Management Associations, committees formed amongst the community. These associations fix tariff for water consumers, operate and manage the schemes, and arrange for minor repairs up to 10 thousand rupees, if needed. At least 13 community based organisations are presently active in the district for social welfare, providing training in embroidery and tailoring to girls, and promoting expansion of educational facilities.

3.6 Religious Beliefs

According to the 1981 census, the Muslims constitute an overwhelming majority of population in Gwadar while the remaining population include Christians, Ahmadis, Hindus, Parsis, and Sikhs. Zikri, a significant religious faith in Makran, is not mentioned in the 1981 census. The reason is that Zikris claim to be Muslims while the Sunni Muslims denounce their claim. The beliefs and rituals practised by Zikris are completely different from those of Islam. The Zikris believe in a new prophet and deny the performance of the most important rituals of Islam. The Zikris taking their name from the Arabic word zikr (remembering the Almighty) believe that only repeating the litany is a valid form of worship. The Zikris repudiate the performance of nimaz (Muslim prayer five times a day) and name other Muslims as Nimazi. The most important of the rituals is performed on the 27th day of Ramazan when the barefoot Zikris circumbulate the koh-i-murad and perform other rituals. This is called hajj (Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca) of Zikris. In the past probably Zikris also named this ritual as hajj but now the Zikri call it simply a ziarat (visit to a shrine).28 According to an estimate, a majority of the population in Gwadar district are from the Zikri faith. They mainly reside in Kallag, Pasni, Gwadar, and Dasht valley. The conflict between Muslims and Zikris is centuries old. Zikri religion is said to have originated about four centuries ago. It is believed to be introduced in Makran with the rise of the Buledais. When the Buledais converted from Zikri faith to Islam, the Zikri folk denied their rule and supported Gichkis who were Zikris by faith. Mir Nasir Khan of Kalat sent nine expeditions to make the Zikri faith in Makran obsolete. Many a times religious scholars from both sides of the Iran border called for jihad (sacred fight) against Zikris 28 Sherani, (1993), p. 11.



and organised efforts were made to eliminate Zikris or to convert them to Islam. The most recent conflict surfaced in 1987 when a Zikri mullah (religious leader) challenged the Muslims for a munazara (arguments and counter-arguments) on trueness of Zikris. Almost all the Islamic religious parties took it as a stimulus and demanded for a proclamation by the government to declare Zikris as non-Muslims. In Ramazan, they gathered in Turbat, where the Koh-i-murad is located, and tried to stop Zikris from performing their rituals. For the last two years this conflict has been cooled down as the Muslim scholars have decided to preach Zikris in a passive way and create awareness about the misleading beliefs of Zikris. It is said that a large scale conversion of Zikris to Islam has happened due to preaching. However, Zikri sources denounce this claim and say that the campaign initiated by the Muslim ulema (scholars) has strengthened the boundaries of their faith. In Gwadar, sectarian violence is minimal. The proportion of the Zikris and of the people belonging to Sunni sect of Islam is almost equal. The Sunni Muslims believe in Hanfi interpretation of Shariah. Generally, these folks have religious attitudes and practice Islam according to its fundamental principles. Inheritance is divided according to the Islamic principles and daughters are given their property rights accordingly. All Islamic festive days are celebrated with zeal and fervour. The Zikri population practice their faith with independence and Muslim-Zikri clashes are very rare.

3.7 Conflict Resolution

Gwadar district is a relatively peaceful area. Tribal vendettas are rare and usually do not prolong for years. However common conflicts arise from time to time and are solved at community level or by court of law. In case of conflict between two individuals only the families or closest friends take sides, so there are rare chances that personal conflicts will transform into a tribal vendetta. The Jirga system has been there but after the Balochistan High Court decision, it has been abolished. Now people try to mediate their conflicts at community level by involving old wise men or common friends as mediators. Otherwise they pursue a resolution through a court of law. It was told that usually people do not want to go to the police, but the political leaders try to involve the police in interpersonal conflicts because afterwards these politicians can gain a position of godfathers and will be able to exploit the simple folks.

3.8 Arms

Gwadar is a frontier district having sea as well as land borders which makes it ideal for illegal arms smugglers. However use of these arms in the district is not frequent and mostly these firearms are transported to the neighbouring districts. Various types of assault rifle are available for 12 to 20 thousand rupees. Arms of other calibre and ammunitions are also available freely. Surprisingly this easy availability of arms rarely results in major crimes like murder and robbery.

3.9 Role, position and status of Women

Makran has a unique history regarding the status of women. Every woman in Gwadar district has entire control over the property acquired from her husband as dower. And, as



the Islamic law of inheritance is followed, she may expect in course of time to inherit a portion of her parents property and will be entitled to a share in her husbands property if he pre-decease her. Sometimes this ownership of property saves a woman from divorce as in that situation her husband would have to transfer the property which he promised her as haq mehr. As indicating the pre-eminent position occupied by women, it may be mentioned that it has been customary to attribute the qualities of a son or daughter to the mother and not to the father.29 A few women have joined the formal sector through government jobs, specially in the field of education. Few women are working as motivators for the Primary Education Development Project as well as for the Water and Sanitation Cell of the LG&RDD. Since 1995, government has started employing middle pass girls as women health workers under the Prime Minister’s Programme for Family Planning and Basic Health. Through these opportunities women are striving towards economic independence. Still women are either deprived of many income generation activities or being exploited by undervaluing such activities. One such example is that of embroidery work, which is bought from the women at nominal price and is further sold in the markets of Quetta and Karachi at much higher prices. The economic independence of women in Gwadar does not fully result into social independence. She has multiple roles but her socio-cultural milieu either do not allow her to perform these roles satisfactorily or she has no opportunities. Sometimes her role performance is restricted to the limits suiting the male domination. She makes many of the routine domestic decisions but decisions regarding major issues, like the children’s marriages, are made by males in the family. However, she definitely has an advisory position in decision making. Unmarried girls have no say in the decision about their marriage. Veil is not very strictly practised in Gwadar and unlike other districts of Makran women can be seen in the markets and at picnic spots. They do shopping on their own. However, Gwadar is still a male dominated society where a male child is preferred. This preference results in discrimination of female children in education, health, nutrition, and love. Expenditure on female education is considered a waste. In this way women loose their chance to be financially secure and they remain male dependants. Due to male child preference, mothers without a male child are required to conceive repeatedly without an appropriate break which endangers their lives also. Exclusive health facilities, i.e. 3 mother and child health care centres, are established at Gwadar, Pasni, and Kallag; however due to unavailability of female staff, the MCHC at Kallag is non-functional. Women have relatively limited chances of recreation. In Gwadar many women are found on picnic spots like Koh-e-Batil and Akra Kaur Dam along with their male family members. Indoor games are arranged for girls in their schools. The only political role women in Gwadar can play is casting their vote, usually according to the will of their male family members.

3.10 Apprenticeship and Child Labour

A relatively better economic status of families in the district, mainly due to good income from employment in Gulf states, has limited the number of children working as labourers. A very small number of children were found working in some of the automobile

29 The Gazetteer of Baluchistan: Makran, p. 75.



workshops. They were working as apprentices and were supposed to open their own workshops after completion of training. Some of the working children were in bakeries, bicycle repair shops, black smith shop, hotels, engineering workshops, hair cutting saloons, tailoring shops, tunnoors (loaf makers) and welding works. In most of the cases children were working as apprentices and were paid a little amount as stipend. Fisheries and boat-making were the only sectors where a significant number of children were working. It was told that these children work with either their fathers or some other family members. In this way they are learning their family craft. Wherever water is not available in the house, children are supposed to fetch water from the community tanks or ponds where rain water is stored. Sometimes they collect fuel wood also for household use. In the livestock farming communities, they herd cattle and help in cattle raising. All these tasks, performed by children, are considered as a help to their families, not as child labour.


The kinship based society of Gwadar district differs, in various aspects, from other parts of Balochistan. Marriage here is a source of emancipation for women by giving her economic independence. Collective decision making on development issues is there but does not interfere in interpersonal conflicts and political decisions. Conflict resolution is made by mediation at the community level or by court of law. Religious conflicts between Muslims and Zikris have been a major source of violence in the past, but now it has cooled down. Arms are easily available but this did not lead to a high crime rate. Child labour is minimal in the district and most of the working children work as apprentices. The social change is inevitable and Gwadar is no exception. However pace of this change is slow here. Old family ties are intact and cultural values still play an important role in the life of an ordinary family.



4. Government Organisation

4.1 Administrative Division

Gwadar was notified as a district on July 1, 1977 when the Makran district was given the status of a division and was divided into three districts. Previously it was one of 3 tehsils of Makran district. For administrative purposes, the whole district is divided into two sub-divisions, i.e., Gwadar and Pasni. These sub-divisions are further divided into tehsils and sub-tehsils. Gwadar sub-division comprises two tehsils, named Gwadar and Jiwani, and one sub-tehsil named Suntsar. Pasni sub-division is divided into Pasni and Ormara tehsils. Land settlement was initiated in Gwadar town when land had to be allotted for the Singar Housing Project but to date this process has not reached any considerable stage. Due to lack of appropriate and trained staff land settlement work is suspended.

4.2 Brief history of Local Government Institutions

The first ever local government system introduced in Gwadar was Village Aid programme which was initiated in the whole of Makran district in June 1957. A total of 26 Village Councils were formed with a total strength of 312 councillors. This system was replaced by the Basic Democracies Order of 1959. Under the Basic Democracies system 19 Union Councils and 3 Town Committees were established in the whole of Makran district. In 1969, all these local government institutions were suspended and later on were totally abolished on 22nd January 1972. A new local government system was introduced in 1975 under the Balochistan Local Government Act 1975. This law could not be enforced in its true sense as the elections proposed under this act were never held. In 1979, another local government system was introduced in the country which was implemented in Balochistan under the Balochistan Local Government Ordinance 1980.30 This system is still enacted in the province. Under the provisions of this law, one District Council, 2 Municipal Committees, 2 Town Committees, and 13 Union Councils are functional in Gwadar district.

4.3 Local Government Administration

The local government at Gwadar district comprises 13 union councils, one district council, two municipal committees and two town committees. The mandate of local councils was to address various socio-economic development issues on local level through need assessment, planning and implementation (see annex 4 for functions of local government). These local councils are supervised and supported by the Local Government and Rural Development Department through an Assistant Director at the district level. However, it is a common complaint that instead of working as an auxiliary organisation, LG&RDD plays a constrictive role in affairs of the local government institutions by posing bureaucratic hurdles. Ideally the local government institutions were constituted on the assumption that in this way grass root decision making and implementation for development could be ensured but this ideal has not been realised. Although small communities elect their representatives at local level and there is more intense interaction and exchange of ideas

30 Mahmood Ali Shah, Sardari, Jirga, & Local Government Systems in Balochistan, (Quetta: Qasim Printers, 1992), pp. iv-

v, 54, 60.



between representatives and the electoral college, participation of common folks in decision making process is minimal. After election, members of local councils rarely consult their voters on development issues. Similarly the appraisal of development potential and planning for exploitation of this potential is not according to the bottom-up approach. Rather a top-down decision making and implementation approach is followed. This approach leaves no room for participation of local government institutions in development planning. Even more, as women are hardly represented in the administrative structure, women’s concerns are neglected. All local government institutions in Balochistan have been dissolved on 18th of December 1996 for new elections in 1997. Now these institutions are working under the supervision of government officials. Previously the Local Government and Rural Development Department received a total amount of rupees 7.5 million in 1994-95 under the People’s Program for construction of roads, boundary walls, rooms, and halls for schools, Eidgah, library, residential quarters, etc. About all of these constructed facilities are in use. In 1995-96, the department received a sum of rupees 5.35 million under the same program for construction of road, sports clubs, and school boundary walls. All these works have been completed. Moreover the department has distributed 40 latrines to general public under its Water and Sanitation Cell project. However only one deep well hand pump has been issued, mainly due to brackish ground water.

4.3.1 Union Council

The union council is the smallest local government institution. The membership of each union council varies from 5-15 members. However, the elected councillors in every union council have to elect 2 women and one peasant member in their union council. There are 13 union councils in the district, a list of which is given in annex 1. The union council, ideally, provides an opportunity for the people of rural areas to participate in decision making at micro level. It was assumed that a council of a small community will have better chances of intense interaction and grass root appraisal of the problems of the people. But in the real sense, chairmanship of union councils have become a status symbol and serves as a means for vested interests. This has made this vital institution an ineffective aggregation of uninterested councillors under the chairmanship of a person with political motives. Distribution of zakat, prominence in the area, and little favours by public officials are some of the vested interests which attracts most of the people to the chairmanship of a union council. The union council is not consulted in development planning for the rural areas. Usually decision making follows top-down approach, therefore, nullifying the ideal function of union councils. In addition, the union council has never received the financial support of higher authorities, it was supposed to receive, to be able to fulfil its functions, as described in the Local Government Ordinance of 1980 The only income of the union councils is a regular grant of rupees 18 thousand per annum by the provincial government. This small amount does not allow the union council to plan development strategies for the people in rural areas. However, two of the union councils, Pishukan and Sur Bandar, are in a surplus budget position due to receipt of a considerable amount as octroi through contractors. In 1995-96, the amount of octroi received by the union council Pishukan was rupees 0.321 million while it was rupees 0.285 million for the union council Sur Bandar. In the fiscal year 1996-97, the union councils Pishukan and Sur Bandar have contracted out the levy of octroi for an amount of rupees 0.35 and 0.308 million respectively. There are 8 regular employees in each of



these 2 union councils to arrange the collection of octroi in case it is not arranged through a contractor.

4.3.2 Town Committee

There are two town committees in the district: Jiwani and Ormara. Both the town committees have equal number of electoral wards, i.e., 12. Each of the town committees comprises 15 councillors of which 12 are elected directly, one from each of the 12 wards, and these elected councillors elect 2 women and one labourer as councillors. The civic facilities provided to the citizens by these town committees include solid waste disposal and watch & ward. Both the town committees have a tractor and a trolley for collection and afterwards disposal, sometimes by burning, of the solid waste. However, watchmen are employed by the town committee, mainly in the commercial area. There has never been any sewerage system or town planning in these town committees. Like other local government institutions, both the town committees are under severe financial crises. The only permanent source of income for the town committees is octroi and business fee. The collection of octroi is a difficult task, specially due to non-co-operation of district administration and many open routes for entrance into the towns. The last annual development plan (ADP) awarded to the town committee was in 1992-93. No development plans can be prepared by the town committees due to financial constraints. A strict vigilance on import of octroiable goods and efficient octroi collection mechanism with full support of the district administration can improve the financial condition of the town committee through increase in revenue. At present there is no land tax levied by the town committee on sale or purchase of property in the town. This taxation can also be utilised to meet development expenditure.

4.3.3 Municipal Committee

The Gwadar district has two municipal committees: Gwadar and Pasni. The Gwadar municipal committee comprises 28 directly elected councillors, one from each of the 28 wards, and 2 women and one labourer councillors elected by the directly elected councillors. The Gwadar municipal committee has developed sewerage and drainage system for the town. However this system is not functional adequately due to lack of care and repair. The MC Gwadar has 3 tractor trolleys to collect solid waste from the town and to dispose it off on dumping sites where it is burned. It also has one pump and tanker to remove rain water. The municipal committee Gwadar arranges the killing of stray dogs and an annual spray to kill mosquitoes. To date the MC Gwadar has constructed a Madrassa, one boys and 3 girls primary schools, one badminton hall, community water tanks, fishermen sheds, public latrines, and 3.5 kilometres of black top road in the municipal area. Moreover the MC Gwadar provides financial support to the Rural Community Development Council, Gwadar. The overall financial condition of the municipal committee Gwadar is relatively better. In the last five years (1991-96), the MC Gwadar earned rupees 22,372,201 out of which 82.4 percent was levied through octroi. The total expenditure of the MC Gwadar, for the last 5 years (1991-96) amounts to rupees 28,552,190 out of which 35.0 percent of the total amount has been spent on development activities (year-wise income and expenditure can be seen in chapter 9). For the fiscal year 1996-97, the MC Gwadar expects an income of rupees 5,008,262 and expenditure of rupees 4,474,588. The



Municipal Committee Gwadar faced a major budget deficit in 1991-92 but it had enough opening balance to accommodate this deficit. The major development work in this year was development of the New Town Housing Scheme which later on was handed over to the district administration. Other than octroi, the MC Gwadar levies commercial licence fee, property tax, and building permission fee. The Pasni Municipal Committee consists of 20 directly elected councillors, one from each of the 20 electoral wards, and 2 women and one labourer councillors elected by the directly elected councillors. The MC Pasni has 2 tractor trolleys for solid waste disposal. Sewerage system was introduced in Pasni by the municipal committee but it is not functional at present. Financially, the municipal committee Pasni is in surplus position. In 1994-95, the MC Pasni earned a total amount of rupees 2,907,200 while this amount decreased to rupees 2,168,200 in the fiscal year 1995-96. Total expenditure of the MC Pasni, for the years 1994-95, amounts to rupees 2.614 million while it was rupees 2,136,858 in 1995-96. For the fiscal year 1996-97, the MC Pasni expects a total income of rupees 2,063,308 and expenditure of rupees 1,938,400. This surplus budget position indicates that levy of revenue and expenditure is well-managed by the municipal committee Pasni.

4.3.4 District Council

The district council Gwadar comprises 17 councillors out of which thirteen are elected directly (one from each of the 13 union councils) while 4 councillors including 2 women, one peasant, and one labourer are elected indirectly by the elected councillors. The district council is primarily responsible for the overall development of rural areas of the district (detailed functions of the local government institutions are described in annex 4). Apart from special grants and annual development plans, zila (district) tax is the sole source of regular income for the district council. The recurrent budget liabilities of the council include salaries of the employees, about 0.6 million rupees and honorarium of the chairman district council. Total income of the district council was 849,980 rupees in 1994-95 while the total expenditure was 750,240 rupees. In 1995-96, the total income of the council was rupees 913,200 against the expenditure of rupees 852,502. It is expected that the district council will be able to earn rupees 1,186,581 to meet its expected expenditure of rupees 976,692 in the fiscal year 1996-97. It seems that managed use of resources can help avoiding any financial crisis. The district council Gwadar has well managed its income and expenditure and is facing no financial setback. The increasing trend in income indicates valid efforts on the part of elected representatives and officials to develop their area. No annual development plan has been granted after year 1992-93.

4.4 Federal/Provincial Government Administration

At the district level, the provincial government is represented by the Deputy Commissioner. All the departments functional in the district are supposed to work in liaison with the DC. He is assisted by an Assistant Commissioner at the sub-division level, by a Tehsildar at the tehsil level, and by a Naib-Tehsildar at the sub-tehsil level. In this way Gwadar district has one Deputy Commissioner, two Assistant Commissioners, 4 Tehsildars, and one Naib-Tehsildar while another Naib-Tehsildar is there for levy of Ushar (tax on agricultural produce under the Islamic Law). The Deputy Commissioner is ex-officio member (in most cases head) of almost all the important committees and forums in the district. He is responsible for maintenance of law and order in the district, to collect



ushar from farmers through the Naib-Tehsildar, and to participate in development planning in the district. The Deputy Commissioner Gwadar is supervised by the Commissioner Makran division and then by the Secretary, Services and General Administration Department (S&GAD) at the provincial level. He is an intermediary link between micro and macro level administration. Despite the fact that he is supposed to play an important role in socio-economic development of the district, he is rarely consulted in policy making. Another dimension of the issue is rapid transfers of Deputy Commissioners. Though Gwadar has been in a relatively better position in this regard, there have been 14 Deputy Commissioners in its 20 years’ history as a district. The posting period of the Deputy Commissioner ranges from three months to four years. This trend not only creates adhocism but also limits the Deputy Commissioner’s chances of full acquaintance with the district affairs.

4.5 Maintenance of Law and Order

Gwadar district is divided into two areas as far as law enforcement is concerned. Area “A” is controlled by the Balochistan Police while “B” area is controlled by the Balochistan Levies Force headed by the Deputy Commissioner (DC) of the district. Gwadar district is supervised by a Superintendent of Police (SP) who is assisted by a Deputy Superintendent of Police (DSP). There are 4 police stations in the district: at Gwadar, Pasni, Ormara, and Jiwani. The total number of police force in the district amounts to 286. All the 4 police stations are responsible for maintenance of law and order in a radius of 8 kilometres. Initially the whole district was controlled by the police but in 1969 the district was bifurcated into two areas, “A” and “B”. Police Lines is located at Gwadar with a force of 226 policemen to provide support to police stations in the districts but still they do not have proper building for accommodation. Levies force controls the remaining parts of the district. The Deputy Commissioner controls the levies through Assistant Commissioners, Tehsildars, and Naib-Tehsildar. Moreover, the DC has the support of about 10 platoons of the BRP manned by 25 policemen in each platoon. Another armed force named Coast Guards is also deputed in Gwadar under a Navy Commandant for vigilance at sea border. The Pakistan Navy and Pakistan Maritime Security Agency are also deputed at various points in the district to safeguard the Pakistani sea border. The overall law and order situation is relatively good in the district and crimes are decreasing since 1989. Usual crimes include robbery, theft, and physical violence. In the period of last two years there have been only one murder while the total number of registered cases at 4 police stations of Gwadar are less than those of the other two districts in Makran division. The vast coast line and areas near the Iranian border are heaven for smugglers. They know all the routes therefore can easily deceive the Coast Guards and Customs officials. Iranian Balochistan provide a place of shelter for the culprits.



Cases Registered at Gwadar District's 4 Police Stations

92

140153 155

120 119107

120 115 116

92

507090

110130150170

1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

Source: The Superintendent of Police Office, Gwadar Justice is administered through regular as well as Qazi courts. In the district regular courts are headed by Additional District and Session Judge. Previously the District Magistrate and the Sub-division Magistrates had judicial powers but recently administration and judiciary have been separated. The judiciary is of the view that this action has speeded up the delivery of justice while the administration opined that justice process is slow in courts and people are suffering due to delays. However, this action has resulted in a system of checks and balances between administration and judiciary. Qazi courts were established in 1976 under the provisions of Qanun-e-Diwan-i-Kalat and have powers of civil, family and rent courts. However, in tribal areas, they provide justice to private parties under the provisions of shariat laws. Appeal against decisions of Qazi courts can be made before a Majlis-e-Shoora which comprises two Qazis under the chairmanship of a District and Session Judge. Both types of courts work in complete harmony. Another justice delivery mechanism was the jirga system which has now been abolished. Jirga was a very old institution which was provided a legal framework under Ordinance I and II of 1968. According to these ordinances jirga was empowered to decide civil as well as criminal cases. Amongst the influential of the area, 20 members were nominated for jirga membership by the Deputy Commissioner out of whom two members were selected by each of the conflicting parties. Jirga was headed by a nominee of the DC. The Deputy Commissioner and, afterwards the Commissioner was the appellate authority. Jirga system was abolished by an order of the Balochistan High Court. It surely was a time saving and economical mechanism of justice administration.

4.6 Revenue Administration

In Gwadar district revenue is collected through various agencies. The district council is responsible for collection of zila tax which is assumed to be utilised to meet its development and recurrent expenditure. Similarly, the municipal and town committees collect octroi, property and business fees to meet their financial liabilities. Some utility fees are collected by the provincial government like water charges, livestock cess, ushar, and motor vehicle registration fee. Income tax and customs duty is levied by the federal government. In Gwadar, revenue generated through the local councils easily fulfils their requirement for development and recurrent expenditure. However, revenue collection is a hard job everywhere. Officials blame the public for non-payment of taxes, but the public demands appropriate facilities in return of the taxes paid. Tax culture is non-existent in Gwadar district. People take every facility for granted and expect that the government should



provide them every facility without paying any cost. This trend is widespread in the whole district.

Taxes

Union

Council

Town/ Municipal

Comm.

District Council

Board of Revenue/

Dep. Comm.

Provincial

Govt.

