gun violence: how big is the problem in...
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Gun Violence:How Big Is The Problem In
Maine
December 8th, 2004
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“Gun violence” includes the following:
• Violent Crimes with Guns– Homicides, Robberies, Aggravated Assaults
• Domestic Violence Where Guns Are Present or Used to Threaten or Intimidate
• Illegal possession of firearms
• Suicides
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Data Sources and Methodology
• Violent Crimes with Guns– FBI – Uniform Crime Reports– Maine Department of Public Safety
• Domestic Violence Where Guns Are Present or Used to Threaten or Intimidate
– Maine Department of Public Safety– U.S. Attorney’s Office research
• Illegal possession of firearms– Examination of pre-sentencing reports of federal firearm cases
from 2002-2003
• Suicides– Maine Medical Center – CDC– Maine DHHS, Bureau of Health, Office of Data, Research and
Vital Statistics
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Gun Culture in Maine
• 1,277,284 population• 1,250,122 total guns• 1 gun per person
– 71% long guns (rifles, shotguns, etc.)
– 29% handguns– At least one firearm in
almost half of the 626,000 households
* Statistics based on 2000 statewide survey
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• Gun Usage– Sporting and recreation– Hunting
• 172,626 hunting licenses issued in 2000
• Traditional part of family life
Gun Culture in Maine
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Violent Crimes with Guns
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In 2003, Maine had the lowest rate of firearm use in violent crimes in the country
1 in 85327.5%252,645United States*
1 in 4,82321.3%184New Hampshire1 in 6,21219.4%77Vermont
1 in 14,1368.6%92Maine
Overall chance of being a
firearm victim
Percent of violent crimes w/ firearm
Total # of firearm crimesState
* - excluding Florida, Illinois, DC, Kentucky
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Since 1996, the annual number of violent crimes with a firearm in Maine has remained under 100
Violent Crime with a Firearm in Maine, 1996-2003
94 94
81 79 81 78 8192
0
20
40
60
80
100
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
Number ofViolent Crimeswith a Firearm
Total Violent Crime w/ Firearms
Source: Maine Department of Public Safety 1996-2003
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Over the last 8 years, more than half the violent crimes with a firearm in Maine have been robberies
Source: Maine Department of Public Safety 1996-2003
7%35%55%11%8 yr. Ave
% of Total Violent
Crimes w/ Firearm
Agg. Assault w/
Firearm
Robbery w/
FirearmMurder w/ FirearmYear
1996-2003
Percent of Total Violent Crimes w/ Firearms,
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Since 1996, nearly half the homicides in Maine were committed with a firearm
Homicide by Type of Weapon, 8 Year Avg. 1996-2003
Firearm, Shotgun, Handgun, Rifle
44%
Hands, Fists, Feet20%
Knife, Cutting Instrument18%
Blunt Instrument9%
Strangled3%
Fire/Smoke Inhalation2%
Unknown4%
Maine had an average of 21 Murders between 1996- 2003Source: Maine Department
of Public Safety 1996-2003
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Domestic Violence Where Guns Are Present or Used
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Between 1996-2003, more than half the homicides in Maine were DV related
Domestic Violence Homicides,1995-2003
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
Percent of Total Homicides
% Domestic Violence
Source: Maine Department of Public Safety 1996-2003
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Firearm violence in households with a domestic violence abuser
• What is a Protection from Abuse Order?A PFA is a court order which provides legal protection for a person in or just out of an abusive relationship.
• In a limited study of 5 courts during 6 mos. in 2003-2004, 18% of individuals against whom Protection from Abuse Orders were issued threatened to use a firearm against their victims.
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Extrapolating firearm violence in households with a domestic violence abuser
• In FY 2003 there were 6,502 Protection from Abuse orders in Maine
• 18% of 6,502 Protection from Abuse Orders (n=1170 PFAs) where the defendant threatened to use a firearm.
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Since 1999, the percent of NICS denials for persons with a DV conviction and/or a PFA order has
increased
13.3%
19.4%16.6%
29.6%
0.0%
10.0%
20.0%
30.0%
1999 2000 2001 2002
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Suicides
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Suicides in Maine
• Between 2000-2002 nearly 90% (481) of violent deaths in Maine were suicides
• The teen suicide rate in Maine is the 8th highest in the nation, at 14.74 suicides per 100,000 residents aged 15-24
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Firearms and suicide in Maine
• Firearms accounted for 57% of suicide deaths in Maine between 2000-2002 (91 per year).
