gulf business | december 2010
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A
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Fevie troxvlmefc 44Gd~d`v Fevie Eom jdv
koqb` r~ e` feiib|fodm
~|ehrfxoe` a|ei xjb
lmefc 44 eaavje|b eom aobmh
o` Tdxd| d`h jdv leecbhd 6.2 lommoe` yb` *(86
iommoe`/ v~bfodm mevv dv
d |bvrmx. Gd~d`v aer|xj)
lokkbvx eom |bao`b|- vdoh
xjb ao|i d`h oxv ~d|x`b|v
fermh `ex ao`h b`erkj
eom |bvb|qbv o` xjb lmefc
daxb| xjby jdh h|ommbh x{e
x|odm {bmmv.
Tdxd| xe vbx r~VIB lehyVdrho)ldvbh Fd~oxdvK|er~ O`xb|`dxoe`dm- d
ibilb| ea xjb Ovmdiof
Hbqbme~ib`x Ld`c
K|er~- vdoh ox jdv {e`
xjb bzfmrvoqb fe`x|dfx
xe bvxdlmovj B`xb|~|ovb
Tdxd|- xjb vxdxbv vidmm
d`h ibhori b`xb|~|ovb
drxje|oxy- mefdm ibhod
|b~e|xbh. B`xb|~|ovb
Tdxd| doiv xe f|bdxb
d fei~|bjb`voqb
o`a|dvx|rfxr|b xevr~~e|x b`x|b~|b`br|odm
qb`xr|bv- fjdi~oe`
o``eqdxoe` d`h aevxb|
xjb k|e{xj ea lrvo`bvv
frmxr|b o` fer`x|y.
Eom id|cbx vxdlmbio`ovxb|
Xjb eom id|cbx ov `ex
eqb| vr~~mobh- Tdxd|o
hb~rxy ~|biob| d`h eom
io`ovxb| Dlhrmmdj lo`Jdidh Dm Dxxoydj- vdoh.
O xjo`c xjb id|cbx ov
qb|y vxdlmb- lrx {b d|b
vbbo`k jokj o`qb`xe|obv
o` exjb| fer`x|obv-
jb vdoh- dhho`k xjdx
fer`x|obv jdqb xe fe~b
{oxj |ovo`k eom ~|ofbv. Jb
vdoh (;>)(?> ~b| ld||bm
{dv qb|y |bdve`dlmb
ae| fe`vrib|v d`h
~|ehrfb|v.
o`hrvx|y bqb`x o` Hejd-
Dcld| Dm Ldcb| vdoh
ibdvr|bv vrfj dv dvco`k
~dvvb`kb|v xe |bieqb
xjbo| vjebv dx vbfr|oxy
fjbfcv d`h |bieqo`k
md~xe~v a|ei ldkv vjermh
lb hoxfjbh.
Veibxoibv {b d|b
eqb||bdfxo`k- jb vdoh.
Do|~e|xv- jb dhhbh- {b|b
rvo`k bzfbvvoqb vf|bb`o`k
{jofj dx xoibv |bdmmy idy
`ex lb `bfbvvd|y.
Jb vdoh do|mo`b
fei~d`obv o` xjb [bvx he
`ex jdqb xjb fd~dfoxy e|
xjb fd~dlomoxy xe k|e{ d`h
{b|b ~rxxo`k xjb lmdib e`
Iohhmb Bdvxb|` fd||ob|v
o`vxbdh ea ~rxxo`k xjbo|
jervb o` e|hb|.
Tdxd| Do|{dyv vmdiv
eqb||bdfxoe` o` xjb [bvx
FEI^D@_AEFRV
O@@RILB\V
6>>->>>Ld||bmv ~b| hdy ov xjb ~|ehrfxoe`
a|ei Dm Vjdjbb` aobmh- eqb|vjeexo`k
e|oko`dm bvxoidxbv ea 2>->>> ld||bmv.