Federal Govt.

Water charges - - - - x - Sanitation Fee - - - - - - Livestock cess - - - - x - Agricultural cess - - - x x - Octroi - x - - - - Zila - - x - - - Land tax - - - - - - Property tax - x - - - - Business Licence - x - - - x Registration of Vehicles

-

-

-

-

x

-

Fisheries - - - - x x Income tax - - - - - x Custom duty - - - - - x Legend:

x is responsible for collection of revenue concerned.

4.7 Political Parties

On the basis of 1997 elections, the major political parties in Gwadar district include Balochistan National Movement (BNM) and Balochistan National Party (BNP). Balochistan National Party is a recently incepted party through merger of Balochistan National Movement (Mengal group) and Pakistan National Party (Bizinjo and Lehri groups). This party has won the Balochistan Assembly seat from Gwadar in recently held elections (1997). Other political parties are Pakistan Muslim League (PML) and Pakistan People’s Party (PPP) which do have some public support. The PML has taken the lead in this area in the last National Assembly elections (1997) but this lead was mainly because of its candidate’s personal popularity. Both the major parties have a nationalist political ideology while Pakistan Muslim League and Pakistan People’s Party believe in a federal system of governance. None of these parties have women wings. However these parties do have a few active women supporters. Students wings of these parties, specially Baloch Students Organisation (BSO), are very much active and also play a role in political activities of their parent organisations. The political parties have exploited the students politics to accomplish their vested interests. The political parties in the district do not have their labour wings but these parties support various workers’ unions in government organisations.

4.8 Non Government Organisations

Non government organisations (NGOs), are not as effective in Gwadar as in other parts of the province. There are only 13 registered and 4 non-registered NGOs active for women, child, and youth welfare. One of the province-wide NGOs, namely Pak Public Development Society, has established 2 primary schools in the district: at Gwadar and



Pasni. Many unregistered football clubs in the district provide a forum for youth to sit together and communicate which can result in collective development. The Rural Community Development Council (RCDC), with its headquarters at Gwadar, is collaborating with the Primary Education Development Project (PEDP) and the Primary Education Quality Improvement Project (PEQIP) to establish primary schools for girls in the district. The Rural Community Development Council has employed male as well as female Community Education Promoters to motivate the population for establishing girls primary schools through community support. This organisation has also established fellowship schools at primary level on self-help basis. GO/NGO/Private Enterprise coverage of major sectors

Sector

Local Govt.

Prov. Govt.

Fed. Govt.

NGO

Internat. Donor

Private Entr.

Productive x xx x x x xx Agriculture - xxx x - x x Horticulture - xx x - x x Livestock - x - - - xx Fisheries - - - - - - Forestry (harvesting) - x - - - - Mining - - - - - - Industry/Manufacturing - - x - - - Economic Service - xx xx - - x Financial Services - - xx - - xx Roads - xxx - - - - Rail/Airways - - xxx - - - Social Service x xxx x x x x Water Supply x xxx - - x - Health x xxx x x x x Education - xxx - x x x Sports x x - x - - Social Welfare - xx x x x x Women & Development - x - x - - Legend:

- x xx xxx

no involvement minor involvement substantial involvement major involvement

Some international organisations and projects have been active in the district, specially in the field of education, health, and rural development. Through World Food Programme (WFP) cooking oil is distributed among the pregnant women. There is no NGO working for women exclusively however some women take part in various activities of the existing NGOs. The Family Planning Association of Pakistan (FPAP) is providing family planning services in the district.


Gwadar, still, is a semi-settled area with two types of government. There are local government institutions to ensure public participation in planning and implementation of development strategies and there is district administration to represent federal and provincial government. Both of them lack women in a decision making role. The local councils in the district are economically well-managed. However, union councils except of



Pishukan and Sur Bandar, do not have any additional financial resources. There has been a practice of frequent transfers of government officials. As an example, the district has been supervised by 14 Deputy Commissioners in the last 20 years of its life. Some of them served here for a period less than four months. Local government institutions can play an important role in development of the area if provided with administrative and financial support. Law and order situation is relatively good in the district. Increase in revenue generation needs more efficient vigilance and provision of adequate civic facilities so that the public can be motivated to pay for such facilities.



5. Productive Sectors

Fisheries is the main economic activity in Gwadar, followed by agriculture, livestock farming, and government and social services. About one quarter of the total national fish catch is produced from the coast of Gwadar district. A vast majority of the population is involved in fisheries. According to the 1981 census, the major economic activity in Gwadar district was “Agriculture, forestry, hunting and fishing” followed by “Construction” and then by “Community, social, and personal services”.

Working Population by Economic Activity (1981)

67.1%

5.0%

6.1%5.9%

4.7%6.3%5.0%

Sector 1

Sector 2+3+4

Sector 5

Sector 6

Sector 7+8

Sector 9

Sector 0

Source: 1981 District Census Report of Gwadar Legend:

Sector 1 Sector 2 Sector 3 Sector 4 Sector 5 Sector 6 Sector 7 Sector 8 Sector 9 Sector 0

Agriculture, Forestry, Hunting, and Fishing Mining and Quarrying Manufacturing Electricity, Gas, and Water Construction Wholesale & Retail Trade and Restaurants & Hotels Transport, Storage, and Communication Finance, Insurance, Real Estate, and Business Services Community, Social, and Personal Services Activities not Adequately Defined

5.1 Agriculture / Horticulture

5.1.1 Introduction

In Gwadar agricultural crops are categorised in two types, Rabi and Kharif, according to their cultivation seasons. Rabi crops are sown in winter and harvested in late winter or during early summer while Kharif crops are sown in summer and harvested in late summer or early winter. The major Rabi crops of the district include wheat, barley, muttar pulse, and various vegetables, but their current volume of production is comparatively negligible. Kharif crops in Gwadar district include mainly fruits and water melons, various vegetables and some jowar and mash. Fodder is cultivated throughout the year. Fruits are produced in Kharif season. Date is the major agricultural produce of the district which is exported to other parts of the country as well.



Agricultural labour consists predominantly of males. However women help their family by getting involved in allied activities like home-base date processing. Mostly the farming activities are performed by the landowner himself.

5.1.2 Classification of Land

In Gwadar district, agricultural land can be classified into irrigated and un-irrigated. Irrigated land has permanent sources of water like open surface wells or springs. There is not a single karez or kaurjo in the district. Un-irrigated land in Kulanch and Dasht valleys is rain-fed, locally called khushkaba, or flood irrigated (sailaba). Irrigated land is predominantly used for production of fruits however some crops are also cultivated in orchards. Crops like wheat, barley, and jowar are cultivated in un-irrigated land. The Agriculture Department has sub-divided the net potential area available for cultivation into current fallow, net sown, area sown more than once and culturable waste. In Gwadar, about 97 percent of the area is either not yet reported or not available for cultivation. The arable land constitutes just one percent of the total area. The major reasons are scarcity of irrigation water and unavailability of agricultural labour.

5.1.3 Land Ownership and Tenure System

Gwadar is not a settled area. Land settlement was planned a few years ago but has not been completed. In this situation cadastrial maps and records of land settlement or land ownership are not available. This, sometimes, results in conflicts over land ownership. In Gwadar, individual ownership is predominant in un-irrigated areas. The reason is an economic one. Un-irrigated areas are rain-fed, therefore financial inputs for irrigation are minimal and it is possible for individuals to have land and to cultivate it. According to the 1990 Census of Agriculture, about one third (31.3%) of the land-holdings sized below 5 hectares, while about the same number of farms were larger than 20 hectares. This is also a result of predominant un-irrigated land. Tenancy is not very much common as agriculture is not a very important economic activity in the district. Most of the farmers themselves work on their fields. Some large land and orchard owners employ tenants. Tenancy contracts are not formal and oral understanding is considered enough. Mouroosi (inherited) tenancy is not practised in the district and it is usually the tenant, rather than the land owner, who discontinues the contract. Sometimes tenants make deals at the same time with more than one land owner, mainly due to scarcity of agricultural labour. In case of irrigated land, a tenant gets one third of the total yield while in un-irrigated land a tenant gets one fourth share in the yield. In both cases all the inputs are provided by the land owner. Another form of tenancy is also practised which is locally called lathbandi. In this type of tenancy the tenant provides all the inputs and he retains three fourth of the total yield. If he provides half of the inputs then he gets half of the total yield.

5.1.4 Agricultural Statistics

Agricultural statistics are collected primarily by a Field Assistant posted in every union council. An Agriculture Officer at district level is responsible to compile district data and send it to the Statistics Wing of the Agriculture Department through the Assistant Director, Agriculture Extension. The Directorate General of Agriculture Department compiles and publishes this data in the form of Agriculture Statistics of Balochistan, every year.



Crops (1994-95) Area (Ha.) Production (tonnes) Yield (kg/Ha.) Fruits31 2,496 20,997 8,412 Fodder32 128 2,140 16,719 Water Melons 100 1,880 18,800 Vegetables33 82 830 10,121 Wheat 70 80 1,143 Pulses34 70 35 500 Barley 40 35 875 Jowar 30 25 833 Coriander 10 5 500 Bajra 9 5 556 Guar Seed 3 2 667

Total 3,038 26,034 Source: Agricultural Statistics of Balochistan 1994-95

5.1.5 Cropping Pattern

Dates, mangoes, fodder, water melons, citrus, tomatoes and wheat are the major agricultural produce of the area. Wheat is cultivated mostly in un-irrigated areas, rain-fed for the most part, while dates, other fruits, water melons, and vegetables are cultivated in irrigated lands. Although average per hectare yield of wheat in Gwadar (1,143 kg/Ha.) is not at par with the average yield of wheat for the province of Balochistan (2,320 kg/Ha.), it fulfils the local needs to some extent. Barley is another crop cultivated mostly in khushkaba lands. Different vegetables and fodder are cultivated throughout the year.

Cropping Pattern (1994-95)

83%

3% 2%3%

3%

2%

4%

Fruit

Fodders

W. Melon

Vegetables

Wheat

Pulses

Others

Source: Agricultural Statistics of Balochistan 1994-95

Date, the major produce among fruits, is most frequently planted on irrigated land. Dates require continuos irrigation and more care. The process of impregnation is unique in case of dates. Pollens from male date tree are sprinkled on female date tree manually.

31 Dates, Mangoes, Citrus, Guava, Chikoo, Coconut, and others. 32 Lucerne, Jowar Fodder, Guar Fodder, and Wheat & Barley Fodder. 33 Tomatoes, Lady Finger, Tinda, Brinjal, Bitter Gourd, Pumpkin, Broad Bean, Carrot, and others. 34 Mash and Muttar Pulses.



5.1.6 Average Yields / Total production

The time series data on total production show an inconsistent trend. However average yield has been almost consistent (see Annex 6 for detailed statistics). The main reason behind this fluctuating trend seems to be the quality of the statistics, as there is hardly any correlation with the rainfall data.

5.1.7 Organisation of Production/Farming Systems

Males are the visible agricultural workers in Gwadar. Females take part in agriculture- allied activities inside the household boundaries. For example dates are dried by women at household level. Land owners themselves till the land and tenants are not easily available to be contracted. Although mechanisation, like use of tractors, is increasing, still most of the farming is performed through indigenous methods, such as the use of bullocks are used for ploughing in orchards in case of inter-cropping.

5.1.8 Irrigation

According to the Agricultural Statistics 1994-95, the major source of irrigation in Gwadar is streams and springs etc. Other significant sources are tubewells, operated by diesel, and open surface wells from where water is taken out for irrigation with the help of diesel pumps. The remaining is khushkaba or sailaba land dependent upon rainfall. The total number of tubewells has decreased in khushkaba lands over the past years, may be due to increase in the diesel price. In flood irrigation, rain-water is harvested into the fields by embankment of fields. This provides enough water for cultivation of crops like wheat and barley. All the tubewells are diesel powered. These are used for irrigation in case diesel, illegally imported from Iran, is cheap. Otherwise tubewells are not operated and farmers wait for rainfall. Here it is necessary to clarify a misunderstanding, that the open surface wells with diesel pumps are often also called tubewells. In Pasni and Shadikaur area, there are 22 such open surface wells being used for irrigation.

Irrigation Sources (1994-95) Area (Ha.) % of total Cultivated Land Tubewells 84 00.5 Open Surface Wells 120 00.8 Spring & others 2,500 16.3 Canals (Kaurjo) 0 00.0

Total 2,704 17.6 Source: Agricultural Statistics of Balochistan 1994-95

5.1.9 Agricultural Mechanisation

The major agricultural machinery being used in the district includes tractors and tubewells. The Agricultural Engineering Department provides bulldozers at the rate of rupees 300 per hour for levelling of agricultural lands and construction of embankments.

5.1.10 Agricultural / Horticultural inputs

There is no record of use of chemical fertilisers in the district. The farmers often use manure as fertiliser. Pesticides are used for horticulture, vegetables, melons, and fodder through ground sprays. Sometimes wheat seed is also treated with pesticides. In 1994-



95, only 71 kilograms of pesticides were recorded to be used in the whole district. Supplies are made through small dealers in the private sector.

5.1.11 Marketing

Unavailability of adequate road connections has incapacitated the farmers to bring their yield to the local market. Most of the produce is locally consumed. Only dates are exported to other parts of the country like Karachi, Quetta, and Sukkur. Agricultural as well as horticultural produce is sold on farm where a middle man buys the goods and further sells it out in the markets.

5.1.12 Producer and Consumer Prices of major Crops

There are no fixed prices of agricultural products. Official rates are totally invalid in Gwadar. Price of dates depends upon crop situation in other date producing areas of the country. If there is a good crop of dates in other areas, the price of dates will be low in Gwadar district and vice versa. Grain crops hardly meet out the local needs therefore organisations like PASCO are not active in the district.

5.1.13 Levels of Income

As most of the agricultural produce is used domestically at local level, agriculture is not the significant source of cash income. The average yield of cash crops like wheat is low hence farmers are unable to raise their economic status through agriculture. However, agricultural produce fulfils their nutritional needs to some extent. The date producers are relatively at advantageous position as date is a profitable crop but this also depends upon the price of dates in other districts. Dates, mangoes, citrus and even the guava and chikoo are economically more important than wheat. Based on the agricultural statistics of 1994-1995 a rough estimate indicates that the agricultural income reaches up to Rs. 2,300 per capita, considering all agricultural produce is valued at Quetta market prices. No research has been undertaken yet to investigate real income per capita in the district.

5.1.14 Department of Agricultural Extension

The Department of Agriculture Extension is providing assistance to farmers through dissemination of technical know-how and information regarding agriculture/horticulture. There are 16 demonstration plots for different crops and 2 new demonstration plots are under consideration. In 1995-96, the department has carried out plant protection work on 1556 hectares of land. There seems very little co-ordination between research activities by the federal government and the knowledge dissemination process by the provincial government through Department of Agriculture Extension. Another problem is lack of viable communication between farmers and the department. It was told that the department often makes advice to the farmers but they rarely care about advice. One example is of date farming. In order to maximise the use of irrigated land, farmers cultivate date trees very closely to each other, whilst minimum recommended distance between two date trees is 6 metres. Moreover the farmers grow wheat or vegetables under these trees. Less distance between trees results in less fluorosynthesis and mix of crops result in increased pests and diseases. The department has developed a Coconut Progeny Orchard cum Nursery on 10 hectares of land in Pasni since 1989. Besides coconut and chikoo other important tropical plants like oil palm, nutmeg, and clove etc. are also planted for trial.



5.1.15 GO/NGO/Private Enterprise, etc. involvement in Agricultural Development

The Balochistan government and private sector are the main partners providing support structure to agricultural sectors. Federal government is also involved to some extent.

Coverage Agri. Services

Local Govt.

Prov. Govt.

Fed. Govt.

NGO

Internat. Donor

Private Entr.

Agr. Extension - xx - - - - Input Supply - - x - - xx Marketing - - - - - xx Price setting - - x - - x Agr. Credit - - xx - - - Irrigation Development - xx x - - - O&M Irrigation - xx - - - - Agr. Mechanisation - x - - - xx Agr. Statistics - xx x - - - Agr. Research - x x - - - Agr. Training/Education - x x - x - Legend:

- x xx

no involvement minor involvement substantial involvement

5.1.16 Conclusion and major Development Issues

Traditional crops are sown and innovative farming is non-existent in Gwadar district. Although there is a potential for cultivation of oil seed plants, the Department of Agriculture Extension is unable to motivate the farmers for this crop. Although agriculture is not an economic sector with a large potential for Gwadar district, much of the barren land can be utilised and people can at least supplement their living.

5.2 Livestock

5.2.1 Introduction

Livestock farming is not a much emphasised or prominent sector in Gwadar district. The valleys of Kulanch and Dasht are major small ruminant raising areas in the district. The livestock census figures for 1996, received from the Livestock Department show big differences with the other two census figures, i.e., in 1976 and 1986. In the last ten years, more than 80 percent decrease in Livestock Units has been reported in the preliminary census data for 1996, received from the District Livestock Officer. The most significant decrease has been observed in the population of sheep and goats. This fluctuation seems a results of unreliable data collection and inefficient supervision during the census process. The livestock data from the District Livestock Officer differ a factor 1 to 6 from the estimates of a recent livestock mission35, in which 150,858 sheep, 120,717 goats, 18,912 cattle, 20 horses, 7574, donkeys, 11,055 camels and 675 mules were indicated for 1996.

Livestock Census 1976* 1986 1996 Sheep 385,155 103,870 Goats 499,576 162,371 38,195 Cattle 76,648 17,121 5,660

35 Migratory Livestock Systems and Livestock Marketing in Balochistan, IMPLAN, P&DD Quetta, April 1997



Dairy Cattle 70 0 0 Buffaloes - 240 - Horses 636 668 20 Donkeys 33,331 5,495 8,570 Camels 41,996 12,363 4,920 Mules 496 611 0 Total Livestock Units (LU) 578,877 166,631 33,963 Pastures in Ha. - - 70,088 Grazing Capacity (Ha./LU) - - 2.1 Source: Pakistan Census of Livestock 1976 & 1986 and District livestock Officer, Gwadar for

1996 * Figures are for whole of the Makran division.

Livestock farmers own herds of more than one hundred heads of small ruminants and they have regular pattern of seasonal migration. The livestock raising communities live in mountainous areas which are not easily accessible by road. Apart from the livestock farming household, all the agricultural households in Gwadar raise different animals. An average household owns a couple of cows, a pair of bullocks or a camel for ploughing, sometimes a donkey as a beast of burden and several sheep and goats. Horses were kept by a vast majority of landowners about two decades ago but now no horse is reported in 1996 census. Poultry is raised by a vast majority of the households but mortality rate is reported to be very high and discouraging.36 Although women in less populated areas graze their animals, mostly the children are livestock grazers. Women help feeding animals at house if fodder is available. By grazing the animals children share economic burden of the household. Although this may not be called child labour37 in its technical sense, still it deprives the children of schooling which is a basic constitutional right of every child.

5.2.2 Cattle

Cow is the most raised kind of cattle in Gwadar district and is a major source of milk production. Buffaloes are non-existent. Bullocks and camels are raised for farming as well as to fulfil nutritional needs of the area. Beef of these cattle is not only consumed locally but these are sent to other areas also for slaughter. According to an estimate local consumption amounts to 357 cattle per month for the whole district. Hides are sold in the open market at Gwadar and Pasni to the retailers and afterwards sent to Karachi for processing. Cattle are marketed to a mandi (market) which commences every week.

5.2.3 Small Ruminants

Sheep and goats constitute an overwhelming majority of the livestock population in Gwadar district. Agricultural households have tens of small ruminants. These are raised mostly in un-irrigated areas where range land provides pastures. Sheep and goats are raised for multiple purposes like milk, mutton, and money. In Gwadar district, at the average, 4,868 sheep and 6,055 goats are estimated to be slaughtered every month.

5.2.4 Poultry

There are 2 poultry farms in Gwadar town, while the number of poultry farms in the whole district is not known. The major part of poultry requirement is met through illegal import of

36 Sherani, (1993), p. 112. 37 UNICEF (1997): Child labour is defined such labour when it deprives a child of education.



poultry birds from Iran and through the local production at household level. For the latter one it is assumed that the women play a major role in chicken raising. According to an estimate of local resources, the total demand of the district is 19 thousand birds per month. There has been 2 government poultry farms at Pasni and Gwadar with a production 1,000 and 2,000 birds respectively. At present both the government poultry farms are not functional due to unavailability of O&M budget. However two private poultry farms at Gwadar produce 3,000 chicken per month. The chicken feed is supplied from Karachi.

5.2.5 Disease Control

Major diseases prevalent among livestock in Gwadar are long worm, wire worm, liver fluke, pelorononenia, and mange. People are not very much considerate about diseases of their stocks. Again lack of road links and unavailability of veterinary services at union council level result in high livestock mortality. However exact mortality rates are not known.

5.2.6 Veterinary Institutions

At present only 2 veterinary hospitals are functional in Gwadar district: one at Gwadar and the other at Pasni. Previously there have been 10 veterinary dispensaries which have presently decreased to 8. An Artificial Insemination Centre and a Disease Investigation Laboratory Unit are not available in the district. Presently, 50 percent of the total treatment cost is charged from livestock owners while it is planned to be raised up to 75 percent in 1997-98 and to 100 percent in 1998-99. The vaccination was free in 1993-94 but in 1994-95 a fee of two rupees per vaccination was imposed. This policy resulted in decreased livestock vaccination therefore the government made it free again in 1995-96. Now the rate of vaccination has once again increased markedly (see Annex 7). However number of treatment and castration cases are decreasing. A sum of rupees 10,768 was received to the department in 1995-96 on account of animal treatment. In order to provide veterinary services to people living in far flung areas, mobile camps are also organised in the winter season.

5.2.7 Department of Livestock Development

In Gwadar, the Department of Livestock Development was established in 1992 and is supervised by an Assistant Director. The total staff strength of the department is 46 which includes four veterinary officers also. The department is responsible for providing veterinary treatment facilities, running dairy and poultry farms, and for collecting of livestock data.

5.2.8 GO/NGO/Private Enterprise, etc. involvement in Livestock Development

The provincial government is providing veterinary services and, to some extent, input supplies while price setting and marketing is done by the private sector.

Coverage Livestock Services

Local Govt.

Prov. Govt.

Fed. Govt.

NGO

Internat. Donor

Private Entr.

Animal Husbandry - x - - - xx Veterinary Hospital - xxx - - - - Veterinary Dispensary - xxx - - - - A. I. Service - - - - - - Input Supply - xx - - - xx



Marketing - - - - - xxx Price setting - - - - - xxx Credit - - - - - x Dairy Development - x - - - xx Slaughtering - - - - - xx Livestock Statistics - x xx x x - Legend:

- x xx xxx



In Gwadar district the whole area seems devoid of any considerable vegetation. Inception of new occupations and urbanisation has decreased interest in livestock farming. However, a considerable proportion of the population is still involved in this activity. Livestock farming can take shape as an organised sector if the government provides more effective guidance and veterinary services along with easily payable credit. Mostly small ruminants are preferred by most of the people and only a few cows or other dairy animals are kept by households. The major reason behind this trend is unavailability of fodder. Agricultural development may result in better fodder crops and, consequently, in increased cattle farming. Another reason may be that training in livestock husbandry is not accessible to women, who are very much involved in livestock activities. As such activities are undertaken at household level, they may be not visible for animal husbandry staff.