• Since 1998, more suicides with a gun than violent crimes with a gun in any year
• As of 2001, firearm suicide death rates are higher in Maine (6.7 per 100,000 individuals) than the national average (5.9).
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Guns and SuicideSuicide Rate 1994-1998 per 100,000
4.92.412%New Jersey
5.82.414%Massachusetts
5.33.016%Rhode Island
5.23.721%Connecticut
5.36.833%New Hampshire
4.47.948%Vermont
5.67.945%Maine
NonfirearmSuicides
Firearm SuicidesHouseholds with Firearms
State
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Men commit the overwhelming majority of firearm suicides
Maine Suicide Deaths w/ a Firearmby Gender, 1990-2000
84%89% 90%
85% 87% 90% 91%84% 88% 89% 91%
16%11% 10% 15% 13% 10% 9%
16% 12% 11% 9%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
% Female% Male
Source: Center for Disease Control
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Handguns have become the leading cause of self-inflicted firearm injury deaths in Maine
25%
29%
45%
34%
31%
35%
41%
49%
10%
47%
4%
48%
51%
31%
18%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
Self-Inflicted Firearm Injury Deaths by Type of Firearm in Maine, 1996-2000
Other & unspecified FirearmRifle, Shotgun, & Larger FirearmsHandgun
Maine DHS, Bureau of Health, Office of Data, Research and Vital Statistics
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Rural counties tend to have higher rates of firearm suicides
Self-Inflicted Firearm Injury Deaths by County, 1991-2000
Maine Total
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 14.0 15.0
York
Cumberland
Androscoggin
Sagadahoc
Aroostook
Kennebec
Franklin
Maine Total
Penobscot
Waldo
Lincoln
Knox
Somerset
Hancock
Oxford
Piscataquis
Washington
Rate per 100,000 Population
Maine DHS, Bureau of Health, Office of Data, Research and Vital Statistics
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Characteristics of Gun Crimes and Offenders
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PSN Research Agenda
4 questions1) What are the characteristics of the gun offender?2) What is the geographic distribution of gun offenses?3) What are the characteristics of the gun incident (circumstances, relationship to victim, etc.)?4)What are the characteristics of the gun?
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Previous Reports and Methodology
1) Examination of 93 state crime incidents with a firearm from 2002-03
• Descriptive analysis of the following:– Offense type and circumstance
2) Examination of 120 federal firearm offender characteristics from 2002-03
– Demographic profile of offender
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Characteristics of state gun crimes n=93
• 21% of the cases were DV related
• 42% were drug/alcohol related offenses
• 64% of the offenses were committed with a handgun
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Characteristics of state gun crimes cont’d
• The three highest state firearm charges were the following:
1. Robbery (30%)2. Burglary (12%) 3. Assault (11%)
• 60% of the firearm charges were against a person (i.e. robbery, assault, murder)
• 24% of the firearm charges were property crimes (burglary, theft)
• 12% of the cases the victim was the spouse or boyfriend/girlfriend of the offender
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Ø Nearly 90% (89.1) are white males
Ø Average age: 34
Ø More than half (53%) are either unemployed or disabled
Ø 85% have at most a HS/GED degree
Ø Most have a prior criminal record (87%)
Who is committing gun crimes in Maine?(n=121)
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Educational Attainment of Federal Firearm Offenders
34%30%
21%
14%
1%0%5%
10%15%20%25%30%35%40%
Lessthan a
HSdegree
GED HS Morethan a
HSdegree
N/A
EducationalAttainment
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Less than ¼ of the offenders work full-time
42%
12%
24%
22%
unemployeddisabledPart-timefull-time
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ØHistory of alcohol/drug abuse (76%)
ØMany have a history of mental illness (43%)
Ø 34% have a history of both alcohol/drug abuse and mental illness
History of the Offender
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43%
18%
3%
32%
Felons DV Conviction/PFA Drug Conviction Not Prohibited
At the time of arrest, the majority of offenders were prohibited from owning a firearm
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Maine Statistical Analysis Center
http://muskie.usm.maine.edu/justice
research