TD\:> l`Xjb feilo`bh dvvbxv ea Ovmdiof ld`cv o`
Tdxd|- d aoaxj ea xjb xexdm mefdm ld`co`k
vbfxe|v dvvbxv.
Xjb o`hoqohrdm |dxo`k
|bambfxbh TOLv ~evoxoe`
dv xjb mbdho`k Ovmdiof
a|d`fjovb {oxj d `bd|my 2>
~b| fb`x vjd|b ea Ovmdiof
dvvbxv d`h `o`b ~b| fb`x
eqb|dmm id|cbx vjd|b- o`
dhhoxoe` xe xjb ld`cv jokj
bd|`o`kv ~e{b| a|ei fe|bld`co`k d`h jbdmxjy fd~oxdm
|dxoev. TOLv ar`ho`k
~|eaomb jdv vx|b`kxjb`bh
{oxj xjb ld`cv |bfb`x
(;2> iommoe` vrcrc xe
leevx dvvbxv. Xjb ld`c dmve
d``er`fbh d |bfe|hbh `bx
~|eaox ea TD\?>; iommoe`
d`h e~b|dxoe`dm o`feib ea
TD\4.;6 lommoe` hr|o`k xjbao|vx `o`b ie`xjv ea 4>.
TOL mbdhv Ovmdiof a|d`fjovb o` Tdxd|
Kbxxy
Tdxd| Do|{dyv fjoba vdyvveib vbfr|oxy ibdvr|bvvjermh lb hoxfjbh.
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4:krmalrvo`bvv Hbfbilb| 4>
CR[DOX
Cr{doxv Wdo` xbmbfei
jdv dk|bbh xe e~b`
oxv leecv ae| hrb homokb`fbxe RDB e~b|dxe| Bxovdmdx-
{jofj jdv eaab|bh xe lry
d fe`x|emmo`k vxdcb o` xjb
ao|i {e|xj d|er`h (4?- hrb xe d
vr|kb o` aeeh ~|ofbv- eaaofodm hdxd vje{v.
C[H8 l`Xjb dier`x Cr{dox je~bv xe bd|` o`
`e`)eom |bqb`rb o` 48- xjb ao`dm ybd|
ea oxv aer|)ybd| hbqbme~ib`x ~md`.
{e|c |btro|bh xe |bdfj
hbao`oxoqb dk|bbib`xv fermh
xdcb d `rilb| ea {bbcv-{jomb xjb x|d`vdfxoe` ov
r`mocbmy xe fmevb lbae|b xjb
b`h ea xjb ao|vx trd|xb| ea
44- Bxovdmdx vdoh. Cje|dao
K|er~ ov bvxoidxbh xe e{`
d|er`h ~b| fb`x ea
Wdo` d`h ov lbko``o`k xjb
~|efbvv ea femmbfxo`k
xjb `bbhbh vjd|bv a|ei
exjb| jemhb|v xe idcb r~
xjb hbdm.
Gdwbb|d |bxr|`vxe ~|eaoxdlomoxyGdwbb|d Do|{dyv- d
Cr{doxo me{)fevx do|mo`b-
ov fe`aohb`x ea vrvxdo`o`k
~|eaox o`xe `bzx ybd| d`h
lbye`h daxb| |b~e|xo`kd` dmievx voz)aemh |ovb o`
xjo|h)trd|xb| bx o`feib.
Xjb fei~d`y o`fr||bh
mevvbv o` xjb ~|bqoerv
xj|bb trd|xb|v. @bx o`feib
o` xjb xj|bb ie`xjv xe
Vb~xbilb| 6> o`f|bdvbh
xe C[H8.8 iommoe` ho`d|v
*(42.; iommoe`/ a|ei
C[H;16->>> o` xjb ybd|)
bd|mob| ~b|oeh- id|co`k
Gdwbb|dv lbvx trd|xb| o` oxv
aoqb ybd|v ea e~b|dxoe`v.