Livestock: an important economic sector

Boat making: a potential industry in Gwadar



5.3 Fisheries

5.3.1 Introduction

Fisheries is the most important economic activity in Gwadar district in which a vast majority of the population is engaged. The district has a 600 kilometres long coast line which provides the residents not only the means of income but also the food to subsist. About one fourth of the total catch in Pakistan is produced in the district. According to the Directorate of Fisheries, the full-time fishermen population has increased from 12,963 to 16,380 over a time period of 10 years (1986-95). In 1995, part-time, occasional, and induced fishermen constituted 6.3 percent of the total population, i.e. over 50% of the male working population. The part-time and occasional fishermen do not own a boat. They are involved in agriculture or other economic activities as well or they are specie specific. These fishermen do not fish from May to September, the time of the south-west monsoon, as the sea goes wild in these months. For the induced fishermen fishing is a recreational activity. These figures only concerns people who are involved in fishing, while data about people involved in fisheries allied activities, like boat-making, net-repairing, fish trading, ice making and selling, fish drying and processing, etc., are not available. According to an estimate more than half of the population of Gwadar district is either directly or indirectly involved in fisheries. The number of fishermen per boat depends upon the size of the fishing craft. There may be up to 20 fishermen on one boat of which one is called Nakhuda (captain). Many of the fishermen have their own boats and nets but some get boats and nets on lease from financiers for varying time periods. These financiers are either local or from Karachi. In case the boat and nets are taken on lease, the profit of the total catch is equally divided between the financier and the fishermen, otherwise all profit is divided between the fishermen. In any case profit earned by the fishermen is divided into equal shares according to the number of crew. The Nakhuda gets 4 shares, the driver gets 2 shares, and the rest of the crew gets one share each.38 The fishing gear consists of nets, nylon ropes, floats, and winch. There is a wide variety of fishing nets. Nets of 17 meter length and 3 meter width, weighing about 40 kilogram, are most commonly used for fishing; however, length of nets can go up to 600 meters. Floats are fitted on every 2 metre length. Usually the nets and floats are imported from Korea, Japan, and Taiwan but some are manufactured in Karachi also. The price of nets depends upon weight instead of size of the net and ranges from 200 to 650 rupees per kilogram. The floats cost 30 to 45 rupees per piece and nylon rope costs 125 rupees per kilogram. Nylon nets are usually used for small boats and for big launch thread nets are used which are more strong and durable, and of course more expensive. The mesh size in the net depends upon the type of fish. This size is locally measured in terms of hand fingers and ranges from 2 to 5 fingers. As the net gets older it requires more repair. A net-repair labourer takes 150 rupees a day and on the average a net takes 6 days to get repaired. Women also repair the nets at their homes. There are four different type of boats registered by the Directorate of Fisheries. Yakdar is a small boat of 5 to 11 metres keel length. These boats are built with one keel length of wood. The use of this type of boat is decreasing now. Ranchan is of the same size as Yakdar. The only difference is in the wood used in building these boats. These are built with small length wood planks which are joined with iron nails. Gill-knitters are the 38 Sherani, (1993), p. 87.



medium sized boats with keel length in range of 9 to 14 metres. Launch are boats with 14 to 20 metres keel length. The small sail boats are called Katti. Now fishing on Katti is decreasing and in 1995 only 23 sail boats were registered with the Directorate of Fisheries. The large boats, launch and gill-knitters, with engine fitted inside the boat are named as “mechanised boats” which have increased from 295 in 1986 to 770 in 1995. “Motorised boats” have engines fitted outside the boat. Usually Ranchins and Yakdars are used as motorised boats. The motorised boats have increased considerably, from 1713 to 2840 in a period of 10 years (1986-95). The Directorate of Fisheries charges 15 rupees per annum for Katti, 40 to 150 rupees for Ranchin, and 200 rupees for gill-knitter and launch of more than 17 metres keel length as annual registration fee. Only a few boats are equipped with compass and wireless transmission system. Due to lack of these equipment, every year 2-3 boats are lost in the open sea because they have no way to call for help.

Composition of Fishing Crafts

1,713 1,774 1,8562,059

2,299 2,2802,490 2,457

2,6332,840

178 266 318 367514 546 595 628 712 770

171 132 55 44 44 231500

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000

1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995

MotorizedMechanizedSail Boats

Source: Office of the District Fisheries Officer, Gwadar

Gwadar town is the main place where boats are made or repaired. Craftsmen here get orders from Iran to make boats as well. All types of boats are manufactured here. The keel length of boats ranges up to 35 metres. Usually a launch of 15 metre keel length takes 7 months to get manufactured. However, this period can be reduced to 5 months if electricity is provided and electrical drill and other related equipment are used. The chief craftsman gets rupees 300 to 350 a day while other boat makers get 200 to 250 rupees per day. Total cost of such a launch is about 2.5 to 3 million rupees. Only the wood costs 0.8 million rupees while engine of 5 cylinders costs about 0.75 million rupees. For boat making, Teak and Blau wood is imported from Burma and Indonesia. Manufacturing of such a boat requires at least one chief craftsmen, about 8 to 10 craftsmen, and 5 to 7 apprentices. After completion of carpentry Cod Liver oil is painted on the outer surface of the boat to make it water proof. Average life of a boat is 20 years. A newly manufactured boat is launched in sea on 1st or 15th day of the moon cycle because of high tides on these days.

5.3.2 Fish Species Composition

The fish catch along the coast of Gwadar district is of a great variety. According to the data provided by the Directorate of Fisheries, Government of Balochistan, major specie groups of fish caught at Gwadar coast are: salmon, trout and similar species; telecostean flat fish and other marine telecostean (perch, croakers, bass); herring, sardine and similar species; tuna, true mackerel and similar species; elasmobranches (shark, skate, ray); and



crustaceans.39 A complete list of fish caught at Makran coast is given by Nek Buzdar (1988) in his report. At present shark, tuna, cat fish, marling, dorado, and dreas vin breams are exported to Sri Lanka.

5.3.3 Fish Catch Time Series

The fish catch, both in terms of quantity as well as value, has increased considerably in a period of 10 years (1986-95). According to the Directorate of Fisheries, total fish catch was 103,679 tonnes while a Norwegian survey in 1975-77 pointed out that 180,000 tonne of fish was being taken out of the Gwadar sea legally while illegal catch was about 70,000 tonnes. The total potential of fish catch according to this survey was 300,000 tonnes without jeopardising sustainability of the stock therefore there was still at least a potential of 70,000 tonnes. It means that at present the total fish catch in Gwadar is much behind the available potential.

Quantity of Fish Catch (tonnes)

66,04969,515

81,55078,033

88,007 88,929

95,637

102,050 102,365 103,679

60,000

70,000

80,000

90,000

100,000

110,000

1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995

Source: Office of the District Fisheries Officer, Gwadar The data provided by the Directorate of Fisheries is under-enumerated as the fish catch which is sold out to the businessmen from Karachi in the open sea is not included in this data. The Government of Pakistan has given license to Korean trawlers for fishing since 1988. Just one of these trawlers is capable of sweeping all the fish in a 3 x 12 kilometres range but no record is available about the total fish catch through these Korean trawlers. At present 150 foreign trawlers have license to fish in Pakistani waters. The value of the fish catch has also increased markedly. However, the price of fish is highly fluctuating. Income of the fishermen vary from trip to trip. In general, those who work on large boats and spend many days at sea get a relatively good catch. But the fact is that the fishermen are not satisfied by the income they earn after much exertion. Mostly they remain under loans by financiers and fish traders. As the lenders are fish buyers, they fix the price of fish according to their wish. The fishermen have to sell their catch according to the manipulation of the big businessmen. According to the Gwadar Fish Harbour Authority, port charges received in the last 8 months (July 1996 to February 1997) amounted to rupees 83,657 which is 1.5 percent of the value of total catch sold at the Gwadar Fish Harbour. By projecting this income for the year 1996-97, the annual income amounts to 125,486 rupees which means that the value of total fish catch sold at the Gwadar Fish Harbour will be rupees 8,365,700 in 1996-97.

39 Nek Buzdar, Socio-economic Survey of the Makran Division of Balochistan, (Islamabad: USAID, 1988), p. 33.



While comparing this figure with the value of total fish catch in Gwadar district, i.e., rupees 1,028,429,174 for the year 1995-96, it evinces that statistics provided by the Directorate of Fisheries are not beyond doubts. However, based on such statistics the per capita income for fish is calculated to be Rs. 6,390 for that year. Illegal catch, open sea sale, and fishing for subsistence; all would have to be considered in order to get reliable statistics on the total fish catch.

Value of Fish Catch in Rs. (in thousans)

172,096 199,946

339,059 334,599397,646

525,955

677,670733,196

784,291

1,028,429

100,000200,000300,000400,000500,000600,000700,000800,000900,000

1,000,0001,100,000

1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995


5.3.4 Fishing Techniques

There are many fishing techniques ranging from fishing with line to trolling. Induced and occasional fishermen use wither line or small nets with small boats. Boats used by full-time or part-time fishermen range from Yakdar or Ranchin to Large boats. Some foreign trawlers are also allowed by the Government of Pakistan to fish in the Gwadar sea. In case small boats are being used fishing continues up to one day only. Fishermen using a big launch can stay on sea for 5 to 15 days. The provincial government of Balochistan has banned fishing by some techniques, including trolling, fishing by wire net, ring net, encircling net, and bottom troll. Trolling is the worst fishing technique in which small fishes are crushed under the weight of big fishes. The Government of Balochistan has prohibited trolling in the area of 22.2 kilometres (12 nautical miles) in the provincial sea limits. However, often the trawlers which have license to fish get into the prohibited limits and troll out all the fish in their range. Because of this practice fishing potential for local fishermen is endangered.

5.3.5 Marketing/Processing

Most of the fish catch is marketed to Karachi from where it is further exported to other countries like Sri Lanka, China, Hong Kong, and Korea. Sri Lanka is the major importer of Pakistani fish but businessmen are not happy over trade with Sri Lanka as they pay a relatively lower price. Fish is marketed in three ways. Some businessmen from Karachi or foreign countries buy fish in the open sea. In this way they avoid paying port charges. Secondly, most of the fish is auctioned at fish harbours like Gwadar and Pasni from where businessmen send it to Karachi and the neighbouring districts like Kech, Panjgur, and Awaran. Sometimes fish is exported directly from here to the foreign buyers. Thirdly, some proportion of the total catch is marketed locally from where local population of the district, who is not involved in fishing, buy it. Previously the people of hinterland did not like the fresh fish but now their taste has changed.



Previously the standard process for preserving fish in Gwadar was salting and drying. In 1970, the Department of Coastal Development and Fisheries established an ice factory at Pasni. The first private ice factory started production in 1976. At present there are 16 ice factories in the district of which 6 are at Gwadar, one in Sur Bandar, 2 in Jiwani, 4 in Pasni, and 3 in Ormara.40 The daily ice production at Gwadar is 150 cubic metre while at Pasni it is 100 cubic metres. Some Karachi based businessmen buy ice from Karachi as it is relatively expensive at Gwadar (rupees 40-50 per 40 kg). Now fresh iced fish is sent to Karachi and the buyer countries in big trawlers. The advanced processing of fish, canning, is done in Karachi. There is a great potential for canning industry in the district provided that road links are available for marketing. At present, Pakistan is one of the 80 countries whose canned fish is banned for import in European and other developed countries, mainly because of high un-hygienic canning factories. In Gwadar district, canning industry with international standards can not only earn a big profit but also a good name to the country. Similarly poultry feed can be prepared here using various non-edible fish species.

5.3.6 Department of Coastal Development and Fisheries

The Department of Coastal Development and Fisheries is responsible for registration of fishing boats, issue of licenses to the fishermen, provision of training and guidance to fishermen, and vigilance on illegal fishing. The department is supervised by an Assistant Director posted at Gwadar. The department provides fishing gears to the fishermen at subsidised rates. The fisheries statistics are compiled primarily at district level by the department officials.

5.3.7 GO/NGO/Private Enterprise, etc. involvement in Fisheries Development

Both the federal as well as provincial governments are involved in coastal and fisheries development. In 1992, the Government of Pakistan completed a project of Gwadar Fish Harbour cum Mini Port at a total cost of rupees 1,077,310,605. This harbour is meant to provide fisheries related facilities like ice factories and cold storage, to provide essential facilities for a fishing port, and to improve loading and unloading facilities for commodities. At present the port has a 64.7 metre wide and 416.0 meter long jetty with an auction hall of 3000 square metre and a storage shed 960 square metres. The jetty can facilitate mooring of 3 vessels of 900-1,000 tonnes, 160 gill-knitters, and 400 small boats. There are 3 diesel powered electric generators of 750 kVA each to fulfil power requirements for the complex, proposed ice factories, and cold storage. The cargo-handling equipment includes fork lifts, mobile cranes, 10-tonne trucks, water tankers, gully emptier trucks, large weighing scales, plastic containers and trolleys, and trailers and prime movers for TEU containers. Moreover, a Cutter-Suction-Dragger of 450 cubic metre per hour capacity along with 5 auxiliary craft including Tug, Work Boat, Motor Launch, Barge, and Booster Station are also available at the harbour. But all of this machinery, except dragger, has been dumped in the auction hall. At present, 3 ice factories of 50 tonne per day capacity and one cold storage of 250 tonnes capacity are under construction at the harbour. One fish harbour has been constructed at Pasni with assistance of the Asian Development Bank but details of the costs involved could not be obtained. There has been a proposal for construction of a deep sea port at Gwadar at a cost of 1,415 million US$. It will have 4 berths with a 2,000 metre long quay. This project also includes 3 40 Coastal Development and Fisheries Department, Gwadar.



roads, Gwadar-Karachi, Gwadar-Rattodero to Sind and Punjab and Gwadar-Quetta. The feasibility of the proposal still needs to be investigated, as the hinterland is not very densely populated. The cost of fishing gears and boat engines is beyond affordability of most of the fishermen in Gwadar district. In 1994, the Japanese government provided a grant of 440 million Yen (¥) for in and out boat engines and fishing equipment to be distributed among the fishermen. Similarly a grant of rupees 10 million was given under the Prime Minister’s Development Program for distribution of nets.

Coverage Fisheries Services

Local Govt.

Prov. Govt.

Fed. Govt.

NGO

Internat. Donor

Private Entr.

Fishing x xx xx - x xxx Harbour xx xx Processing - x x - - x Marketing x x x - - x Fishing gear manufacturing - - - - x x Legend:

- x xx xxx



Fisheries is the main economic activity in Gwadar district in which more than half of the work force is involved. About 15 percent of the work force is directly involved in fishing while the others are involved in fisheries related activities. Till today fishing is a family skill. The skill is transferred by the father to his son. There is a need for training on modern fishing techniques. On annual basis there is a potential for an additional catch of at least 70,000 tonnes. Boat-making is a prospective industry of the district. The craftsmen are produced through apprenticeship. They work as contractual worker for the whole of their life but can never think of manufacturing a boat by their own capital and sell it. There is need for a co-operative bank which could provide interest free loans to these craftsmen. Similarly there is need for training and credit for women to stimulate net making and repair activities. Fish processing if started at Gwadar can provide employment to many of the local educated unemployed youth. There is a need to attract private sector for investment by providing different incentives. If Gwadar deep sea port has been proven to be feasible, it may become a base for strategic linkages to the Central Asian States by providing them port facilities.



Fish catch being iced for transportation to Karachi

Net repairing at Gwadar Fish Harbour



Auction hall and storage shed at Gwadar Fish Harbour

Jetty of Gwadar Fish Harbour



5.4 Forestry

5.4.1 Introduction

According to the Agricultural Statistics of Balochistan 1994-95, Gwadar district has forest on 15,545 hectares while according to the Development Statistics of Balochistan 1989-90 there is no forest area in Gwadar district. The Divisional Forest Officer at Turbat and District Forest Officer at Gwadar do not have any data to confirm or refute these statistics. However, some areas of the district have clusters of trees which are cut and used as fuel wood.

1980 1994-95 2000 (projection) Forest Reserve (Ha.) n/a 15,545 n/a Forest Plantation (Ha.) n/a n/a n/a Tree planting (Ha.) n/a n/a n/a Forest Production (cum.) n/a n/a n/a Re-afforestation (Ha.) n/a n/a n/a Source: Agricultural Statistics of Balochistan 1994-95

5.4.2 Forestry Reserve (State Forests)

There is no state forest in the district.

5.4.3 Commercial Forestry (Plantations)

According to the Divisional Forest Officer (DFO), plantation of kahur (prosopis spicigera) was carried out on 222.6 hectares of land in each of the Gwadar and Pasni towns in 1988-93. This was a roadside plantation. Since 1995, plantation has been carried out on 680 hectares in Pasni, 127 hectares in Gwadar, and 50 hectares in Pishukan under the Sand Dunes Stabilisation Project. Apart from this the Muslim Commercial Bank and the Allied Bank Limited have planned a plantation programme in the district. The Muslim Commercial bank is looking forward for coconut plantation with the assistance of Malaysian experts.

5.4.4 Major Vegetation

The vegetation in Gwadar consists mainly of grass and spiny scrubs. Grass and fodder plants are fairly numerous in the district. The landscape is featured with chish (acacia), chigird (), and kahur (prosopis spicigera) in the plains and gazz (tamarix galica) or tamarisk trees in the beds of torrents. Fodder grass is plentiful and found in places where water is scarce. Some plants of pharmaceutical importance including aishak, guldir, morpuzo, danichk (Ispaghol), keraich, udesh are also found in the district. Frequently found plant is pish (nannorhops ritchieana) or dwarf palm which is used for construction of huts in some areas of the district.

5.4.5 Cutting/Marketing/Processing

No record of cutting or processing of wood in Gwadar is available. However people cut trees and dried plants from wood lands for use as fuel wood.



5.4.6 Department of Forestry Development

The Department of Forestry Development has its office in Gwadar under a District Forest Officer. The department is administering a Sand Dunes Stabilisation Project since 1995 with assistance of the World Bank. This project is supposed to last for 5 years in which the project will carry out plantation on an area of 4,888 hectares in Pasni, 2,400 hectares in Gwadar, and 1,000 hectares in Pishukan. For this purpose 4 nurseries were established in 1995 on about 2 hectares land. Out of these 4 nurseries, 3 were established at Gwadar with 1,400,000 seedlings and one at Pasni with 156,000 seedlings. To date plantation has been carried out on 680 hectares in Pasni, 127 hectares in Gwadar, and 50 hectares in Pishukan.

5.4.7 Wildlife

Once the mountainous area in Gwadar district had abundance of Sind ibex (Capra lircus) and mountain-sheep but now the Sind Ibex and Chinkara (Gazella gazella benetti) are found rarely and mountain-sheep are totally non-existent. Urial has been declared as endangered specie. Amongst the birds, most common are See See Partridge (Ammoperdix griseogularis griseogularis) and Water fowls. Amongst the sea-life Sea Snakes are the commonest while species of Plumbeous Dolphin (Sousa plumbea) and Marine Turtles are endangered.

5.4.8 Bee-keeping

Bee-keeping is an alien idea in the district as people are aware of wild honey only.

5.4.9 GO/NGO/Private Enterprise, etc. involvement in Forestry Development

Coverage Forestry Services Local Govt.

Prov. Govt.

Fed. Govt.

NGO

Internat. Donor

Private Entr.

Tree planting - x - - x - Tree harvesting - - - - - - Fuel wood cutting / processing - - - - - - Fuel wood marketing - - - - - x Timber wood cutting - - - - - - Timber wood processing - - - - - - Sale of timber - - - - - - Game ranches - - - - - - Bee keeping - - - - - - Legend:

- x

no involvement minor involvement


There are discrepancies between the various statistics on forest in Gwadar. Wild plants, grasses, and trees are found of which some are of pharmaceutical use while fuel wood is obtained from clusters of wood lands. Game birds are also found in the area. Plantation has been started under the Sand Dune Stabilisation Project. However, there is more need for plantation.



5.5 Mining

5.5.1 Introduction

Both the Geological Survey of Pakistan and the Inspectorate of Mines have not reported any minerals in Gwadar district. The Gazetteer of Balochistan describes exploration of Aluminium Sulphate and Ferrous Sulphate from Shamal Bandar. A sulphur mine was operating near Pasni and occurrence of Sulphuratted Hydrogen at Kallag was reported. The only mineral product of the district today is salt. Salt is obtained from sea or rain water. Small wells of 3-4 meters depth are dug near the sea shore and sea water is spread in panes made on plain surface. The usual dimension of the panes is 300 x 200 x 10 centimetres. Water dries up in 10 days and salt is collected. Each of the panes produces about 20 kilogram of salt which is sold at a rate of 15 rupees per 20 kilogram.

5.5.2 GO/NGO/Private Enterprise, etc. involvement in Mining

Local

Govt. Prov. Govt.

Fed. Govt.

NGO

Internat. Donor

Private Entr.

Mining - - - - - x Processing - - - - - - Transportation - - - - - x Legend:

- x



The district might have mineral resources but no attention has been directed to explore them. The action needed is exploration and subsequent exploitation of the mineral resources in the district. The production of salt may be organised as a small industry. Exploitation of minerals will not only benefit the national economy but will also help socio-economic development of the area.



5.6 Industry and Manufacturing

5.6.1 Introduction

Apart from fisheries, the district’s only major industrial units are 4 power generation plants at Pasni, Gwadar, Ormara, and Jiwani owned by the Water and Power Development Authority (WAPDA). In addition some ice factories are functional in the district as manufacturing enterprises. Factors inhibiting the growth of industry and manufacturing concerns include non-existent infrastructure, unavailability of skilled labour, lack of training institutions, and limited interest of government functionaries.

Number of Units with indicated Employees Enterprise 1 2-5 6-10 11-25 26-100 > 100

Retail 269 101 - - - - Wholesale - - - - - Mills - - - - - Manufacture - 13 - - - - Trade 22 - 4 - - - Transport Companies - - - - - - Restaurant - 28 - - - - Hotel/guest house - - - - - -

Total 291 152 4 0 0 0

5.6.2 Small Enterprise Development (SME)

Gwadar has only a few smaller enterprises. Major hurdles in their establishment include lack of skills, inadequate infrastructure, and non-supportive attitude of governments, both at federal and provincial level. A Technical Training Centre has now been established in Gwadar and is expected to function this year. Up till now, interested candidates had no opportunity to receive training in fields other than boat-making and fishing. Essential infrastructure including roads and power are lacking. There has been hardly any planning regarding skill development and provision of infrastructure either due to lack of interest or fiscal resources. A branch of the Small Business Supply Corporation was established at Gwadar to finance small enterprises but the corporation requires property documents as guarantee which none of the resident have because Gwadar is not a settled area. Most of the people are poor and do not own any property. As a result, the corporation has not financed any business.

5.6.3 Manufacturing

The only manufacturing units in the district are 16 ice factories, boat-making sheds, and a few furniture making workshops. Ice factories here work throughout the year to supply ice to fishing boats. There is lot of potential for fish processing units, either of packing the fish or making poultry feed but irregular electric supply, unavailability of skilled labour, and lack of proper road links to big cities are the major constraints.

5.6.4 Trade (import/export)

Fish export is the major trade activity in the district. About 40 percent of the total fish catch is exported to Karachi. The remaining is either directly exported to Sri Lanka, Korea, China, and Hong Kong or are sent to neighbouring districts like Kech, Awaran,



and Khuzdar. Some proportion is sold to the local fish vendors. Two of the union councils in Gwadar, Pishukan and Sur Bandar, levy a considerable amount as octroi on fish trade. This may be one factor behind surplus budget situation of the local councils in Gwadar district. A significant part of trade in the district is illegal cross border import from Iran. Many of the consumer goods, including flour, sugar, plastic goods, biscuits, blankets, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), and poultry birds come from Iran and are relatively cheaper than the Pakistani ones. Another route of illegal cross border trade import is from the Gulf states with launches. Although Coast Guards and Pakistan Customs are responsible to check this illegal import, acquaintance of locals with the safe routes along with inefficient vigilance result in a large scale transportation of these goods into the district. Moreover local influential and many of the government functionaries are of the opinion, that keeping in view the low economic status of the majority of the population, it is imperative to allow this cross border trade. Unavailability of adequate road links to major cities like Karachi is another factor causing the high prices of Pakistani goods which, in turn, result in more need for illegal imports.

5.6.5 Tourism

Gwadar is visited by many individuals for business as well as for recreation. Gwadar and Pasni are well connected with Karachi by air. There is one tourist motel in Gwadar with all the facilities. Many of the government departments have their own rest houses in Gwadar, Pasni, Ormara, and Jiwani. According to an estimate, total number of rest houses in the district counts to 10. All of these rest houses are well furnished. The 600 kilometres long beach of Gwadar district may have great potential for development as a tourist resort. The development of tourist industry in the district will surely provide job opportunities for the unemployed youth of Gwadar district.

5.6.6 Handicrafts

Embroidery work is the main handicraft done by women of the area with excellent skill and craft. Mostly it is done on women’s dress for personal use. Some more skilled women receive orders to make dress for other women also. This embroidery work is rarely sold out in markets. Cost of such embroidery ranges from rupees 500 to 7,000 and work can take 3 to 6 months for completion. Almost all the women are skilled in embroidery craft, but only few do it for income generation. This craft can be developed as cottage industry.

5.6.7 Department of Small and Medium Enterprise and Industrial Development

The Department of Industries has approved the establishment of a small industrial state at Pasni. It may be hoped that it will become a first step towards industrial development in this coastal district of Pakistan. The department has one rest house at Gwadar. However, the Department of Industries does not play a significant role in the development of industries or small business enterprises in Gwadar district.

5.6.8 GO/NGO/SME, etc. involvement in Industrial Development

The federal as well as the provincial government has provided appreciable support to the fisheries sector by developing fish harbours and allied facilities. The construction of ice factories and cold storage is on its way after some reluctance. But the banks, either in public or private sector, provide long and short term loans to finance fisheries and allied



activities. Mostly the fish marketing is done through the private sector. The marketing network for export of fish has been established. However, manipulation plays its role in depriving the fishermen of their due share in earning through fishing.

Coverage Commercial Services

Local Govt.

Prov. Govt.

Fed. Govt.

NGO

Internat. Donor

Private Entr.

Vocational Training - - - - - - Management Training - - - - - - Acquisition - - - - - - Public Relations - - - - - - Credit - - x - - x Marketing - - - - - x Legend:

- x



Industry in Gwadar district consists of fisheries, power generation plants, and a few manufacturing units and mills. Import in Gwadar district is, for the most part, illegal, smuggled in from Iran. Many consumer items are imported from Iran and are cheaper than those of Pakistan. Fish is the major export of the district. Although a good deal of infrastructure is available for development of fisheries, still there is need for improvement, like e.g. a road link to Karachi and power supply. It might be inferred that if adequate infrastructure is provided, like electricity and roads, the district has great development potential. The establishment of a Technical Training Centre is a good initiative to impart know-how and training for different skills to men and women. The small businesses can be financed through the Small Business Finance Corporation if the lending conditions are made suitable for the requirements in Gwadar. There is an intense need of short term financing to develop small business enterprises. Tourism can be developed as an industry with little effort. Embroidery work is done by women for personal use and a small proportion of it is sold out in the market. Organised efforts may be directed towards development of embroidery work as cottage industry and, consequently, towards the development of women folk. Credit for women entrepreneurs is important to enable them to market their products, e.g. handicrafts.



6. Economic Infrastructure and Communications

6.1 Introduction

Gwadar, a coastal district of Pakistan, is connected with other parts of the province and the country by air and road. Pakistan International Airlines (PIA) has daily flights from and to different destinations. Although black top roads are only 58 kilometres long, shingle and earthen roads connect the district to other cities of the country. Buses and pick-ups ply daily for Karachi, Turbat, Khuzdar, and some other towns of the district including Pasni, Jiwani, Ormara, Suntsar, Pishukan, Sur Bandar, and Nigore. These roads are however difficult to travel.

6.2 Roads

The total length of roads within the district is 983 kilometres out of which only 58 kilometres is metalled (black top). All these roads were constructed and are maintained by the provincial Buildings and Roads (B&R) Division of the Communications and Works (C&W) Department. At present the B&R Division have 4 motor graders, one D7 dozer, one road roller, 2 loaders, and 2 tippers out of which one tipper is out of order. The roads in Gwadar district are well maintained. For the year 1996-97, two PC-1 have been moved; one of rupees 20 million for road maintenance and the other of rupees 3.7 for machinery maintenance. In case the project of a deep sea port gets through, it will result in a good network of roads connecting Gwadar with Karachi, Quetta, and some other towns like Turbat, Awaran, Panjgur, Naushki, Pasni, Ormara, Sonmiani, and Rattodero. Unavailability and sometimes improper utilisation of development budget and a low cost-benefit ratio are two major factors behind this little length of metalled roads.

Type of Road

National Highway

Provincial Roads

District Council

Other Agencies

Total

Metalled (km.) - 58 - - 58Shingle (km.) - 859 859Earthen (km.) - 66 - - 66

Total (km.) - 983 - - 983Source: Provincial Buildings and Roads Division, Balochistan

Unavailability of black top roads in Gwadar district has hampered the transportation and, consequently, small scale fish export to Karachi which can benefit the fishermen. According to the provincial B&R division, total daily traffic count on various roads of the district was 432 only. Due to high maintenance cost of the vehicles, transporters demand for high fare which further affects the costs.

6.3 Transport

Any exact data on transport in Gwadar district is hard to find as no private motor vehicle owner get his vehicle registered in the district. Only the government vehicles are registered or some vehicles are registered in other districts. At present only 6 cars are registered with the Motor-vehicle Registration Authority out of which 3 are used as taxi. Most of the vehicles are illegally imported from Gulf states via transit trade facility to Afghanistan and are re-imported illegally to Pakistan without paying any duty. These automobiles do not have any documentation, hence, are available for a relatively low



price. Same is the case with motorcycles. None of the motorcycles have a registration number. Many of them are illegally imported from Iran. The Department of Excise and Taxation is responsible for registration of automobiles and collection of revenue from the owners but the excise authorities are not paying attention to this issue.

Type of Vehicle Registered in District 1990 1993 Trucks 1 4 Buses 0 0 Mini Buses 0 0 Cars, Jeeps, Taxis 22 26 M-cycle, Rickshaws 7 36 Camel/horse/donkey cart 0 0 Tractors 0 0 Others 13 5

Total 43 71 Source: Development Statistics, BoS, GoB and Sherani (1993), p. 79.

The number of buses plying from and to Gwadar from other parts of the province is limited due to the unavailability of metalled roads. The journey from Gwadar to Karachi takes about 32 hours while it is about 48 hours from Quetta to Gwadar. Daily 2 coaches, from each side, ply between Karachi and Gwadar, one between Quetta and Gwadar, one between Khuzdar and Gwadar, and 2 between Turbat and Gwadar which takes about 5 hours. A few pickups also ply daily between Gwadar and Turbat and to some other destinations within the district.

6.4 Rail- and Airways

The district has no railways. However, there are 4 airports (Gwadar, Pasni, Ormara, and Jiwani) in the district of which 2 (Gwadar and Pasni) are international airports. The national flag-carrier Pakistan International Airlines (PIA) operates 31 domestic and 3 international flights per week to connect all the 4 airports of Gwadar district to Muscat, Sharjah, Karachi, Turbat, Panjgur, Gwadar, Pasni, Ormara, and Jiwani. All the cities of Balochistan and towns of Gwadar district are connected to each other by road.

No of flights from\to

Muscat

Sharjah

Karachi

Turbat

Panjgur

Gwadar

Pasni

Ormara

JiwaniMuscat x - - - - 2 0 0 0 Sharjah - x - - - 0 1 0 0 Karachi - - x - - 10 5 2 2 Turbat - - - x - 2 3 1 1 Panjgur - - - - x 0 1 0 0 Gwadar 2 0 11 2 1 x 0 0 1 Pasni 0 1 5 3 1 0 x 1 0 Ormara 0 0 2 1 0 0 1 x 0 Jiwani 0 0 2 1 0 1 0 0 x Source: PIA



6.5 Radio and Television

Gwadar district is out of the Pakistan Television’s transmission range. The television owners watch satellite-received television programme. Nobody pays Ptv licence fee, which seems justified as there is no Ptv transmission; therefore no record of the number of television sets is available. However, as per estimate, every fourth household owns a television set and a satellite receiver. Pakistan Broadcasting Corporation (Radio Pakistan) has one broadcasting station of 0.25 K.W., M.W. at Turbat. This station was inaugurated on January 4, 1981 and daily transmits a programme for about five hours (1800-2310). It broadcasts in Urdu (3 hours) and Balochi (2 hours) while radio stations at Quetta and Khuzdar also transmit a programme in Balochi which can be listened to in Gwadar district. People do not bother to pay radio licence fee, therefore no data are available about total number of radio sets in the district.

6.6 Telecommunications

The Pakistan Telecommunication Company Limited (PTCL) has provided a telephone network to many towns and villages of Gwadar district. At present there is only one digital telephone exchange in Gwadar district, i.e., at Pasni with 1,300 lines. There are 3 auto exchanges in the district, with 1500 lines at Gwadar, with 200 lines at Jiwani, and with 400 lines at Ormara. Other exchanges are located at Sur Bandar and Pishukan with 100 lines each, at Kallag and Nalaint with 30 lines each, and at Kalatoo with 50 lines while the telephone exchange at Suntsar has a capacity of 10 connections. The total number of telephone connections in the whole district is 1,855. The PTCL has opened one public call office at Gwadar. Telegraphic and facsimile service, promoted by the Pakistan Telecommunication Company, are also available in the district but internet and e-mail services are not yet available. Contrary to other government departments, the PTCL staff was satisfied with the revenue collection. There was no complaint about defaulters. Many applications were pending completion of cable networking process.

6.7 Post Offices / Courier Services

In Gwadar district, the Pakistan Postal Services Corporation has established one post office at Gwadar; 3 sub post offices at Pasni, Ormara, and Jiwani; and 3 branch post offices at Kalmat, Sur Bandar, and Pishukan. Although not very regular, a door to door delivery mechanism is present and mail is delivered throughout the district. Mail reaches various parts of the district by air as well as by road but delayed delivery of mail is a common complaint. Presently the fax and special mail services have been abandoned due to shortage of staff. The Gwadar Post Office provides saving bank services as well, while 30 post boxes are available at the post office for the public. The sole courier service (TCS) is available at Gwadar and Pasni only.



6.8 Banking/Financial Institutions

In Gwadar district, commercial banking services are provided by Habib Bank Limited (HBL), National Bank of Pakistan (NBP), United Bank Limited (UBL), Allied Bank Limited (ABL), and Muslim Commercial Bank (MCB), while Agricultural Development Bank of Pakistan (ADBP) provides credit services for the fishermen. A branch of Small Business Finance Corporation is also there to finance small business enterprises. The principal business of the banks in Gwadar is remittance of money which comes from Gulf states; however lending of money from the banks is also common among business community.

Bank Branches Habib Bank Limited Gwadar (1), Pasni (1) National Bank of Pakistan Gwadar (1), Pasni (1), Ormara (1), Jiwani (1) Muslim Commercial Bank Gwadar (2), Pasni (1), Ormara (1) United Bank Limited Gwadar (2), Pasni (1) Allied Bank Limited Gwadar (2), Pasni (1) Agricultural Development Bank of Pakistan Gwadar (1), Pasni (1) Small Business Finance Corporation Gwadar (1) The Agricultural Development Bank of Pakistan has a mandate to provide loans to fishermen for fishing gears and boats. A pre-appraisal is prepared for lending by a Mobile Credit Officer, who prepares the financial appraisal. After financing, the bank keeps track of its investment and an evaluation of loan utilisation is made. Usually boats and fishing gears are mortgaged and a loan up to 66 percent of their value can be provided on which a 14.5 percent mark-up is charged. Sometimes personal guarantee is also acceptable if the loan demanded is up to 30 thousand rupees. In 1995-96, 11.71 million rupees were issued as loan to the fishermen. In the financial year 1993-94, lending to the fishermen amounted to rupees 14.136 million and in 1994-95 this amount was rupees 36.907 million. Recovery rate has been below 40 percent up to 1996 after which it has increased to about 55 percent as a result of a special recovery campaign by the bank. The bank has appointed 5 Mobile Credit Officers in Gwadar district, 2 at Gwadar, 2 at Pasni, and one at Jiwani for providing credit facilities to the fishermen. The Agricultural Development Bank of Pakistan has introduced many schemes some of which have been abandoned. A total of 14 tractors were provided to the farmers in Gwadar and Pasni at 12 percent interest rate under the Awami Tractor Scheme. The Small Business Finance Corporation (SBFC) has opened its branch at Gwadar but it is not functional. The main reason behind non-provision of loans to the fishermen is that the corporation requires a land ownership certificate as mortgaging document. Gwadar is an unsettled area and none of the residents have land ownership certificates. The fishermen have their boats, fishing gears, and registration certificate to mortgage but the corporation does not accept these as guarantee. The result is very obvious, that the corporation has not financed a single penny as loan in Gwadar, which was the real purpose of the corporation.

6.9 Electricity and Gas

The district was first provided electricity when about 17 Megawatts (MW) of power generation was started with 4 diesel operated generators, each of 4.25 MW capacity, installed at Pasni by Water and Power Development Authority (WAPDA). At present



Pasni is generating 12 MW, which is used for regular electricity supply to Pasni town and the surplus electricity, generated at Pasni, is supplied to Turbat. The towns of Gwadar and Jiwani have their own power generation stations to meet the local power needs while all the other towns and villages are without electric supply. The Gwadar power plant started electricity generation with 2 Perkins diesel generators, each of 504 kW capacity, in April 1991. One Caterpillar diesel generator of 560 kW capacity was added in November 1991 while 2 Taiyo diesel operated generators, of 525 kW each, were installed in January 1993 . The most recent addition was installation of 2 Cumins diesel generators having capacity of 200 kW each. Although all the generators at Gwadar are functional, their overhauling is due. All these 7 engines are not operated simultaneously therefore the total power generation remains below 1.5 MW while the total demand is of 2.2 MW. This shortage is compensated by more load shedding. There is no central system for load shedding and the WAPDA personnel have to switch on and off the electricity from transformers. Many of the government establishments have their own power generators of limited capacity. The fish harbour has 3 diesel power generators, capable of producing 2.25 MW of electricity. In Gwadar and Jiwani electricity is supplied for 12 hours (from 0930 hours to 1630 hours and from 1830 hours to 2330 hours). However adjustments are made as required by the district administration. Pasni town has continuous electricity supply. At present electricity has been provided to 4,199 consumers in Gwadar district. Gwadar has 1,657 domestic and 486 commercial users; Pasni has 1,393 domestic, 342 commercial, and 7 industrial connections; while Jiwani has 293 domestic and 21 commercial consumers. None of the connections is for agricultural purposes. There has been a problem of non-payment of bills but now WAPDA officials disconnect the transformer in case payment of bills has not been made by the electricity consumers in that area. In this way problem of non-payment have been solved to some extent. Government departments and organisations are not regular in payment of bills as they pay whenever they have funds available in their budget. The overall realisation of the assessed revenue from Gwadar district is about 50 percent. There is a plan of expansion of the Pasni power station in phase II after which total generating capacity at Pasni will be 44 MW. After this expansion major towns of the district could be connected to Pasni for electric supply. Pasni to Gwadar transmission line and a 132 kV grid station has been approved but work has not yet started due to shortage of funds. Only the boundary wall of the grid station and of few residential quarters have been constructed at Gwadar. The pace of construction work is slow due to delayed release of funds from the Government of Balochistan who is funding the whole project. Gwadar district does not have access to gas pipeline supply, however liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is available in cylinders for cooking. It is supplied by the Sui Southern Gas Company (SSGC), Wakgas, and Burshane Gas through their agencies at Gwadar, Pasni, Ormara, and Jiwani. Some proportion of gas cylinders is illegally imported from Iran. One cylinder of 10-11 kg of LPG supplied by Pakistani companies costs 280-300 rupees while an Iranian cylinder of 7-8 kg costs 220-230 rupees. LPG is also available through refilling in smaller cylinders of 2 kg for 70 rupees. Although LPG is a bit costly as compared to the other energy sources, its consumption is increasing. At present, agencies of SSGC, Wakgas, and Burshane Gas sell about four thousand cylinders per month. The consumption of Iranian gas is not measurable as many shops are selling refilled and Iranian cylinders because there is no check on refilling and selling of LPG. The price of



LPG is a bit higher in Gwadar district. One stated reason is that the fare of one truck load is 1,500 rupees while SSGC issues a limited quantity of cylinders. In this way price per cylinder increases to 270 rupees. Although Wakgas and Burshane Gas is available in required quantities, the agency holders sell their cylinders at the same price as being received by the SSGC agency holders.

6.10 Rest Houses

There are 10 rest houses in the district managed by the provincial as well as federal government departments. Six of these rest houses are at Gwadar. All of the rest houses are well furnished and well kept. There is one old Governor House being used as VIP rest house. Gwadar has a good tourist motel at the beach.

6.11 GO/NGO/Private Enterprise, etc. involvement in Energy, Transport and Communications Development

Most of the economic infrastructure and communications are developed and managed by government, either federal or provincial. The private sector is involved in transport, hotel, and banking only.

Coverage Economic Infrastructure Services

Local Govt.

Prov. Govt.

Fed. Govt.

NGO

Internat. Donor

Private Entr.

Road works - xxx - - - - Transport (buses) - - - - - xxx Railway - - - - - - Airway - - xxx - - - Radio & Television - - xxx - - - Banking/Financial Institutions - - xx - - xx Electricity - - xxx - - - Gas - - x - - xx Rest houses - xx xx - - x Legend:

- x xx xxx



Gwadar district is connected to other cities by road and air. The length of black top roads is only 58 kilometres. Development of any area is hard to be imagined without roads; therefore it is imperative to construct more metalled roads to link coastal towns with Karachi and other major cities of Balochistan. PIA operates flights for Gwadar, Pasni, Ormara, and Jewni but travel by air is expensive for the common people. Moreover unavailability of seats in flights is a common complaint despite the fact that often the planes fly half empty. Presently, the district is out-ranged for Ptv transmission. Human resource mobilisation can only be made possible through education, awareness and communication, for which television is an effective medium. Ptv can play a very positive role in change of attitudes, as with regard to family planning, through persuasive communication.



The district is well linked through telephone and mail, though, delays in mail delivery is a common complaint. Postal services need to be improved. Commercial banks are functioning satisfactorily however the crucial role of the Agricultural Development Bank of Pakistan demands a broader mandate to serve the fisheries based economy of the district. The lending conditions of Small Business Finance Corporation may be made suitable to finance small manufacturing and businesses, like net making, boat-making, and fish processing. Electricity is the most demanded facility. One probable reason behind slower pace of manufacturing activities in the district is unavailability of a power source. However it is hoped that electricity provision to Gwadar and other towns from Pasni or through the national grid will remove a major stumbling block to development.



7. Social Infrastructure

7.1 Water Supply

Being a coastal area, only at few places of Gwadar district ground water is potable. In the past, Gwadar district has faced severe drinking water crises. In 1981, only one third of the housing units had a house connection. Around 40 percent housing units obtained drinking water from open surface wells and about 13 percent from streams, rivers, and springs. In the past the Irrigation Department used to look after drinking water supply systems as well; in the mid-80’s the Public Health Engineering Department (PHED) has been made responsible. In 1991, there were only 33 open surface wells of which 11 were being used for drinking water supply. After the construction of Akra Kaur Dam and Saji Dam this problem has been solved to a great extent. The PHED has 26 constructed water supply schemes and drinking water is supplied through overhead and community tanks. Only one of these schemes is a gravity flow scheme based upon a spring while for the remaining schemes water is obtained from dams, rivers, and tubewells. According to the Public Health Engineering statistics, currently 96 percent of the population (160,980) has access to safe drinking water through these schemes. However it is estimated that the remaining (4%) of the population gets illegal connection from these schemes to acquire safe drinking water. In Nalaint, no water supply has been developed. The Public Health Engineering Department has plans to a construct water supply scheme there. At present 6 water supply schemes are under construction while 6 schemes have been proposed for funding.

Percentage of population served (1997) Sources of

Water Supply House

connection Community

Tank

< 250 m

> 250 m

Total Piped Water Supply 52.4 43.3 - - 95.7 Perennial Streams - n/a n/a n/a n/a

Springs - n/a 0.3 n/a 0.3 Karezes - n/a n/a n/a n/a

Wells (open surface) n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a

Hand pumps n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a Tubewells n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a

Total 52.4 43.3 0.3 - 96.0 Source: Executive Engineer, PHED, Gwadar

7.1.1 Drinking Water

The entire population in Gwadar district is supplied drinking water through water supply schemes constructed by the Public Health Engineering Department. In case of overhead tank or direct pumping, water is supplied through a house connection and a monthly flat water rate is charged to the consumers. Most of the schemes are provided with community tanks from where children and adults fetch water. In the areas far from villages, women and children fetch water for domestic use. Sometimes they use donkeys and small trolleys if they have to bring water from a distant source. However, in the villages women are not asked to fetch water from community tanks of other sources, because male family members do this job. Usually people live near the water source. All of the water supply schemes constructed by the Public Health Engineering Department are functional. The World Bank has asked the government to hand over all



the water supply schemes to the community. However it may not be possible for those water supply schemes in Gwadar district which are based upon dams. On the other hand, people are not eager to operate the schemes by themselves. The people argue that they are being asked to run the schemes by themselves while water supply schemes in other provinces of Pakistan are being funded by the government. Sometimes water provided for household use is illegally used for horticultural irrigation which deprives many consumers of their right to get drinking water. The water supplied through schemes is filtered prior to supply. All community tanks are lined and water pipelines are laid one metre below surface to avoid breakage and consequent water contamination. At present all the schemes, except 2 in Pasni, are diesel operated, therefore operational costs are high. Desalination of sea water is a way to get drinking water. Pakistan Navy has constructed one such plant at Gwadar. Sea water is pumped into the small panes which are covered with transparent sheets of vinyl plastic. The water evaporates and vapours are condensed on vinyl plastic sheets from where water is collected in under-ground water tank through small ducts. This water is utilised by the Pakistan Navy Personnel only.

7.1.2 Drinking Water Supply Administration (Operation and Maintenance)

All of the water supply schemes, except one, are administered by the Public Health Engineering Department. The department has constructed, to date, 26 schemes all of which are functional. Out of these schemes one has been handed over to the community for operation and maintenance. The water supply schemes constructed by the Public Health Engineering Department supply water in two ways; through house connections or commercial connections and through community tanks. In case of house connection a monthly flat rate of 30 rupees per connection is charged while 250 rupees per month are charged to commercial consumers. In case of water supply through community tanks no water charges are levied. The overall revenue realisation is 60 percent. Meters were installed in the urban area but the idea did not work. Then a flat rate of 50 rupees per month per connection was approved, which afterwards was reduced to rupees 30 per month per connection on July 14, 1992. The department has contracted out the collection of water charges in Gwadar town for rupees 1,069,520 (at the rate of Rs. 18.00 per connection) for the year 1997. The only scheme being operated by the community is based on a spring and water is provided through a community tank, therefore, no fees are received from consumers. In a major part of the district it may be difficult to hand over the water supply schemes to the community because most of them have a common water source, i.e., dam. At present water for most of the schemes is provided from Akra Kaur Dam, Saji Dam, and other small dams on Dasht river and Shadi kaur. Akra Kaur Dam was handed over to the Public Health Engineering Department in July 1996. It provides 80 percent of the drinking water in Gwadar sub-division (Gwadar town and 10 other villages). This dam has the capacity to store water for three years’ needs of the area. Three treatment plants have been constructed at the dam site. Each of them has a capacity to filter about 1.364 million litres of water per day. Water is pumped to the water supply schemes by 3 pumping stations which work continuously for 23 hours a day. The 1996-97 operations and maintenance budget for Akra Kaur Dam has been approved but has not been released yet.



7.1.3 Ground Water Sub-sector

In Gwadar district, the quality of drinking water supplied through water supply schemes is good. In some areas, water is obtained from open surface wells. The taste of ground water is slightly brackish and it is not suitable for drinking. In the late 70’s WAPDA Hydro-geology Department has drilled test boreholes in the whole province, including Gwadar District. Five test wells were drilled in Gwadar and Pasni unto mid 1993 by the Public Health Engineering Department to examine the quality of water.

7.1.4. Sanitation

In Gwadar town, overall sanitation is poor. There is a sewerage and drainage system and solid waste management through dumping it outside the town; but the town does not look clean. Same is the situation in Pasni. Other towns of the district do not have such facilities therefore sanitation is really poor there. The Public Health Engineering Department has a mandate to provide sanitation services to people but except for providing drinking water to the public, PHED did nothing in terms of sanitation. The municipal and town committees try to address this important issue according to their resources but these efforts are not enough. The services provided by these local councils are only for major towns and even there they are inadequate. The household garbage is dumped on the sea side and sometimes burned there. This not only pollute the air but also pose danger to marine life near the coast. Sewerage water usually flows in the streets, household garbage is dumped just outside the houses, and a very pungent smell is a characteristic of most of the towns and villages. None of the government or non-government organisations has a plan for a motivational campaign to educate the people. Up to 1995 UNICEF, through Balochistan Integrated Area Development Programme (BIAD) has constructed household latrines in few villages of Gwadar sub-division. Material support has been given to Local Government and Rural Development Department (LG&RDD) to construct 200 flush system latrines by its Water and Sanitation Cell through out the district. These latrines were mainly constructed at public places in Gwadar town, rather than in villages and therefore are of little use. However people are adopting these latrines in houses.

7.1.5 Public Health Engineering (PHE) Department

The department is headed by an Executive Engineer at the district level. The Public Health Engineering Department is mainly responsible to construct, operate, and maintain water supply schemes; to look after water resources; to provide sewerage and solid waste disposal facilities; and to levy water and sanitation charges. In Gwadar, the Public Health Engineering Department is sub-divided in 3 sub-divisions, Gwadar, Ormara, and Pasni headed by the respective Sub-divisional Officer (SDO). In 1995-96, recurrent budget of the department was 11,370,255 rupees while no development budget was released to the department. The operation and maintenance budget in 1995-96 was 14,885,707 rupees.

7.1.6 GO/NGO/Private Enterprise, etc. involvement in Water Development

The provincial government plays a major role in provision of water and sanitation services in collaboration with some international donors and local NGOs. The increased participation by the community in operation and management of water supply schemes will not only lessen the burden on the public exchequer but will also ensure better service delivery.



Coverage Water and Sanitation Services

Local Govt.

PHED.

Fed. Govt.

NGO

Internat. Donor

Private Entr.

Construction x xxx - - x - Management - xxx - - - - Operation & Maintenance - xxx - x - - Legend:

- x xx xxx



Drinking water has been a problem for the people in Gwadar, but now 96 percent of the population has access to safe drinking water through water supply schemes. The provision of electricity for operation of water supply schemes can cut down the operational cost. There have been some complaints of irregular water supply through the Public Health Engineering Department’s schemes. This complaint can be addressed by involvement of beneficiary communities in the operation and routine maintenance and ensuring efficient operation and supervision of these schemes. The population coverage (96%) seems unrealistic keeping in view unavailability of water in Nalaint area and illegal connections. For appropriate and efficient planning correct data is a prerequisite. Therefore a realistic estimate of population covered is necessary.



7.2 Health

7.2.1 Introduction

A healthy population is a prerequisite for socio-economic development. The health status is not satisfactory in Gwadar district. Common prevalence of malaria, ARI, gastrointestinal and vaccine preventable diseases indicate lack of preventive measures and an inefficient primary health care system. This situation is particularly true for women. On the one hand the female population is culturally deprived to move freely outside their house and always need some male member of the family to accompany them. On the other hand, women-exclusive health facilities are very few and there is severe shortage of female health staff, either medical or paramedical. Presently the Mother & Child Health Care Centre at Kallag, one out of 3 such centres in Gwadar district, is non-functional due to unavailability of electricity. Malnutrition among women is a common phenomenon in Pakistan. This not only results in their poor health, leading to low-birth weight babies, but also increases the burden on secondary health care facilities. According to the Gwadar District Headquarters Hospital data, there were more female outdoor patients (31,026) in 1996 as compared to the males (25,404). There were 2,600 indoor patients in 1996. However indoor data provided by the Gwadar District Headquarters Hospital seems unrealistic. Hospital bed occupancy rate exceeds 100 percent most of the times.

Health Services (1997) No. of

Doctors (m/f)No. of

Nurses (m/f) No. of Para-

medics41 (m/f) No. of Beds

No. of Units

Hospitals 9/0 0/0 29/4 34 1 Dispensaries 0/0 0/0 24 22 RHCs 7/0 0/0 54 3 BHUs 3/0 0/0 0 17 MCH Centres 0/0 0/0 0 3 TB Clinic 0/0 0/0 0 1 School Health 0/0 0/0 0 1 Others 0/0 0/0 203/35 0 1 Private Clinic 20 0/0 0 0 20

Total 39 0 271 112 69 Unit/population ratio 1:4,351 - 1:625 1:1,513 1:2,456 Source: District Health Officer and Medical Superintendent, DHQ Hospital, Gwadar

7.2.2 Health System

In the district, health services are provided at two levels. At primary level, 17 basic health units (BHU), 22 dispensaries, and 3 mother and child health care centres (MCHC) are established throughout the district, while 3 rural health centres (RHC) and one district headquarters hospital at Gwadar provide secondary level health care. Primary health care includes prevention of diseases through community health programs, cure of minor diseases, and provision of emergency medical services. Secondary health care includes provision of specialised health services to cure major ailments. Indoor patient facility is available at the District Headquarters Hospital with a capacity of 34 beds. However, according to the Medical Superintendent, DHQH, only 10 beds are used for the patients and the remaining are VIP beds, used occasionally. According to his statement patients do not like to stay in the hospital and in the evening they move to their houses.

41 No data are available to differentiate the paramedical staff to the specific health units.



Amongst the primary health care facilities, only 3 rural health centres and 3 basic health units have the availability of medical professionals; in the other units paramedical staff provides health services to people. Female medical staff is either not available or not willing to serve in the rural areas. There is not a single Lady Medical Officer working in the whole district. This results in unavailability of health services to female population of Gwadar district. Laboratory and X-rays services are available at the rural health centres only. Only two of the RHCs, Pasni (2) and Ormara (1), have ambulances on road. Two ambulances of RHC Jiwani and BHU Pishukan are off the road. The District Headquarters Hospital, Gwadar provides specialised health services in surgery, ENT, and dentistry. Posts of specialists in Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Medicine, Ophthalmology, Pathology, Paediatrics, and Anaesthesia are lying vacant. A nominal fee is charged from patients for outdoor, indoor, X-ray, and laboratory services. Only one rupee is charged for OPD slip while indoor admission fee is rupees 5. Ambulance service is available at the rate of 2 rupees per kilometre plus fuel charges while a fixed amount of 20 rupees is charged for each X-ray, laboratory test, electrocardiogram (ECG), and dental surgery. Fee is being levied since September 1995 and all the income goes straight to the government account. Apart from government run facilities, health services are being provided by private medical practitioners also. There are around 20 private clinics in the district and one private medical centre at Gwadar which is equipped with X-rays, ultra sonography, and clinical laboratory facilities. Even surgical operations are performed at the private clinics. Hakeems (traditional healers) seem to have a good practice here as there are 3 of them in Gwadar and 2 in Pasni while a few other may be in other towns.

7.2.3 Major Disease Incidence

In Gwadar district, disease pattern changes with the climatic change. In summer, malaria is the most prevalent disease along with gastrointestinal diseases. Absence of a sewerage system and improper garbage disposal results in swamps and marshy areas which not only provides mosquitoes an ample chance to grow but also contaminates drinking water. Diarrhoea and dysentery are common gastrointestinal diseases. In winter malaria is replaced with acute respiratory infections including bronchitis, sore throat, and pneumonia (specially in children). Apart from these diseases urinary tract infections are also common. A few cases of AIDS have also been detected. Major paediatric diseases are acute respiratory infections (ARI) and diarrhoea.

7.2.4 Regular and Special Health Services

Regular health services include the Expanded Program of Immunisation (EPI). The EPI is a major preventive health care programme to control or eradicate six communicable diseases, i.e. TB, polio, diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis and measles. In 1996, the coverage of EPI for infants was 82.2 percent at the average, while for the children under 2 years of age it was 1.6 percent. About 30 percent of the pregnant women in Gwadar district were vaccinated against tetanus in the year 1996. The vaccination among women of child bearing age in Gwadar district was negligible. There are 8 EPI static centres in Gwadar (2), Pasni, Ormara (2), Nalaint, Kappar, and Pishukan. The EPI has 2 jeeps and 5 motorcycles, to provide mobile services in the far flung areas, out of which one jeep is off the road.



Special health services in Gwadar district include school health services and the Prime Minister’s Program for Family Planning and Basic Health. The school health service is not functional because the post of medical officer is vacant. The Prime Minister’s Program for Family Planning and Basic Health was started in 1995. Under this program local women with a minimum qualification of middle pass are employed as Lady Health Workers for a fixed remuneration of 1200 rupees per month. They have been trained for three months and are supposed to collect health statistics of the area, register births and deaths, impart health education, and treat minor ailments like headache, common cold, and flu. They also refer children and pregnant women to the EPI centres for immunisation. Till December 1996, a total of 61 Lady Health Workers had been recruited in Gwadar district against 115 vacancies (to be filled in three phases). In Gwadar 25, in Pasni 21, and in Ormara 15 Lady Health Workers are working. World Food Program (WFP) has supplied vegetable oil to be distributed amongst pregnant women of the district. The house of the Lady Health Worker is named as “health house”. Apart from trained and traditional birth attendants, these health workers help the pregnant women, provide them advice, and refer them to hospital in case of any gynaecological or obstetrics complication. Under the Malaria Eradication Program, anti-malarial spray is arranged once in a year. This program has 7 workers to take blood samples of suspected malaria patients and to advise them, if found positive, standard anti-malarial remedy is given.

7.2.5 Administration of Health Services

In Gwadar district, a District Health Officer is responsible for primary health care and related facilities like rural health centres, basic health units, dispensaries, TB clinics, and mother child health care centres. He is also responsible for EPI, school health service, Prime Minister’s Program for Family Planning and Basic Health, and Malaria Eradication Program. Secondary health care is provided at the District Headquarters Hospital located at Gwadar. A Medical Superintendent is responsible for proper functioning of the District Headquarters Hospital. At present one dental surgeon, one general surgeon, one ENT doctor, and 5 medical officers are posted at this hospital. Support staff includes 33 paramedics.

7.2.6 GO/NGO/private, etc. involvement in Health Development

Although federal government is providing support to special health services like the EPI and the Prime Minister’s Program for Family Planning and Basic Health in the district, the provincial government is a major actor in the provision of health services to the people of Gwadar district. Private sector’s involvement is limited to a few private clinics and medical stores.

Health Facility

Loc. Govt.

Prov. Govt.

Fed. Govt.

NGO

Private

Internat. Donor

Total

Hospitals - xxx - - x - 1 Civil Dispensaries - xxx - - - - 22 Mobile Dispensary - - - - - - 0 Basic Health Units - xxx - - - - 17 Rural Health Centre - xxx - - - - 3 MCH Centre - xxx - - - - 3 EPI Centre - x xx - - - 8 TB Clinic - xx - - - - 1 Family Welfare Clinic - xx - xx - - n/a Family Planning Clinic - xxx - - - - n/a



Health Facility

Loc. Govt.

Prov. Govt.

Fed. Govt.

NGO

Private

Internat. Donor

Total

Private Clinic - - - - xxx - 20 Homeopathic Clinic - - - - x - n/a Hakeem/Local Medical Practitioner

-

-

-

-

xxx

-

10

Health Houses - xx xxx - - - 61 Nurse Training School - - - - - - - Chemists - - - - xxx - n/a Source: District Health Officer, Gwadar and HMIS Legend:

- x xx xxx



The health status of the people is poor in the district. The EPI coverage is reportedly quite unsatisfactory and needs immediate action. Awareness raising about family planning and right of access to health facilities is crucial to overcome the health problems. Awareness raising about women’s health issues is equally important to make health facilities accessible to women and children. Myths and taboos concerning health and family planning affect, rather threaten the lives of the women and their children. Health statistics are not available at the district level. Although the Health Management Information System (HMIS) has been initiated in the district, making it functionally effective needs a lot of efforts at all levels. Furthermore, stationery and accessories to run this system efficiently are not being supplied regularly. Gwadar district is facing a problem in finding female medical staff. There are very few local females trained for health services and even if they are available, the socio-cultural environment inhibits them from rendering such services. The consequence is that women in particular do not have adequate access to health services. The whole district is without a single Lady Medical Officer. A new dental unit has been provided to the District Headquarters Hospital for about a year. But many of the specialists are either not appointed here or do not like to serve here.



7.3 Education

7.3.1 Introduction

The educational institutions in Gwadar district include two intermediate colleges, 10 high schools, 13 middle schools, 174 primary schools, and one technical training centre. Apart from these public sector educational institutions, one middle and 3 primary schools exist in the private sector. Some of the government schools in the district are not functional. These schools exist on paper only. Their staff worsens is getting salary but no teaching activity is being carried out. Reliable official data about these non-functional schools is not available.

Number of Pupils Enrolment

(in public sector) 1995 m/f

1996 m/f

Muhallah/Home School 0 0 Madrassas n/a n/a Mosque School 890/540 403/250 Primary School 8,169/3,563 8,437/4,340 Primary passed n/a n/a No. of Teachers 533 515 Vocational Training 0 0 Voc. passed n/a n/a Middle Schools 1,882/542 1,769/409 Middle S. passed n/a n/a High School 759/52 744/114 High S. passed n/a n/a College 219/25 220/30 College graduates n/a n/a University 0 0 University graduates n/a n/a Source: District Education Officer, Gwadar, BEMIS, and Principal, Government College, Gwadar

7.3.2 Government School System

The government school system in Gwadar follows the national pattern. It is divided into three stages: primary, middle, and high. The entry point to the primary stage is kachi which is actually first part of class one, while the second part is pakki. In this way the student spends two years to pass class one. After class one four more years are required to pass primary stage (class 5). Middle stage (class 6 to 8) is of 3 years’ duration and high section (class 9 and 10) is of two years. In order to get a secondary school certificate a total of 11 years’ schooling is required.

7.3.3 Primary Schools

There are 146 boys and 28 girls primary schools in the district. About two third (66.6%) of these schools are single teacher schools. Fourteen of these schools have been mosque schools which have now been awarded the status of primary schools. Usually a Junior Vernacular Teacher (JVT) is appointed in a primary school. In mosque schools both the boys and girls study up to the primary level. The teacher-student ratio data in boys primary schools ranges from 1:26 to 1:33 and for girls primary schools this ratio ranges from 1:104 to 1:135.



Amongst the 28 girls primary schools, 11 are established through community support. All these 11 schools were initiated by the community with efforts of the Society for Community Support for Primary Education. A Village Education Committee (VEC) is constituted amongst the villagers where at least 75 percent of the residents are willing to open a girls primary school. This committee supervises the functioning of the school. A local middle pass girl is identified and recruited as a teacher. Space for the school and the teacher’s remuneration for the initial 3 months is provided by the community. After 3 months the government approves and finances the school if its performance is satisfactory. After 3 years the government constructs the school building on the land provided by the community, provided that funds are available. There are 4 private schools in the district of which one is up to middle level while other are primary schools. One of these primary schools is the Agha Khan School. It was established in 1905. At present this school has 228 students and 12 teachers. The only private middle school and one primary school at Pasni is being run by a province-wide NGO, Pak Public Development Society. The teachers in these schools are paid a reasonable remuneration. The monthly tuition fee for each student ranges between 160 to 300 rupees while every year 400 to 500 rupees are charged as admission fee and 200 rupees as annual fund. The enrolment in these schools is increasing as the parents think that the educational standard at these schools is good.

7.3.4 Vocational Training

The Government of Pakistan has recently established a Technical Training Centre at Gwadar with World Bank assistance. The classes have not started yet but are expected to start functioning this year. This centre will provide training in various trades including electrician, motor winding, television and radio mechanic, wood work and boat-making, welding and sheet metal, refrigeration and air conditioning, and plumbing and fitting. There is training capacity of 8 students in each trade while the duration of courses ranges from 6 months to one year. The teaching staff of this centre consists one Chief Instructor, 6 Senior Instructors, and 11 Junior Instructors. Computer programming and net-making are the most demanded and needed trades for future plans. A computer training institute is also functional in the private sector at Gwadar. It was established in July 1996. This institute is providing training in dBase, Basic, DOS, Lotus 123, and Word Perfect. The computer laboratory is equipped with 9 computers. Monthly fee is rupees 650 per student.

7.3.5 Middle Schools

In Gwadar district, there are 10 boys and 3 girls middle schools. These schools provide education up to the 8th grade which includes a primary section as well. Ideally the staff of a middle school comprises Secondary School Teachers, Junior English Teachers, Junior Arabic Teachers, Drawing Master, Physical Training Instructor, Mualim-ul-Quran, and Junior Vernacular Teachers. The teacher-student ratio in the primary section of the boys middle schools is 1:31 and in girls middle schools is 1:60. This ratio for middle sections of the boys middle schools and girls middle schools is 1:8 and 1:19 respectively.



Map of Distribution of Schools in Gwadar



7.3.6 High Schools

Gwadar district has 9 boys and one girls high schools. All the high schools in the district have all the 3 sections: primary, middle, and high. In addition to the sanctioned teaching staff for a middle school, every high school is considered to have a head master/ mistress and subject specialists. There is one model high school at Gwadar under a Principal, however it is without electricity and science teachers. In the boys high schools teacher-student ratio for the primary, middle, and high sections is 1:48, 1:23, and 1:13 respectively. For the female students in the girls high schools this ratio is 1:1,172 for the primary section, 1:20 for the middle section, and 1:38 for the high section.

7.3.7 Intermediate College

The district has two intermediate colleges: one for boys and another for girls. The students are taught both science and arts subjects in these colleges. In 1996, there were 220 boys and 30 girls at the intermediate level. There are 16 teaching posts at the boys college out of which 7 are vacant. At present, 4 Assistant Professors and 7 Lecturers are teaching the boys as well as the girls classes. The attendance of students as well as teachers and cleanliness at the campus was appreciable. The girls of the district do not have a separate college building and female teachers. The classes are held in the building of the boys college. The girl students are taught by the male teachers of the boys college in the afternoon. The male teachers are paid an honorarium of rupees 1200 for teaching the girl students. In this way the Government of Balochistan is not only saving a big amount of teachers’ salaries but also does not have to spend money on the girls college building. On the other hand, absence of a separate college building and female teachers is a major reason behind the small number of regular girl students at the intermediate college.

7.3.8 School Administration

There is only one District Education Officer (DEO) for males in Gwadar district who administers the government schools system in the district. The DEO (female) has her office at Turbat. Both are assisted by Sub Divisional Education Officers and other auxiliary staff. Every high school is headed by a Head Master (in BPS 17), middle school by a Senior Science Teacher as Head Master (in BPS 16), and primary schools are headed by a senior Junior Vernacular Teacher (in BPS 7).

7.3.9 School Buildings

The building of primary schools in Gwadar district usually comprises only one room, either kacha (made of mud or un-baked bricks) or pakka (made of baked bricks or cement blocks) and even this one room is not available in some schools. There are 48 shelterless primary schools out of which 11 are for girls. The boundary wall is not present outside some of the girls primary schools. A toilet is a rare facility in the primary schools. It was told that 6 of these primary schools are under construction. Usually a middle school is provided with 5 class rooms and toilet facilities. According to the specifications provided by the Department of Education, a boundary wall is not necessarily provided outside the girls middle schools. The high schools are supposed to have 15-20 class rooms with toilet and boundary.



Although a budget for construction and repair work of the school buildings is allocated on district basis, the Third Education Project and the Primary Education Department are responsible for using this budget. The planning for construction work is centralised and the concerned headmaster is rarely consulted in this regard. This practice sometimes results in inappropriate utilisation of funds.

7.3.10 GO/NGO/private, etc. involvement in Education Development

The provincial government is the main actor in the provision of educational facilities to the people in Gwadar. The Primary Education Development Project in collaboration with the Primary Education Quality Improvement Programme has sub-contracted the Rural Community Development Council for opening girls primary schools through community support process. This council has succeeded in opening about 11 such schools in Gwadar district. The private sector is also involved in imparting education through primary schools.

Local Govt.

Prov. Govt.

Fed. Govt.

NGO

Private

Internat. Donor

Total

Muhallah/Home Schools

-

-

-

-

-

-

0

Mosque Schools - - - x - - 14 Primary Schools - xxx - x x x 160 No. of Teachers m/f - xxx x x - - 515 Vocational Training - - xx - - xx 1 Middle Schools - xxx - - - - 13 High Schools - xxx - - - - 10 Colleges - xxx - - - - 2 Teacher Training - xxx - - - - 0 University - - - - - - 0 Legend:

- x xx xxx



The girls in Gwadar face great problems in getting college education in the absence of separate girls college buildings and of female teachers. This not only deprives the girls of an equal opportunity for higher education but also results in unavailability of educated females for employment in the health and education sectors. More than 3 times teacher-student ratio for the girl students validates this assumption (88.2 as compared to 25.5). Educational opportunities are critical for the development of the district. For women it enables them to raise their productivity and bring more income into families. It would ensure a more confident and productive work force, which till now has been marginalised. Education of girls and women will lead to better health and hygiene conditions and better outputs in the other sectors, where women’s labour is involved, e.g. agriculture and livestock. In this regard education will have to be expanded and improved. More and trained female teachers can lessen the girls/teacher ratio in girls schools. The girl students of the district at the secondary level have only one high school at Gwadar. This only girls high school is deprived of electricity, even though the electricity bill has been paid. There is no science teacher and subject specialist. Water supply is insufficient, even for drinking, therefore the newly built toilet facility is useless. The girl



students are discriminated at the college also. The college bus, on which they commute, charges 400 rupees per month to girl students as fare while this fare is 300 rupees per month for the boy students. This inequality in educational opportunities should invite the attention of policy makers. There are few refresher courses for school teachers. The teachers are not appropriately trained for teaching. Many schools do not function due to the absence of teaching staff. The buildings of the schools hardly meet the needs. Most of the primary schools are single room schools and the students have to sit under the trees or sky in some schools.

7.4 Sports

7.4.1 Introduction

Football is the most popular game played in Gwadar district. All the towns and villages have at least one football club and a playing field. Open levelled fields are playgrounds. There are tens of unregistered football clubs in the district. Play of other games is negligible. Girls are prohibited to play field games, however facilities are available to them for playing basket ball and other track games in their schools.

7.4.2 GO/NGO/Private Enterprise, etc. involvement in Sports Development

The government has an important role in the promotion of recreational activities but rarely attention is given to this sector. The government has provided playgrounds in educational institutions and one stadium is also constructed at Gwadar, but there is an immense need for maintenance of these play fields and encouragement of talented players.

Loc. Govt.

Prov. Govt.

Fed. Govt.

NGO

Private

Internat. Donor

Total

Infrastructure x x - xx - - - Financing x x - xx - - - Playgrounds x x - x - - n/a Legend:

- x xx

no involvement minor involvement substantial involvement


Incentives should be introduced for promotion of sports and encouragement of youth which otherwise can be attracted by asocial or antisocial activities.



Akra Kaur Dam: a major source of drinking water

A shelter less school at Gwadar



8. District Accounts and Development Funds

8.1 District Accounts

Gwadar, being a coastal district, earns a considerable amount as octroi which has enabled many of its local councils – including two union councils – to be financially self-sufficient. However the overall income-expenditure equation remains negative in Gwadar. The amount collected as revenue by various government departments amounts to one third (33.3%) of the total annual expenditure in Gwadar. Although this proportion is reasonable keeping in view the performance of the other districts in Makran division, financial self-reliance of the district seems still not possible. The income/expenditure figures have been provided by the District Treasury Office where all the revenue, collected by various federal and provincial government departments functional in the district, is deposited. The same office is responsible for disbursing expenditure money to these departments. However, the bulk of the federal revenues and income is not administered by the Treasury Office and therefore no adequate data are available on the actual government income at district level. Therefore, these data are not sufficient for a comprehensive fiscal analysis of the district but can be used for comparative purposes. The following table presents amount of revenue generated from Kech by various departments.

Income / Revenue 1991-92 1992-93 1993-94 1994-95 1995-96 1996-97 in Pak. Rps Actual Actual Actual Actual Actual Estimate

Federal Govt. Income tax n/a n/a n/a n/a 11,143,929 n/a Customs n/a n/a n/a n/a 2,812,604 n/a Pakistan Navy n/a n/a n/a n/a 5,359 n/a Passport Office n/a n/a n/a n/a 521,800 n/a Post Office n/a n/a n/a n/a 10,288,616 n/a Provincial Govt. Administration n/a n/a n/a n/a 3,318,941 n/a Agriculture Dept. n/a n/a n/a n/a 234,958 n/a Fisheries n/a n/a n/a n/a 1,043,846 n/a Excise n/a n/a n/a n/a 92,786 n/a Police n/a n/a n/a n/a 696,932 n/a Food Dept. n/a n/a n/a n/a 45,525,793 n/a Livestock n/a n/a n/a n/a 107,433 n/a PHE n/a n/a n/a n/a 1,247,227 n/a Health n/a n/a n/a n/a 3,900 n/a Education n/a n/a n/a n/a 34,302 n/a District Council n/a n/a n/a 849,980 913,200 1,186,581MC Gwadar 5,192,378 4,001,476 4,488,489 4,419,682 4,270,176 5,008,262MC Pasni n/a n/a n/a 2,907,200 2,168,200 2,063,308Union Councils n/a n/a n/a n/a 606,000 658,000

Total - - - - 85,036,002 - Source: Treasury Office, Gwadar



Expenditure 1991-92 1992-93 1993-94 1994-95 1995-96 1996-97 in Pak. Rps Actual Actual Actual Actual Actual Estimate

Productive Agriculture (R) n/a n/a n/a n/a 2,736,661 n/a Livestock (R) n/a n/a n/a n/a 2,328,085 n/a Fisheries (R) n/a n/a n/a n/a 32,286,923 n/a Forest (D) n/a n/a n/a n/a 3,785,000 n/a Infrastructure B&R (R) n/a n/a n/a n/a 39,908,245 n/a B&R (D) n/a n/a n/a n/a 9,757,975 n/a Social PHE (R) n/a n/a n/a n/a 21,481,451 n/a PHE (D) n/a n/a n/a n/a 363,794 n/a Health (R) n/a n/a n/a n/a 14,666,847 n/a Food (R) n/a n/a n/a n/a 149,218 n/a Education (R) n/a n/a n/a n/a 23,156,904 n/a Social Welfare (R) n/a n/a n/a n/a 1,738,174 n/a Excise (R) n/a n/a n/a n/a 1,436,029 n/a Police (R) n/a n/a n/a n/a 7,972,319 n/a Custom (R) n/a n/a n/a n/a 11,962,269 n/a Election (R) n/a n/a n/a n/a 331,978 n/a Registration (R) n/a n/a n/a n/a 948,669 n/a Meteorological Dept. (R) n/a n/a n/a n/a 1,079,228 n/a Pension (R) n/a n/a n/a n/a 668,092 n/a Pakistan Navy (R) n/a n/a n/a n/a 11,505,000 n/a Zakat (R) n/a n/a n/a n/a 877,199 n/a Fed. Police (R) n/a n/a n/a n/a 26,083 n/a Administration (R) n/a n/a n/a n/a 32,413,229 n/a Administration (D) n/a n/a n/a n/a 448,355 n/a Rural Development (R) n/a n/a n/a n/a 3,791,529 n/a Rural Development (D) n/a n/a n/a n/a 1,694,122 n/a PLD (D) n/a n/a n/a n/a 19,553,726 n/a PLD (Zakat) n/a n/a n/a n/a 707,425 n/a District Council n/a n/a n/a 750,240 852,502 976,692MC Gwadar (D) 6,644,486 1,203,448 991,959 683,013 474,832 n/a MC Gwadar (R) 2,774,059 3,400,519 4,746,917 3,767,140 3,865,817 n/a MC Gwadar (T) - - - - - 5,008,262MC Pasni (T) n/a n/a n/a 2,614,000 2,136,858 1,938,400

Total - - - - 255,104,538 - Source: Treasury Office, Gwadar Legend:

R D T

Recurrent Development Total

The local government institutions like the municipal committees of Gwadar and Pasni, the town committees of Ormara and Jiwani and the union councils of Sur Bandar and Pishukan are in a surplus fiscal position. One probable reason for this good performance is the high income level through octroi and other taxes. Other reasons may include better fiscal management and strict vigilance. If compared with the provincial or federal government departments, these local councils seem more efficient and responsible in their financial affairs as they spend a considerable amount of money on their development programmes.



8.2 Development Funds

Most of the development activities in Gwadar district are funded through the Public Sector Development Programme (PSDP). Development funds from federal and provincial resources are only partly administered at the district level. Major development activities are directly administered from provincial level and it is sometimes hard to trace accurately that which part specifically benefits the Gwadar district. In 1995-96, a total amount of 77.993 million rupees was allocated for development activities under the revised Public Sector Development Programme (PSDP) in the following sectors: roads, health, fisheries, environment, and public health engineering. This amount was earmarked for completion of one new and 5 ongoing schemes. The Makran Sand Dune Stabilisation project had Foreign Project Assistance (FPA) worth 56.06 million rupee from the World Bank. The other schemes include dredging work at Pasni fish harbour, construction of Pasni-Ormara road, two water supply schemes and construction of residences for the health personnel. For the year 1996-97, the total revised PSDP allocation was 65.456 million rupees for 3 ongoing development schemes. For 1997-98 the PSDP allocation amounts to 81.13 million rupees for 2 new and 3 ongoing schemes. This budget includes 58.69 million rupees from the Foreign Project Assistance for Sand Dune stabilisation in the district.



9. The District in comparison to Balochistan

Based on the available statistics, development trends for Gwadar are generally clearly explained in the tables with socio-economic indicators and Gwadar’s comparative ranking in reference to the other districts within Balochistan, underneath. • Comparatively in reference to the other districts within Balochistan, Gwadar’s population

density falls in the lowest category, while the annual percentage population growth in Gwadar, with 2.6, the lowest is.

• The absolute area cultivated in Gwadar is the lowest of all districts, although there

seems to be comparatively more potential agricultural area available. In fruit production Gwadar scores in the middle, but it scores low in overall production, just like the total agricultural value and the agricultural value per capita. The agricultural value per cultivated area scores rather high, which may show an economically appropriate cropping pattern.

• The absolute number of livestock and the related livestock density score low, but in

reference to the population the number of livestock units per capita and the livestock income per capita score in the middle category.

• It looks like that the enrolment of boys and girls, as percentage of the 1995 NIPS

projection figures is above average. The fact that only 19 boys against 10 girls visit schools is comparatively positive, but is still not good. Although relatively many boys and girls go to school, the number of pupils per teacher is unacceptable high, in particular for the girls.

• Although the population per doctor is within the lowest category, the male/female ratio

among doctors is comparatively low, according to HMIS, but not good at all. During the field visit it was clear that, at that particular moment, there were no Female Doctors at all. Among the paramedical staff the ratio is even comparatively high with only 1 female staff on 26 males.

• The statistics on water supply coverage are not complete yet, but according to

information from the district 100% of the population has access to water, which makes it scoring the highest.

Are

a (B

urea

u of

Sta

tistic

s B

aloc

hist

an)

Pop

ulat

ion

1995

(NIP

S p

roje

ctio

n)

Den

sity

199

5 (b

ased

on

NIP

S' p

roje

ctio

n)

Perc

enta

gepo

pula

tion

grow

thin

perio

d19

81-9

5(b

ased

on

NIP

S' p

roje

ctio

n)

Sex

ratio

m/f

(Cen

sus

1981

)

Are

a cu

ltvat

ed (A

gric

ultu

ral S

tatis

tics

1994

-95)

Pot

entia

lA

gric

ultu

ral

area

avai

labl

e(A

gric

ultu

ral

Sta

tistic

s 19

94-9

5)

Agr

icul

tura

l Pro

duct

ion

(Agr

icul

tura

l Sta

tistic

s 19

94-9

5)

Frui

t Pro

duct

ion

(Agr

icul

tura

l Sta

tistic

s 19

94-9

5)

Pro

duct

ion

Val

ue(b

ased

onQ

uetta

who

lesa

lefig

ures

from

Agr

icul

tura

l Sta

tistic

s 19

94-9

5)

Agr

icul

tura

l Pro

duce

Val

ue p

er c

apita

(199

5)

Agr

icul

tura

lPr

oduc

eVa

lue

per

culti

vate

dH

a.(1

995)

Agr

icul

tura

l Pro

duce

Val

ue p

er p

oten

tial H

a. (1

995)

Live

stoc

kun

its(d

eriv

edfro

m19

96Li

vest

ock

Cen

sus

proj

ectio

ns)

Pas

ture

Are

a(A

gric

ultu

ral

Sta

tistic

s19

94-9

5an

d/or

Dis

trict

Aut

horo

ties)

Ava

ilabl

e pa

stur

e pe

r LU

(199

5)

LU p

er c

apita

(199

5)

LU d

ensi

ty (1

996)

Valu

e Li

vest

ock

offta

ke p

er c

apita

in R

ps.

Leng

th o

f met

alle

d ro

ad (B

urea

u of

Sta

tistic

s 19

95)

Leng

th o

f met

alle

d ro

ad p

er s

q.km

Leng

th o

f shi

ngle

road

(Bur

eau

of S

tatis

tics

1995

)

Leng

th o

f shi

ngle

road

per

sq.

km

Num

ber o

f villa

ges

Num

ber o

f villa

ges

elec

trifie

d

Perc

enta

ge o

f vill

ages

ele

ctrif

ied

District sq.k

m

peop

le

peop

le /s

q.km

% a

nnua

l gro

wth

Ha.

Ha.

tonn

es

tonn

es

000,

000s

of R

ps.

'000

s R

ps/ c

apita

'000

Rps

/ Ha

'000

Rps

/ Ha

LU Ha.

Ha/

LU

LU/c

apita

LU/s

q.km

'000

s R

ps./c

apita

km km/s

q.km

km km/s

q.km

Villa

ges

Villa

ges

% o

f vill

ages

Quetta 2,653 676,941 255 4.2 1.26 12,712 78,884 144,789 76,352 2,118 3.1 166.6 26.9 136,371 39,088 0.29 0.20 51 0.1 219 0.083 433 0.163 naPishin 5,850 312,227 53 3.2 1.06 51,707 110,255 393,173 162,013 5,298 9.1 102.5 48.1 975,167 73,065 0.07 1.67 88 1.0 200 0.034 1,357 0.232 naKillah Abdullah 5,264 272,221 52 3.2 1.07 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.07 1.67 88 1.0 153 0.029 1,020 0.194 naChaghi 50,545 186,454 4 3.2 1.03 19,046 446,417 163,208 10,016 1,581 8.5 83.0 3.5 398,399 382,211 0.96 2.14 6 1.2 605 0.012 1,515 0.030 280 44 16Zhob 16,520 344,122 21 3.2 1.12 13,904 37,067 150,803 130,101 2,541 7.4 182.7 68.5 1,181,861 13,010 0.03 2.12 44 1.2 19 0.001 718 0.043 naKillah Saifullah 10,609 213,403 20 3.2 1.21 20,814 42,190 154,761 59,086 2,583 12.1 124.1 61.2 20,302 0.03 2.12 44 1.2 4 0.000 133 0.013 naLoralai 9,829 562,387 57 6.4 1.18 42,971 110,848 291,351 169,675 5,946 10.6 138.4 53.6 1,150,302 64,589 0.06 1.24 60 0.7 131 0.013 396 0.040 naBarkhan 3,514 147,599 42 6.4 1.07 16,859 99,562 53,240 16,145 509 3.5 30.2 5.1 9,445 0.06 1.24 60 0.7 16 0.005 193 0.055 naMusakhel 5,728 218,156 38 6.4 1.07 5,957 14,434 17,521 1,566 820 3.8 137.7 56.8 0.06 1.24 60 0.7 0.000 419 0.073 naSibi 7,796 143,589 18 2.8 1.05 25,517 96,694 173,468 27,186 1,485 10.3 58.2 15.4 323,852 40,766 0.28 1.70 35 1.0 86 0.011 434 0.056 naZiarat 1,489 46,942 32 2.8 1.05 3,391 12,141 48,595 48,245 961 20.5 283.4 79.2 51,355 0.28 1.70 35 1.0 82 0.055 209 0.140 naKohlu 7,610 105,050 14 2.8 1.03 7,766 27,563 51,662 6,632 588 5.6 75.8 21.3 1,604,830 0.00 15.28 211 8.8 3 0.000 320 0.042 naDera Bugti 10,160 153,032 15 2.8 0.96 8,971 21,014 19,429 95 115 0.8 12.8 5.5 441,213 0.00 2.88 43 1.7 106 0.010 399 0.039 naNassirabad 3,387 270,327 80 5.4 1.05 148,822 190,335 396,683 2,640 2,956 10.9 19.9 15.5 740,544 30,968 0.07 0.90 127 0.6 0 0.000 182 0.054 909 31 3Jaffarabad 2,445 555,557 227 5.4 1.02 189,377 220,018 652,518 1,397 4,111 7.4 21.7 18.7 18,171 0.07 0.90 127 0.6 286 0.117 42 0.017 659 89 14Bolan 8,036 358,670 45 3.0 0.97 38,996 261,556 1,936 1,597 4.5 41.0 0.0 246,704 102,400 0.50 0.53 22 0.4 53 0.007 291 0.036 603 21 3Jhall Magsi 3,078 102,995 33 3.0 0.96 43,895 580,979 94,356 850 613 5.9 14.0 1.1 20,988 0.50 0.53 22 0.4 133 0.043 195 0.063 16 naMastung 5,896 200,000 34 3.0 1.03 42,277 298,194 34,083 1,985 9.9 47.0 0.0 1,319,321 0.03 2.55 105 1.5 66 0.011 186 0.032 naKalat 6,621 316,787 48 3.0 1.01 31,237 317,237 301,883 65,923 2,165 6.8 69.3 6.8 36,936 0.03 2.55 105 1.5 30 0.005 527 0.080 naKhuzdar 43,261 424,450 10 3.2 1.08 80,454 1,895,487 469,369 46,092 2,720 6.4 33.8 1.4 3,457,030 822,136 0.24 5.82 53 3.5 7 0.000 1,329 0.031 naAwaran 21,630 169,432 8 3.2 1.20 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.24 5.82 52 3.5 215 0.010 652 0.030 naLasbela 12,574 367,566 29 4.9 1.14 35,562 973,701 167,219 35,669 1,156 3.1 32.5 1.2 437,236 159,120 0.36 1.19 35 0.7 31 0.002 527 0.042 naKharan 48,051 198,195 4 3.2 1.21 6,592 828,049 59,150 15,508 707 3.6 107.3 0.9 1,471,374 127,425 0.09 7.42 31 3.7 58 0.001 1,468 0.031 naKech (Turbat) 22,539 607,628 27 3.4 1.34 42,529 117,284 581,366 256,209 4,509 7.4 106.0 38.4 253,324 85,910 0.34 0.42 11 0.3 51 0.002 1,466 0.065 343 naGwadar 15,216 160,980 11 2.6 1.12 3,038 51,201 26,034 20,997 371 2.3 122.0 7.2 216,184 70,088 0.32 1.34 14 0.8 40 0.003 959 0.063 104 naPanjgur 16,891 243,149 14 3.0 1.21 17,297 78,351 167,131 133,629 1,509 6.2 87.2 19.3 164,828 70,525 0.43 0.68 10 0.4 50 0.003 1,607 0.095 45 na

Balochistan 347,192 7,357,859 21 3.9 1.12 909,691 6,349,711 5,137,459 1,322,045 48,943 6.7 53.8 7.7 14,518,540 2,238,498 0.15 1.97 42 1.2 2,644 0.008 16,977 0.049

Overview of socio-economic indicators for all districts in Balochistan

Prim

ary

Edu

catio

nal U

nits

for B

oys

(BE

MIS

199

6)

Prim

ary

Edu

catio

nal U

nits

for G

irls

(BE

MIS

199

6)

Rec

urre

nt E

xpen

ditu

re P

rimar

y E

duca

tion

1995

/96

Prim

ary

Sch

ool E

nrol

lmen

t Boy

s (B

EM

IS 1

996)

Prim

ary

Sch

ool E

nrol

lmen

t Girl

s (B

EM

IS 1

996)

Prim

ary

Scho

olEn

rollm

entB

oys

(BEM

IS19

96)a

sa

perc

enta

ge o

f the

pro

ject

ed 1

995

popu

latio

nPr

imar

ySc

hool

Enro

llmen

tGirl

s(B

EMIS

1996

)as

ape

rcen

tage

of t

he p

roje

cted

199

5 po

pula

tion

Gen

der

indi

cato

ron

prim

ary

scho

olen

rolm

ent(

1=

m/f

equa

l acc

ess

to e

duca

tion)

Educ

atio

nal r

ecur

rent

exp

endi

ture

per

pup

il

Edu.

recu

rren

t exp

endi

ture

per

cap

ita (1

995)

Num

ber o

f Prim

ary

Sch

ool T

each

ers

(BE

MIS

199

6)

PS P

upils

/ tea

cher

ratio

(BEM

IS 1

996)

PS B

oys/

teac

her r

atio

(BEM

IS 1

996)

PS G

irls/

teac

her r

atio

(BEM

IS 1

996)

Hea

lth In

stitu

tions

Dat

abas

e (H

MIS

, 199

6)

Bed

s (H

MIS

, 199

6)

Popu

latio

n pe

r bed

Mal

e D

octo

rs (f

illed

post

s A

pril

1997

, HM

IS)

Fem

ale

Doc

tors

(fille

d po

sts,

Apr

il 19

97, H

MIS

)

M/F

ratio

of D

octo

rs

Mal

epa

ram

edic

alst

aff:

nurs

es(fi

lled

post

s,A

pril

1997

, HM

IS)

Fem

ale

para

med

ical

staf

f:nu

rses

&la

dyhe

alth

visi

tors

(fille

d po

sts,

Apr

il 19

97, H

MIS

)

M/F

ratio

of p

aram

edic

al s

taff

Popu

latio

n pe

r doc

tor

Num

ber

ofpa

tient

-con

tact

s(D

istri

ctH

ealth

Offi

cer

&M

edic

al S

uper

inte

nden

t)

Rec

urre

nt H

ealth

Exp

endi

ture

(DH

O 1

995)

Num

ber o

f pat

ient

-con

tact

s pe

r doc

tor (

1995

)

Hea

lth e

xpen

ditu

re p

er p

atie

nt (1

995)

Hea

lth e

xpen

ditu

re p

er c

apita

(199

5)

Num

ber o

f ben

efic

iarie

s w

ater

sup

ply

(PH

E)

Num

ber o

f han

d pu

mps

(LG

& R

DD

)

Num

ber

ofbe

nefic

iarie

sw

ater

supp

lyth

roug

hha

ndpu

mps

(LG

&R

DD

)

Wat

er s

uppl

y co

vera

ge o

f Pop

ulat

ion

District Boy

s P

r. S

choo

ls

Girl

s P

r. S

choo

ls

'000

,000

s of

Rps

boys

girls

% % Rps

./pup

il

Rps

./cap

ita

Teac

hers

Pupi

ls/ t

each

er

Boy

s/ te

ache

r

Girl

s/ te

ache

r

Hea

lth U

nits

Bed

s

Peop

le /b

ed

Mal

e D

octo

rs

Fem

ale

Doc

tors

Mal

e pa

ram

edic

s

Fem

ale

para

med

ics

Peop

le /d

octo

r

Pat

ient

-con

tact

s

'000

,000

s of

Rps

Patie

nt c

onta

cts/

D

octo

r

Rps

/ pat

ient

-con

tact

Rps

/cap

ita

pers

ons

Han

dpum

ps

pers

ons

% o

f pop

ulat

ion

Quetta 262 127 59,514 48,248 8.8 7.1 1.2 0 0 1593 37.2 38 35 19 2,399 282 259 108 2.4 950 366 2.6 1,845 0 0 0 21 3,150 0Pishin 449 102 121.1 27,765 10,256 8.9 3.3 2.7 4,362 388 979 35.7 23 38 69 65 4,803 48 4 12.0 197 79 2.5 6,004 30.8 0 0 99 270 40,500 13Killah Abdullah 348 23 23,684 3,724 8.7 1.4 6.4 0 0 571 31.9 30 101 52 80 3,403 25 2 12.5 153 20 7.7 10,082 0 0 0 139 20,850 8Chaghi 226 45 28.7 11,924 7,475 6.4 4.0 1.6 2,407 154 457 25 18 63 54 80 2,331 17 3 5.7 234 24 9.8 9,323 213,072 13.1 12,534 61 70 94,500 217 32,550 68Zhob 348 37 16,285 5,280 4.7 1.5 3.1 0 0 520 28.2 23 68 70 106 3,246 37 4 9.3 262 25 10.5 8,393 0 0 0 596 89,400 26Killah Saifullah 278 54 9,701 3,692 4.5 1.7 2.6 0 0 419 19.2 17 30 33 64 3,334 22 1 22.0 155 11 14.1 9,278 0 0 0 260 39,000 18Loralai 416 73 16,947 5,445 3.0 1.0 3.1 0 0 670 23.2 22 30 101 48 11,716 39 4 9.8 417 47 8.9 13,079 0 0 0 71,950 266 39,900 20Barkhan 281 43 8,800 2,122 6.0 1.4 4.1 0 0 382 21.5 20 34 28 10 14,760 2 1 2.0 94 6 15.7 49,200 0 0 0 105 0Musakhel 151 25 3,472 990 1.6 0.5 3.5 0 0 179 16.7 15 25 23 20 10,908 6 2 3.0 89 0 0.0 27,270 0 0 0 90 13,500 6Sibi 170 59 9,247 4,832 6.4 3.4 1.9 0 0 344 17.4 14 32 59 234 614 34 5 6.8 222 34 6.5 3,682 0 0 0 50,000 117 17,550 47Ziarat 90 31 3,568 2,211 7.6 4.7 1.6 0 0 191 20.1 14 46 21 37 1,269 12 2 6.0 89 9 9.9 3,353 0 0 0 71 10,650 23Kohlu 220 41 5,032 1,489 4.8 1.4 3.4 0 0 328 13.5 13 17 68 55 1,910 11 0 0.0 270 6 45.0 9,550 0 0 0 76 11,400 11Dera Bugti 228 39 12,325 1,088 8.1 0.7 11.3 0 0 481 18.2 17 81 60 56 2,733 13 0 0.0 275 21 13.1 11,772 0 0 0 0 0Nassirabad 228 46 10,743 2,937 4.0 1.1 3.7 0 0 383 25.1 20 75 35 36 7,509 14 3 4.7 226 17 13.3 15,902 0 0 0 0 0 0Jaffarabad 505 151 21,393 9,616 3.9 1.7 2.2 0 0 948 21.3 17 41 79 62 8,961 40 3 13.3 309 35 8.8 12,920 0 0 0 139,000 0 0 25Bolan 339 39 13,523 4,016 3.8 1.1 3.4 0 0 648 17.5 15 54 60 145 2,474 19 0 0.0 222 27 8.2 18,877 0 0 0 0 0 0Jhall Magsi 158 38 31.7 6,289 1,655 6.1 1.6 3.8 5,041 308 293 18.1 15 41 40 20 5,150 5 0 0.0 97 0 0.0 20,599 21.8 0 0 212 20,000 50 7,500 27Mastung 215 52 11,447 5,804 5.7 2.9 2.0 0 0 398 25.4 21 49 35 24 8,333 22 3 7.3 125 20 6.3 8,000 0 0 0 75 11,250 6Kalat 248 26 11,780 3,969 3.7 1.3 3.0 0 0 345 22.5 18 93 72 100 3,168 19 2 9.5 251 34 7.4 15,085 0 0 0 193 28,950 9Khuzdar 352 37 18,059 6,546 4.3 1.5 2.8 0 0 662 25.9 21 74 74 93 4,564 29 2 14.5 330 28 11.8 13,692 0 0 0 324 48,600 11Awaran 160 20 7,369 2,635 4.3 1.6 2.8 0 0 239 26.8 21 121 18 20 8,472 5 0 0.0 67 0 0.0 33,886 0 0 0 190 28,500 17Lasbela 364 61 16,206 6,639 4.4 1.8 2.4 0 0 638 24.8 21 52 96 118 3,115 46 2 23.0 313 39 8.0 7,658 0 0 0 252 37,800 10Kharan 230 36 7,840 3,411 4.0 1.7 2.3 0 0 277 22.6 17 79 66 77 2,574 15 1 15.0 239 36 6.6 12,387 0 0 0 441 66,150 33Kech (Turbat) 326 103 131.7 27,312 18,035 4.5 3.0 1.5 4,823 217 695 35.5 25 74 92 124 4,900 74 3 24.7 355 15 23.7 7,891 84,000 32.3 1,135 385 53 149,400 410 61,500 35Gwadar 146 28 25.2 8,840 4,590 5.5 2.9 1.9 2,846 156 189 35.5 26 104 58 37 4,351 18 2 9.0 179 7 25.6 8,049 59,030 14.7 3,279 248 91 162,650 0 101Panjgur 168 59 26.6 11,779 9,414 4.8 3.9 1.3 2,256 109 342 34.9 24 62 41 34 7,151 26 1 26.0 174 10 17.4 9,006 58,101 12.2 2,235 210 50 86,660 372 55,800 59

Balochistan 6,906 1,395 380,844 176,119 5.2 2.4 2.2 13,171 25.8 22 47 1,423 4,144 1,776 857 158 5.4 6,294 916 6.9 7,249 774,160 4,535 680,250 20

Overview of socio-economic indicators for all districts in Balochistan (cont.)

Socio-economic bottom-up ranking of Gwadar district in reference to the other districts in Balochistan Socio-economic Indicators 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26Area (Bureau of Statistics Balochistan) Population 1995 (NIPS projection) Density 1995 (based on NIPS' projection) Percentage population growth in 1981-95 (NIPS) Sex ratio m/f (Census 1981) Area cultivated (Agricultural Statistics 1994-95) Potential Agricultural area available (1994-95) Agricultural Production (1994-95) Fruit Production (1994-95) Production Value (based on Quetta wholesale figures 94/95) Agricultural Produce Value per capita (1995) Agricultural Produce Value per cultivated Ha. (1995) Agricultural Produce Value per potential Ha. (1995) Livestock units (from 1996 Livestock Census projections) Pasture Area (Irrigation Dept.) Available pasture per LU (1995) LU per capita (1995) LU density (1996) Value Livestock offtake per capita in Rps. P.S. Enrolment Boys (BEMIS 1996) as percentage of NIPS pop. P.S. Enrolment Girls (BEMIS 1996) as percentage of NIPS pop. Gender indicator P.S. enrolment (1 = m/f equal access) PS Pupils/ teacher ratio (BEMIS 1996) PS Boys/ teacher ratio (BEMIS 1996) PS Girls/ teacher ratio (BEMIS 1996) Population per bed Population per doctor M/F ratio of Doctors M/F ratio of paramedical staff Water supply coverage of Population Length of metalled road per sq.km Length of shingle road per sq.km



10. Conclusions: Potential and Constraints

Gwadar, the coastal district of Makran division, has the smallest geographical area and population among the three districts of the division. Its population density and its male/female ratio is also lower than the ones of the other two districts, i.e., Kech and Panjgur. The problem of either unavailability or inconsistency of data do exist in Gwadar. E.g. in the 1981 census housing characteristics are unavailable for the rural areas. Girls were under-represented in the age group from 5 to 20 years, which shows, that the enumerators have not been able to get to the real picture. Since 1981 there has been no population census conducted anyway. Data on agriculture and livestock lack internal consistency. Livestock data received from the District Livestock department at the time of the 1996 livestock census in some districts differ completely from those which have been calculated through a recent livestock mission sponsored by the P&DD. According to local sources of information, fisheries related figures are also doubtful. The land settlement has not yet been completed resulting in disputes over land ownership. Even recently established HMIS data seems to differ from the reality, as was the case with the number of female doctors. Under these circumstances development planning seems a hard task. It is obvious, that data collection has to be improved at “entrance”, i.e. on district level or below. Development planning will benefit from reliable data, which may be collected, processed, aggregated and analysed at the lowest possible level, i.e. on district level or even lower. At this moment, however there is no adequate infrastructure available for such exercise at the lower levels of government and below. The role of “below” government level is unclear at the moment. The traditional forms of organisation within Gwadar have been fading away without new ones being established yet. Society goes currently through a transition period from traditional forms of organisation into forms of organisation, that are related to government, e.g. like the Water management Associations or the Village Education Committees. The process of transition is not yet analysed and the lack of clear definition of responsibilities of the various actors in the development process leads to un-clarity and lack of initiative. The role of local government institutions is limited in development planning although many of the local councils in Gwadar district are performing well. The fisheries-based economy has led many of the Gwadar local councils towards financial self-reliance. The fiscal balance of the district is appreciable as the district earns about one third (33.3%) of its expenditure through revenues and 14.1 percent of the total budget is spent on development activities. The situation may improve if the local councils are given more financial autonomy. Currently development planning is mainly done from federal or provincial level down, without much involvement of the lower levels of government. Implementation of development activities is mainly done through the line departments. On district level, the Deputy Commissioner may play an active role. Gwadar district still has lot of potential for fisheries development. A potential of at least 70,000 tonnes of fish is not yet caught on annual basis. Besides a lot of fish is caught by others, not residing in Gwadar, and therefore not processed and marketed from there. Gwadar actually misses the income from it. More viable legislation and strict implementation of the law is necessary to protect the interest of local fishermen. Fish processing and packing are most needed and feasible projects which can be started here. Regular electricity supply can facilitate such industry in Gwadar. Another area of small enterprise development is of net and boat-making. At present nets are either imported from abroad or manufactured at Karachi. Their cost is beyond affordability of the local fishermen. Boat-making is a local craft, but these craftsmen do not have capital to



start their own production. In order to develop these sectors provision of capital financing and of infrastructure, including electricity and roads, are two major development issues. The potential for Gwadar to become a deep sea port may not only allow the local fisherman to export their catch directly and, consequently, can earn more money, but, if materialised, it may function as a trade link with other parts of Balochistan, or even with other Central Asian states. Fisheries is the major economic sector, in which the majority of the population is involved. According to the official figures per capita fish catch value was Rs. 6,390 per annum in 1995. With the agricultural income per capita of about Rs. 2,300 and the one of livestock of about Rs. 800 per capita, the per capita income from these three productive sectors is Rs. 9,490. Agriculture is a relatively less emphasised economic sector in Gwadar as less than 0.2 percent of the total geographical area is under cultivation, which produces only 3.4 percent of the total divisional agricultural produce. Agricultural development can be promoted by introducing new crops, like oil seeds, which can grow on brackish water. The horticultural sector can also be developed by motivating people to plant more coconuts, guavas and mangoes, etc. There is a need for provision of physical as well as technical inputs to motivate the potential farmers. As the fishing activities are either halted or slowed down from May to September, agriculture can be a suitable alternative for the fishermen. In this regard the role of the Agriculture Department has to be made more effective and supportive. Gwadar has little potential for livestock development. The livestock unit density and per capita livestock unit ratio of the district, is low in comparison to Balochistan, it is the highest in comparison to the division. Livestock raising is not at par with the other parts of Balochistan. Livestock farming may be a supplementary source of income but the main sources remain fishing and agriculture. Gwadar has potential for industrial development as the proposal of becoming a deep-sea port has been analysed to be economically viable. The related proposed road network may improve the currently poor linkages with the hinterland and may make Gwadar a trade centre. The district has the capability to provide logistics to the whole division through its sea route. It can also absorb the unemployed population from within the division, if industrial development is addressed towards this proposed deep-sea port area. The area can be connected to Karachi and other ports in the region through the sea route and delivery of finished goods to the markets can be facilitated. Fisheries related industries, like boat making, net making, fish processing and fish packing, have an ample chance to grow. Similarly, tourism can be another potential sector to be developed as the vast coastal line can serve as tourist resort. The needed action is the provision of necessary infrastructure, specially regular electricity supply and financial support. In Gwadar women seem to be comparatively rather independent economically, but that does not mean that they have equal opportunities. E.g. in small business there are no credit facilities available to women. Their role in e.g. trades like handicrafts and net making is not acknowledged. Men and women remain poles apart, despite the sharing of



responsibilities. As unpaid labour of women is common, it goes unacknowledged. This invisibility is a constraint, which needs to be highlighted. Gwadar is the only district in Balochistan, where whole the population is claimed to have access to safe drinking water through the water supply schemes. However there is a need for more careful estimates about population coverage, as contrary to the claims, people of some areas do not have access to safe drinking water at all. Although Gwadar has the lowest number of people per hospital bed and the highest health expenditure by the government per capita among the three districts of Makran, there was - at the time of the field visit - not one single Lady Medical Officer in the whole district and the male/female ratio among paramedical staff is among the highest as well in the province. The district headquarters hospital is an example of neglecting behaviour. Many posts of specialists are vacant and the specialists, who have been posted here, do not like to stay in Gwadar. The people are being kept deprived of modern dental treatment without any significant reason, while equipment have been provided long ago. The centralised system of medicine procurement has been proved useless as it cannot serve the area-specific needs. The girls’ pupil-teacher ratio at primary level needs attention of the educational planners to bring Gwadar at par with the divisional level. Girls within the district do not have equal educational opportunities, in particular in reference to the girls/teachers ratio, which is among the highest in the province. In 1996, the enrolment ratio for girl students at primary level was 26.2 percent, which dropped to 18.8 percent at middle, 13.3 percent at high, and to 12 percent at the college level. There is only one girls’ high school in the whole district, which is without electricity and science teacher. The girls college has no staff and no building. Without female education, it may not be possible to locate local female health or education professionals. In reference to environmental issues the Sand Dune Stabilisation project, or anything alike to plant trees, needs to be encouraged. Salt-resistant trees may be emphasised for economic reasons as well as to prevent wind-erosion. In more urban areas the under-development of sewerage and solid waste disposal need to be addressed.

Gwadar: A District Profile Annexes


Annexes



Annex 1.

List of Names of all Union Councils, Tehsils, Town and Municipal Committees

Administrative Division

Sub-tehsilSuntsar

TehsilGwadar

TehsilJiwani

Sub-divisionGwadar

TehsilPasni

TehsilOrmara

Sub-divisionPasni

DistrictGwadar

Local Councils

Municipal CommitteePasni

Municipal CommitteeGwadar

Union CouncilPishukan

Union CouncilSur Bandar

Union CouncilPanwan

Union CouncilBasool

Union CouncilKalatoo

Union CouncilKalag

Union CouncilKalamat

Union CouncilNalaint

Union CouncilHud Ormara

Union CouncilGabd

Union CouncilMataing

Union CouncilKappar

Union CouncilHari Bolar

District CouncilGwadar

Town CommitteeJiwani

Town CommitteeOrmara



Annex 2.

Population Figures Census 1981 and Projected Figures 1992 and 1995 Population 1981, 1992, and 1995

1981 1992 1995 Male Female Total Total Total Gwadar District 59,361 53,024 112,385 160,980

Rural 69,132 Urban 43,253

Gwadar Sub-division 57,360


Gwadar Tehsil 33,404 Rural 16,404

Urban 17,000

Jiwani Tehsil (all rural) 13,619

Suntsar Sub-tehsil (all rural) 10,337 Pasni Sub-division 55,025


Pasni Tehsil 21,822 Rural 21,822

Urban 17,988

Ormara Tehsil 15,215 Rural 6,950

Urban 8,265 Union Council 50,755 132,366 1. Pishukan 8,377 12,178 2. Sur Bandar 6,657 15,016 3. Panwan 4,766 8,860 4. Basool 1,934 6,414 5. Kalatoo 4,743 13,920 6. Kallag 3,991 8,972 7. Kalamat 2,127 6,113 8. Nalaint 2,665 7,162 9. Hud Ormara 2,265 6,499 10. Gabd 3,616 16,676 11. Mataing 2,313 9,820 12. Kappar 3,301 8,597 13. Hari Bolar 4,003 12,139 Source: 1981 District Census Report of Gwadar, NIPS projections 1995, and Assistant Director, LG&RDD, Gwadar

1996



Population Growth Trends

Census Years

Period (years)

Total Increase in Population

Inter-censal Variation (%)

Average Annual Growth Rate (%)

1951-61 10 1,845 59.1 4.8 1961-72 11 41,159 82.9 5.3 1972-81 9 21,565 23.7 2.6 1981-95 14 48,595 43.2 2.6

Source: 1981 District Census Report of Gwadar, NIPS projections 1995, and 1951-81 Population of Administrative Units



Annex 3.

Meteorological Data Rainfall (mm) at Pasni

Year Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. Jun. Jul. Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. Total 1993 27.0 1.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 n/a n/a n/a 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 n/a 1994 12.5 4.6 0.0 5.0 0.0 0.0 57.0 0.0 20. 0.0 0.0 60. 159.1 1995 0.0 44.0 25.0 T 0.0 n/a 12.0 T 0.0 n/a 0.0 n/a n/a

Source: Pakistan Meteorological Department, Karachi Rainfall (mm) at Jiwani

Year Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. Jun. Jul. Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. Total 1993 25.0 0.0 2.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 27.0 1994 18.7 0.0 0.0 50.0 0.0 0.0 28.5 11.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.4 110.6 1995 n/a n/a n/a 0.0 0.0 0.0 39.7 T n/a 0.0 0.0 113.8 n/a

Source: Pakistan Meteorological Department, Karachi Mean Maximum Temperature (°C) at Pasni

Year Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. Jun. Jul. Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. Average1993 25.7 29.3 32.0 35.3 38.0 n/a n/a n/a n/a 35.1 32.3 28.6 n/a 1994 25.9 26.8 31.3 32.8 34.8 34.5 32.7 32.7 34.0 33.2 31.9 26.8 31.4 1995 26.0 27.4 28.1 32.0 38.1 35.5 32.1 32.6 32.6 33.9 31.4 n/a n/a

Source: Pakistan Meteorological Department, Karachi Mean Maximum Temperature (°C) at Jiwani

Year Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. Jun. Jul. Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. Average1993 24.6 28.3 28.9 32.3 35.6 34.7 32.8 31.6 32.0 34.4 31.8 28.2 31.3 1994 25.0 25.8 29.5 31.9 34.7 35.3 32.5 31.3 32.6 32.2 30.5 26.3 30.6 1995 26.0 26.6 27.2 31.8 34.7 34.6 32.4 31.6 32.1 32.8 30.0 23.8 30.3

Source: Pakistan Meteorological Department, Karachi Mean Minimum Temperature (°C) at Pasni

Year Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. Jun. Jul. Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. Average1993 13.5 15.9 15.0 16.8 23.8 n/a n/a n/a n/a 21.9 18.1 13.4 n/a 1994 11.3 13.3 17.3 20.8 23.6 27.4 27.4 27.7 24.0 21.1 18.2 14.6 20.6 1995 12.8 14.2 16.4 22.0 23.7 26.9 27.5 26.3 23.6 21.0 15.5 n/a n/a

Source: Pakistan Meteorological Department, Karachi Mean Minimum Temperature (°C) at Jiwani

Year Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. Jun. Jul. Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. Average1993 15.0 18.2 18.5 22.1 25.3 27.1 26.7 25.1 24.5 20.1 18.0 14.7 21.3 1994 13.5 13.7 18.6 20.5 24.0 25.0 25.9 25.1 23.7 20.4 18.3 13.5 20.2 1995 12.5 12.9 14.4 18.5 24.1 26.6 23.6 26.5 24.7 23.0 17.6 15.5 20.0




Annex 4.

Functions of Local Government

Functions of District Councils42

The Balochistan Local Government Ordinance identifies a number of functions in relation to identification, appraisal, implementation and monitoring of development of the various local councils, the district council being one of them. See the local government structure of Balochistan underneath: Figure 1: Balochistan Local Government Structure

Divisional Coordination

Committee


Committee

Divisional Coordinatiuon

Committee


Committee

Quetta Municipal

Corporation

District Council

District Council

Municipal Committee

District Council

Union Council

Union Council

Union Council

Town Committee

Union Council

Provincial Council

Wards, one elected member to Union Council

Dep.Commissioner & Ass. Directors of Dept'sare ex-officio members

Directors of Dept's are ex-officio members

Members are electedNo elected members

Members are elected

Members are elected

Commissioner = chairman

One elected member to District Council

42 Government of Baluchistan (1980): The Baluchistan Local Government Ordinance, 1980



Although in reality the District Council does not function according to the Ordinance, an extract of the functions of the District Council in relation to the various sectors is given underneath in alphabetical order to indicate the background of their interest in the DPs.: Agricultural Development and Economic Welfare 1. Agricultural, industrial and community development 2. Promotion of national reconstruction 3. Promotion and development of:

• co-operative movement • village/cottage industry

4. Adoption of measures for increased agricultural production 5. Establishment and maintenance of model agricultural farms 6. Popularisation of improved methods of agriculture 7. Maintenance of improved agriculture implements and machinery and lending of such

implements and machinery to cultivators 8. Adoption of measures for bringing waste land under cultivation 9. Promotion of:

• agricultural credit • agricultural education

10. Promotion and co-ordination with Agroville 11. Provision, regulation and maintenance of markets 12. Promotion of education in co-ordination 13. Construction and repair of embankment supply, storage and control of water for

agricultural purposes Culture 1. Holding of fairs and shows 2. Promotion of public games and sports 3. Provision, organisation and maintenance of museums, exhibitions and arts galleries 4. Provision and maintenance of public halls, public meeting places and community

centres 5. Celebration of national occasions 6. Establishment, management and maintenance of Welfare Homes and other

institutions for the relief of the destitute 7. Suppression of:

• beggary • prostitution, • gambling, • taking of injurious drugs, • consumption of alcoholic drinks • and other social evils

8. Establishment and maintenance of Information Centres 9. Encouragement of national and regional languages 10. Provision and maintenance of libraries and reading rooms



Education 1. Provision, maintenance and management of Primary Schools 2. Construction and maintenance of buildings as hostels of students 3. Payment of grants and subsidies to institutions and organisations engaged in the

promotion of education 4. Promotion of adult education Livestock and Dairy Development 1. Voluntary registration of the sale of cattle and other animals 2. Prevention of cruelty to animals 3. Measures to combat ordinary and contagious diseases of birds and animals 4. Provision, maintenance and improvement of pastures and grazing grounds 5. Regulation of milk supply 6. Establishment and maintenance of cattle colonies Public Health 1. Prevention and cure of infectious diseases and enforcement of vaccination 2. Establishment, maintenance and management of:

• hospitals • rural health centres

3. Establishment, maintenance and management of First Aid Centres 4. Provision and maintenance of Medical Aid Units 5. Establishment, management and visiting of

• health centres • maternity centres • centres for the welfare of infants and children

6. Training of Dais and adoption of other measures likely to promote health and welfare of women, infant and children

7. Payment of grants to medical aid societies and institutions 8. Establishment, management, maintenance and the visiting of Unani, Ayurvedic and

Homeopathic dispensaries 9. Promotion of sanitation, public health and educating people in public health 10. Protection of food stuff 11. Prevention of adulteration 12. Provision and maintenance of adequate system of public drains 13. Regulation of the disposal of industrial wastes Public Safety 1. Relief measures in the event of any:

• fire, • flood, • hail storm, • earth quake, • famine • and other natural calamities



Public Works 1. Provision, maintenance, improvement and management of its

• public roads, public streets, public ways • culverts, bridges, • public buildings, walls, • water pumps, tanks, ponds and other works of water supply

2. Provision, maintenance and management of • sarais, dak bungalows, rest houses and other buildings for the convenience of

travellers 3. Plantation and preservation of trees on roads sides, public ways, public places and

public buildings 4. Provision and maintenance of public gardens, public playgrounds and public places Regulation through bye-laws 1. Collection and removal of manure and street sweepings 2. Disposal of industrial waste 3. Offensive and dangerous trades 4. Disposal of carcasses 5. Slaughter of animals 6. Registration of birth, death and marriage 7. Registration of sale of cattle and other animals 8. Registration of brick kilns, lime kilns, potteries, etc. 9. Registration of dyeing or tanning of skins 10. Regulation for grant of licenses, sanctions, levy of licenses fee and permission thereof Rural development 1. Aggregation of financial allocation, physical programs and targets received from the

Provincial Government in different sectors and draw up a District Development Programme. In this work the Council will take into account Federal Projects, their allocations and the physical targets falling in or benefiting the districts. (Generally the organisation may develop and take on complete planning functions)

2. To propose/submit, if necessary, to the Local Government and Rural development Department for modifications in the aggregate district programs after identifying the:

• gaps • internal inconsistencies • compatibility of the programme with capacity available in the District

implementation, maintenance and supervision • evaluating in the light of the local priorities

3. To facilitate the formation of associations for the performance of tasks that can be done/performed collectively, e.g.:

• consumer association for distribution of electricity • farmers association for water courses management • associations for distribution of agricultural inputs • co-operative marketing associations, etc.

4. To discharge the overall responsibility for the identification, appraisal and approval of projects prepared and to be constructed by Rural Local Councils and Town Committees in the sub-sectors of:

• primary schools • basic health units



• family welfare clinics • piped water supply • potable water/storage tanks • hand pumps • sanitation • rural roads

5. To propose disbursement of `ADP funds for the approved projects to various Local Councils mentioned above

6. To take appropriate measures for the development of skills, crafts and cottage industries. Development of skills would include promotion of industrial homes, domestic and cottage level crafts and trades, modest repairs of agricultural and other machinery, training of (un)skilled labour, etc.

7. To review the implementation of the District Development Programmes (as an extension of the function of the Government and as their agent) by holding review meetings within the district as well as through periodic inspections and progress reports from the lower tiers, etc.

8. To supervise and submit to the Government regular progress reports on the implementation of Development projects at different levels within the district

9. To evolve standard designs and specifications to the extent possible and desirable in harmony with the general conditions obtaining in the district and use appropriate technology to execute its development projects on a more economic basis

10. To monitor the supply of agricultural inputs and to make appropriate recommendations to the concerned authorities

11. Disseminate information about the projects and allocations of funds for the District Development Programmes throughout the district to keep the people fully informed about the projects to be executed in the district. This will not only mobilise the interest of the people in the development work for the district, but also make them more watchful about the use of development funds by the better community supervision

Other functions 1. Prevention and abatement of:

• nuisances • encroachment

2. Regulation of: • traffic • licensing of vehicles

3. Establishment and maintenance of public stands for vehicles in rural areas



Annex 5.

List of names of the MPAs, MNAs and Senators

Senators N/A MNAs (NA-206) No resident of Gwadar district has been elected as MNA so far. MPAs (PB-40) Mir Abdul Ghafoor (1997 to date) Syed Sher Jan (1993-96) Mir Hussain Ashraf (1990-93) Mir Hussain Ashraf (1988-90) Mir Abdul Ghafoor Baloch (1985-88) MPA (PB-37) Mir Ahmed Khan (1977-77) MPAs (PB-18) Mir Qadir Bukhsh Baloch (1974-77) Sardar Abdur Rahman (1970-74)



Annex 6.

Agricultural Statistics Land Use Statistics

Land use (Ha.) 1989-90 1990-91 1991-92 1992-93 1993-94 1994-95 1995-96*Geographical area

1,521,603 1,521,603 1,521,603 1,521,603 1,521,603

1,521,603 1,521,603

Area not reported

1,272,752 1,272,752 1,272,752 1,272,752 1,272,752

1,272,752 1,272,752

Reported area 248,851 248,851 248,851 248,851 248,851 248,851 248,851- Not available for cultivation

182,105 182,105 182,105 182,105 182,105

182,105 182,105

- Forest 15,545 15,545 15,545 15,545 15,545 15,545 15,545- Culturable waste

38,133 37,735 37,325 36,908 36,394

35,842 39,041

- Current fallow 11,564 12,084 10,742 11,363 11,738 12,321 10,706- Net sown 1,504 1,382 3,134 2,930 3,069 3,038 1,454- Area sown more than once

0 0 0 0 0

0 0

Potential area available for cultivation

51,201 51,201 51,201 51,201 51,201

51,201 51,201Source: Agricultural Statistics of Balochistan * 1996 Data obtained directly from Assistant Director, Agriculture Extension, Gwadar

Area under Cultivation

Area (Ha.) Crop 1989-90 1990-91 1991-92 1992-93 1993-94 1994-95

Wheat 40 10 120 100 122 70Pulses 0 87 308 255 90 70Fodder 351 114 1,065 1,065 1,065 128Fruits 1,011 1,015 1,194 1,416 2,484 2,496Vegetables 34 32 78 70 69 82Others43 48 32 59 374 26 192

Total 1,484 1,290 2,824 3,280 3,856 3,038Source: Agricultural Statistics of Balochistan

Total Annual Production

Production (tonnes) Crop 1989-90 1990-91 1991-92 1992-93 1993-94 1994-95

Wheat 70 10 130 120 150 80Pulses 0 34 220 177 50 35Fodder 9,770 2,890 19,040 19,040 19,040 2,140Fruits 7,200 7,310 8,590 10,450 19,269 20,997Vegetables 280 280 780 700 660 830Others 501 310 476 3645 305 1952Source: Agricultural Statistics of Balochistan

43 Others including Water Melon, Coriander, barley, jowar, bajra, and guar seed.



Average Annual Yield

Yield (kg/Ha.) Crop 1989-90 1990-91 1991-92 1992-93 1993-94 1994-95

Wheat 1,750 1,000 1,083 1,200 1,230 1,143Pulses 0 391 714 694 556 500Fodder 27,835 25,351 17,878 17,878 17,878 16,719Fruits 7,122 7,202 7,194 7,380 7,757 8,412Vegetables 8,235 8,750 10,000 10,000 9,565 10,121Others 10,438 6,458 8,068 9,746 11,731 10,167Source: Agricultural Statistics of Balochistan

Sources of Irrigation

Irrigation Ha. % of total Cultivated Land Sources 89-90 90-91 91-92 92-93 93-94 94-95 89-90 90-91 91-92 92-93 93-94 94-95

Tubewells 60 20 20 20 84 84 0.5 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.6 0.5Open Surface Wells 110 110 135 120 120 120 0.8 0.8 1.0 0.8 0.8 0.8Karezes, Spring, & others

1,500

1,100 1,100 1,690 2,500 2,500 11.5 8.2 7.9

11.8

16.9 16.3

Total 1,670 1,230 1,255 1,830 2,704 2,704 12.8 9.1 9.0 12.8 18.3 17.6Source: Agricultural Statistics of Balochistan

Number of Units per Source of Irrigation

Source of Number of Units Irrigation 1989-90 1990-91 1991-92 1992-93 1993-94 1994-95

Open Surface Wells 25 25 30 30 30 30 Tubewells 22 9 9 9 14 14 Source: Agricultural Statistics of Balochistan

Number of Tubewells by Ownership and Power Source

Tubewells Number of Units run by 1989-90 1990-91 1991-92 1992-93 1993-94 1994-95

Govt./Priv. G P G P G P G P G P G P Electricity 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Diesel 2 20 5 4 5 4 5 4 3 11 3 11

Total 2 20 5 4 5 4 5 4 3 11 3 11Source: Agricultural Statistics of Balochistan Legend:

G P

Government Private

Agricultural Mechanisation

Number of Units Type of 1989-90 1990-91 1991-92 1992-93 1993-94 1994-95

Machinery G P G P G P G P G P G P Tractors 6 65 6 65 6 65 6 65 6 69 6 69Source: Agricultural Statistics of Balochistan Legend:

G P

Government Private



Size of Land holdings

No. of Farms Size (Ha.) Number %

Less than 1 102 4.41 to less than 2 154 6.62 to less than 3 156 6.73 to less than 5 318 13.65 to less than 10 328 14.010 to less than 20 532 22.820 to 60 717 30.7More than 60 28 1.2

Total 2,335 100.0Source: 1990 Census of Agriculture: Balochistan



1994/95 calculation of agricultural production value for all districts in Makran 1994/95 calculation of agricultural production value per district Turbat Gwadar Panjgur Crop Average Quetta

wholesale rate per tonne in Rupees

Production in tonnes

Value in million of Rupees

% of total value



% of total value



% of total value

Wheat 4,841 2,870 13.89 0 80 0.39 0 2,420 11.72 0 Rice 13,855 2,130 29.51 0 0.00 0 60 0.83 0 Jowar 4,800 710 3.41 0 25 0.12 0 36 0.17 0 Barley 4,000 970 3.88 0 35 0.14 0 470 1.88 0 Maize 8,080 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 Gram 24,675 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 Muttar Pulses 13,245 45 0.60 0 10 0.13 0 0.00 0 Masoor 16,895 0.00 0 0.00 0 9 0.15 0 Moong 16,085 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 Mash 21,922 280 6.14 0 25 0.55 0 0.00 0 Moth 13,500 150 2.03 0 0.00 0 13 0.18 0 Bajra 4,800 0.00 0 5 0.02 0 0.00 0 Rape Seed/Mustard 37,500 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 Sesame 5,365 23 0.12 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 Castor Seed 10,000 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 Cumin 62,955 0.00 0 0.00 0 4 0.25 0 Fodder 1,500 247,260 370.89 8 2,140 3.21 0 23,840 35.76 2 Onion 4,610 20,200 93.12 2 0.00 0 1,600 7.38 0 Potato 6,545 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 Water Melon 33,725 4,700 158.51 4 1,880 63.40 17 310 10.45 0 Musk Melon 5,100 6,280 32.03 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 Sarda 5,000 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 Garma 7,000 0.00 0 0.00 0 280 1.96 0 Cucumber 7,470 0.00 0 0.00 0 150 1.12 0 Chillies 70,555 350 24.69 0 0.00 0 30 2.12 0 Coriander 5,625 14 0.08 0 5 0.03 0 0.00 0 Garlic 16,331 225 3.67 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 Guar Seed 3,750 470 1.76 0 2 0.00 0 0.00 0 Tobacco 15,000 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 Sugarcane 3,500 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 Cotton 15,000 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 Fruits Almond 135,000 0.00 0 0.00 0 53 7.16 0 Apples 12,140 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 Apricot 9,444 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 Cherry 200,000 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 Citrus 60,204 8,662 521.49 12 1,024 61.65 17 10 0.60 0 Dates 9,725 235,226 2,287.57 51 14,634 142.32 38 128,070 1,245.48 83 Fig 16,500 45 0.74 0 0.00 0 45 0.74 0 Grapes 16,883 330 5.57 0 0.00 0 530 8.95 0 Guava 10,400 1,858 19.32 0 384 3.99 1 0.00 0 Loquat 16,875 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 Mango 14,625 7,285 106.54 2 4,455 65.15 18 0.00 0 Peach 8,300 0.00 0 0.00 0 100 0.83 0 Pear 6,400 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 Pistachio 200,000 0.00 0 0.00 0 2 0.40 0 Plum 4,867 0.00 0 0.00 0 50 0.24 0 Pomegranate 9,650 885 8.54 0 0.00 0 4,354 42.02 3 Papaya 13,500 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 Chikoo 18,000 150 2.70 0 140 2.52 0 0.00 0 Other 9,825 1,768 17.37 0 360 3.54 0 415 4.08 0 Vegetables Okra 12,251 6,250 76.57 2 10 0.12 0 540 6.62 0 Tinda 6,593 2,950 19.45 0 30 0.20 0 0.00 0 Brinjal 4,600 2,100 9.66 0 120 0.55 0 200 0.92 0 Bitter Gourd 7,000 490 3.43 0 10 0.07 0 0.00 0 Bottle Gourd 9,930 840 8.34 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 Pumpkin 15,400 1,230 18.94 0 10 0.15 0 270 4.16 0 Tomato 83,280 4,450 370.60 8 200 16.66 4 1,030 85.78 6 Luffa 6,660 0.00 0 0.00 0 120 0.80 0 Cabbage 3,950 410 1.62 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 Carrot 9,510 820 7.80 0 140 1.33 0 340 3.23 0 Cauliflower 7,150 620 4.43 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 Peas 3,240 520 1.68 0 0.00 0 160 0.52 0 Radish 11,850 590 6.99 0 0.00 0 280 3.32 0 Spinach 13,070 960 12.55 0 0.00 0 250 3.27 0 Turnip 17,450 650 11.34 0 0.00 0 280 4.89 0 Beet Root 950 600 0.57 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 Broad Bean 16,030 15,000 240.45 5 190 3.05 0 480 7.69 0 Other 10,390 0.00 0 120 1.25 0 330 3.43 0 Total 581,366 4,508.61 100 26,034 370.55 100 167,131 1,509.08 100



Map of agro-ecological zones of Balochistan



Annex 7.

Livestock Statistics Number of Animals Slaughtered by Type

Type 1993-94 1994-95 1995-96 Cattle 599 383 357 Sheep 13,579 12,885 4,868 Goat 15,530 15,335 6,055 Source: Office of the District Livestock Officer, Gwadar and NMC

Number of Animal Treated

Animal Treatment* 1993-94 1994-95 1995-96 Treatment 19,892 3,618 1,975 Vaccination 14,964 13,515 172,000 Castration 411 140 123 Source: Office of the District Livestock Officer, Gwadar and NMC

Veterinary Institutions

Veterinary Institution 1993-94 1994-95 1995-96 Hospitals 1 1 2 Dispensaries 10 10 8 A. I. Centres 0 0 0 D. I. L. Units 0 0 0 Source: Office of the District Livestock Officer, Gwadar and NMC



Annex 8.

Fisheries Statistics Fishermen Population

Type of Fishermen Year Full Time Part Time Occasional Induced Total 1986 12,963 2,779 1,866 1,843 19,451 1987 11,872 2,785 1,761 2,723 19,141 1988 13,793 3,247 1,908 2,474 21,422 1989 13,355 3,200 1,826 2,400 20,781 1990 15,547 3,836 1,959 2,260 23,602 1991 15,811 4,015 1,993 2,338 24,157 1992 14,537 5,120 2,444 2,791 24,892 1993 14,909 4,574 2,101 2,440 24,024 1994 15,724 4,925 2,179 2,395 25,223 1995 16,380 5,496 2,325 2,355 26,556

Source: Office of the District Fisheries Officer, Gwadar Composition of Fishing Crafts

Type of Fishing Craft Year Motorised Mechanised Sail Boats Total 1986 1,713 178 295 2,186 1987 1,774 266 261 2,301 1988 1,856 318 265 2,439 1989 2,059 367 171 2,597 1990 2,299 514 150 2,963 1991 2,280 546 132 2,958 1992 2,490 595 55 3,140 1993 2,457 628 44 3,129 1994 2,633 712 44 3,389 1995 2,840 770 23 3,633

Source: Office of the District Fisheries Officer, Gwadar Annual Fish Catch

Year Quantity (M. Tonne) Value (Rs.) 1986 66,049.3 172,096,0051987 69,515.2 199,946,2881988 81,549.9 339,059,4251989 76,032.5 334,598,5701990 88,006.7 397,646,1391991 88,929.1 525,954,9801992 95,636.5 677,670,1351993 102,049.6 733,196,2171994 102,364.7 784,291,1041995 103,678.7 1,028,429,174




Annex 9.

Overview of Post, Telecommunication, Banking and Rest House Services at Union Council level

Local Council Postal Service Telecomm. Banking Rest House MC Gwadar x x x x MC Pasni x x x x TC Ormara x x x x TC Jiwani x x x x UC Pishukan x x - - UC Sur Bandar x x - - UC Panwan - - - - UC Basool - - - - UC Kalatoo - x - - UC Kallag - x - - UC Kalamat x - - - UC Nalaint - x - - UC Hud Ormara - - - - UC Gabd - x - - UC Mataing - - - - UC Kappar - - - - UC Hari Bolar - - - -



Annex 10.

Overview of Water Supply Schemes per Union Council level

Local Council

Name of Water Supply Scheme

Population Covered

Daily Water Supply (Gln.)

Status

MC Gwadar WSS Gwadar 45,000 600,000 Functional MC Pasni WSS Pasni 32,000 200,000 Functional WSS Khan Muhammad

Bazaar 3,000 n/a Functional

TC Ormara WSS Ormara 11,800 120,000 Functional TC Jiwani WSS Jiwani 11,000 100,000 Functional UC Pishukan WSS Pishukan 6,500 100,000 Functional WSS Pallery 4,000 50,000 Functional UC Sur Bandar WSS Chib Rekani 3,000 25,000 Functional WSS Sur village 6,000 150,000 Functional UC Basool WSS Gurkidat 3,000 15,000 Functional WSS Tussuk 1,500 15,000 Functional UC Kalatoo WSS Kalatoo 3,500 40,000 Functional WSS Shaghawash 1,000 n/a Functional WSS Mojo 1,800 n/a Functional UC Kallag WSS Nagi* 500 n/a Functional UC Kalamat WSS Chib Kalmati 2,500 50,000 Functional UC Hud Ormara WSS Hud 2,500 25,000 Functional WSS Kandalack 1,500 15,000 Functional UC Gabd WSS Suntsar 2,700 25,000 Functional WSS Samati 3,000 30,000 Functional WSS Yaqoob Bazaar 350 3,000 Functional WSS Ibrahim village 3,000 30,000 Functional Mirani Bazaar 1,800 15,000 Functional WSS Gabd 3,500 n/a Functional WSS Chislad 2,200 n/a Functional UC Mataing WSS Mataing 6,000 n/a Functional

Total 162,650 - Source: Executive Engineer, PHE, Gwadar * Schemes handed over to the community.



Annex 11.

Overview of Health facilities Number of Government Health Facilities

Type of Facility 1990-91 1991-92 1992-93 1993-94 1994-95 1995-96 Hospitals 1 1 1 1 1 1RHCs 3 3 3 3 3 3BHUs 15 16 16 16 17 17Dispensaries 11 9 10 17 22 22Sub Health Centres 0 0 0 0 0 0MCH Centres 4 3 3 3 3 3TB Clinic 1 1 1 1 1 1School Health Services 0 0 0 1 1 1Other 0 0 1 1 1 1

Total 35 33 35 43 49 49Source: Directorate of Health, Government of Balochistan, Quetta and District Health Officer, Gwadar



Annex 12.

Overview Enrolment Government Primary Schools Number of Students Enrolled in Educational Institutions

Number of Pupils 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

Enrolment M F M F M F M F M F Primary School 8680 2629 9062 2850 9351 3563 9059 4103 8840 4590Middle School 1407 134 1539 153 1707 236 1882 542 1769 409High School 499 21 627 33 672 41 759 52 744 114Inter College 159 11 179 10 174 13 219 25 220 30

Total 10745 2795 11407 3046 11904 3853 11919 4722 11573 5143Source: BEMIS and Directorate of Colleges, Government of Balochistan, Quetta

Number of Educational Institutions

Number of Institutions 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

Level M F M F M F M F M F Primary School 133 9 139 12 144 13 146 21 146 28Middle School 10 2 10 3 11 3 10 3 10 3High School 7 1 7 1 8 1 9 1 9 1Inter College 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Total 151 13 157 17 164 18 166 26 166 33Source: BEMIS and Directorate of Colleges, Government of Balochistan, Quetta

Number of Teachers in Educational Institutions

Number of Teachers Level 1993 1994 1995 1996

Primary School 318 287 310 305 Middle School 93 137 High School 48 195 189 62 Inter College 8 14 14 11

Total 467 496 533 515 Source: BEMIS and Directorate of Colleges, Government of Balochistan,

Quetta



Annex 13.

Some Observations about the Data The statistical data of Gwadar, as quoted and used in this profile, are not only inadequate but unreliable and contradicting too, once in a while. Besides that all statistics, used in this profile, are just enumerated, without any basic calculation done in relation to their variance, etc. In addition many other bottlenecks need to be considered too: • Meteorological stations are only available in a few places all over the province. • Geological surveys have not been conducted yet in major parts of the province. • A population census has not taken place for the last 16 years. The war in Afghanistan

caused enormous migration flows, which not only affected the population figures in the border districts, but those in a number of districts more inward country as well. Currently, however one is dependent on the 1995 projection figures of the National Institute of Population Studies (NIPS).

• Agricultural trends are given in the agricultural statistics, but they are not un-disputed

either. Per capita value of the agricultural production for 1994-95 has been based on the Quetta whole-sale prices, which - of course - are not valid for all over Balochistan, but which are just used to give a general indication.

• Statistics on forestry, range-lands and area for pasture are not reliable as major parts of

the province have not yet been reported, from administrative point of view. Herders and their livestock go their own way to find green pastures, whether the area is reported or not. The grazing capacity in accordance with the range-lands is therefore not exactly known either. The figures indicated in the tables only present the known areas, except the livestock density, which is based on the total district area. Given one Livestock Unit per hectare as a sustainable standard, conclusions are to be drawn for areas with a livestock population over 100 LU per sq.km.

• In the table underneath livestock data have been taken from a preliminary draft of the

1996 livestock projection census of April 1997. Using the very consultancy report44 the value of the livestock offtake has been calculated per capita on basis of 1996 prices.

• The official data on mineral exploitation do not have much reference to the reality of

mining activities. The statistics concerned only cover the quantities produced, that are officially registered. An un-certified figure of minerals is produced, processed and transported, without any registration with the authorities concerned.

• Similarly no consistent data are available on e.g. total labour force, un-employment,

employment opportunities, etc. in all economic sectors. The available data are either from the 1981 census, or from the official registers. Actual employment figures are just guesswork.

• Data regarding sources of energy and energy consumption are also not available. Therefore issues pertaining the economic use of scarce resources cannot be analysed properly either. For instance, it is difficult to indicate per district, or per union council,

44 Consultancy report: Migratory Livestock Systems and Livestock Marketing in Balochistan, IMPLAN, April 1997.



what environmental consequences there are of the current use of fuel wood for cooking and heating purposes in reference to future use.

• In the social sector only - and in particular through BEMIS and HMIS - statistics have

gained a level of reliability on which basis comparisons are possible. However, even those statistics do not always give much glue. For instance enrolment of boys and girls by itself do not say more than that more boys than girls go to school in absolute figures. The enrolment figures may only make sense as they are taken as a percentage of their age group, a figure which currently is not available at all. The 1981 census age group figures do not make sense any longer for such interpretations. Assuming that there is an equal distribution of the school going age group all over the province, the enrolment may be taken as a percentage of the projected population figures (NIPS) per district, which percentages than are comparable over the districts. Assuming an equal percentage of boys and girls (which according to the 1981 census is not true) in the school going age groups, it is not only very clear that percentage-wise much less girls go to schools than boys, but even that in a number of districts the percentage of boys is far above the provincial average, while in the same district the percentage of girls is far below the average. It emphasises the gender difference in access to education between the districts.

Despite all these remarks, data have been collected. Some on basis of actual censuses, others on basis of sample surveys and/or extrapolation. So far, data have not been co-ordinated and/or analysed at district level. The current exercise has been a first comprehensive trial to bring district based data together and analyse them in the district context. A lot of work to improve the data base on district level is to be foreseen in the near future. A planning cell on district level, or a district information centre in particular, may play a major data collection and monitoring role in reference to all development processes in the district.



Annex 14.

List of Acronyms

ADBP Agricultural Development Bank of Pakistan ARI Acute Respiratory Infections B&R Buildings and Roads BRP Balochistan Reserve Police DC Deputy Commissioner DHQH District/Divisional Headquarters Hospital EAC Education, Awareness, and Communication FPAP Family Planning Association of Pakistan LG&RDD Local Government and Rural Development Department LHW Lady Health Worker LPG Liquefied Petroleum Gas MC Municipal Committee n/a Not Available O&M Operation and Maintenance PASCO Pakistan Agricultural Storage Corporation PEDP Primary Education Development Project PEQIP Primary Education Quality Improvement Project PHED Public Health Engineering Department PIA Pakistan International Airlines PLD Personal Ledger Deposit Account PTCL Pakistan Telecommunications Company Limited Ptv Pakistan Television RBC Reinforced Bricks Concrete RCC Reinforced Cement Concrete RCD Regional Co-operation for Development RCDC Rural Community Development Council SP Superintendent of Police TC Town Committee UC Union Council USAID United States Agency for International Development WAPDA Water and Power Development Authority WB The World Bank WSS Water Supply Scheme



Annex 15.

Metric System and its Equivalents

Metric Unit Equivalent Centimetre (cm) = 0.39370 Inches Cubic metre (cum.) = 35.3147 Cubic feet Hectare (Ha) = 2.47105 Acres Kilogram (kg) = 2.20462 Pounds Kilometre (km) = 0.53961 Nautical miles Kilometre (km) = 0.62137 Miles Litre (l) = 0.21998 Imperial gallon Metre (m) = 3.28084 feet Square kilometres (Sq.km.) = 0.38610 Square miles Square metres (Sq. m.) = 10.7639 Square feet



Annex 16.

Bibliography

Government of Balochistan. Agricultural Statistics of Balochistan 1994-95, Quetta: Statistical Wing, Directorate General of Agriculture Dept., GoB, 1996.

Government of Pakistan. 1981 District Census Report of Gwadar, Islamabad: Population Census Organisation, 1983.

Government of Pakistan. 1990 Census of Agriculture: Balochistan, vol. II, Part 4. Lahore: Economic Affairs and Statistics Division, Agricultural Census Organisation, GoP, 1994.

Government of Pakistan. Pakistan Census of Livestock 1976, Final Report. Lahore: Stat. Division, Agricultural Census Organisation, GoP.

Government of Pakistan. Pakistan Census of Livestock 1986, vol. II, Part 4. Lahore: Stat. Division, Agricultural Census Organisation, GoP.

Government of Pakistan. Population of Mauzas 1951-81 Census: Gwadar District, Islamabad: Population Census Organisation, GoP, 1989.

Hafeez-ur-Rehman. Makran Division: A Brief, TS, Commissioners Office, Kech.

Khan, Fazale Karim. A Geography of Pakistan: Environment, People, and Economy, Karachi: Oxford University Press, 1993.

Rukanuddin, Abdul Razzaque and M. Naseem Iqbal Farooqui. The State of Population in Pakistan, Islamabad: NIPS, 1988.

Shah, Mahmood Ali. Sardari, Jirga & Local Government Systems in Balochistan, Quetta: Qasim Printers, 1992.

Sherani, Saifur Rehman. “Makran Region: Socio-economic Profiles of Districts,” Islamabad: NRSP, 1993.

The Gazetteer of Baluchistan: Makran, Quetta: Gosha-e-Adab, 1986.

Upreti, Bedh P. “Agriculture and Society in Makran,” Islamabad: USAID, 1989.

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