Eom ~|ofb xe |ovbo` 44F|rhb eom ~|ofbv {omm
fe`xo`rb xe |ovb oa xjb RV
hemmd|v {bdc`bvv ~b|vovxv
d`h ~|ofbv ae| feiiehoxobv
o`f|bdvb ar|xjb|- d ibilb|
ea Cr{doxv Vr~|bib
^bx|embri Fer`fom- xjb
fer`x|yv xe~ b`b|ky
hbfovoe`)idco`k lehy-
vdoh. Xjov {omm lb keehlbfdrvb xjb fevx ea moqo`k
jdv |ovb` h|didxofdmmy o`
xjb {e|mh- V^F Ibilb|
Oidh Dm Dxoto- vdoh.
Cr{dox irmmvjokjb| v~b`ho`kCr{dox ~md`v veib
o`f|bdvb o` keqb|`ib`x
v~b`ho`k o` xjb aovfdm
ybd| vxd|xo`k D~|om 4-
ao`d`fb io`ovxb|
Irvxdad Dm Vjoidmo-
vdoh. Jb vdoh ox {dv `ex
~evvolmb xe ~|bhofx xjb
vowb ea xjb dhhoxoe`dm
v~b`ho`k r`xom ibilb|v
ea ~d|modib`x ibbx. Xjb
~md``bh o`f|bdvb o` xjb
44)4< lrhkbx {omm
aefrv e` o`qbvxib`xv
dv ~d|x ea ao`d`fo`k xjb
fer`x|yv hbqbme~ib`x ~md`.
Cr{dox ov ~|b~d|o`k d
|b)mdr`fj ea xb`hb|v
ae| oxv Fmbd` Arbmv ~|egbfx-
je~o`k xe kbx xjb vxdmmbh
|bao`b|y iehb|`ovdxoe`
d`h r~k|dhb ~|egbfx eaa
xjb vxd|xo`k lmefcv ly
ovvro`k xjb ido` xb`hb|
~dfcdkbv ly D~|om.
Dffe|ho`k xe OJV Kmeldm
^\EGBFXAEFRV
Fmbd` arbmv ~|egbfx |bao`b|y r~k|dhb
~|ek|diib xe lb |b)xb`hb|bhO`vokjx- xjb ~|egbfx doiv
xe o`vxdmm dx mbdvx 6> `b{
r`oxv dx Cr{doxv bzoxo`k
Io`d Dlhrmmdj d`h Io`d Dm
Djidho |bao`b|obv- b`dlmo`k
xjbi xe ~|ehrfb arbmv ea
xjb jokjbvx o`xb|`dxoe`dm
b`qo|e`ib`xdm vxd`hd|hv
ae| bz~e|x. Xjb fd~dfoxy
xe ~|ehrfb arbmv {oxj
d vrm~jr| fe`xb`x ea
mbvv xjd` 4> ~d|xv ~b|
{ermh dmme{ Cr{dox
@dxoe`dm ^bx|embri
Fei~d`y xe |bxdcb
id|cbx vjd|bv o` xjb
ievx hbqbme~bh id|cbxv-
{jb|b b`qo|e`ib`xdm
|bkrmdxoe`v dmve xb`h xe
lb xjb jokjbvx.
Kbxxy
Wdo` ov o` xjb ~|efbvvea femmbfxo`k xjb`bbhbh vjd|bv a|eiexjb| jemhb|v xe idcbr~ xjb hbdm.
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A
krmalrvo`bvv Hbfbilb| 4>
@d{|dv jdv fei~mbxbh oxv O^E- {jofj |dovbh
EI\4:< iommoe` *(8;< iommoe`/ d`h jdv movxbh e`
xjb Irvfdx Vbfr|oxobv Id|cbx r`hb| xjb xofcb| vyilem-
`{|v. Xjb o`oxodm id|cbx fd~oxdmovdxoe` ea @d{|dv{dv EI\821 iommoe`- ~evoxoe`o`k @d{|dv dv d xe~ aoqb
Eid`o fei~d`y ly id|cbx fd~oxdmovdxoe`. Xjb O^E ov
xjb md|kbvx xe xdcb ~mdfb o` xjb KFF vo`fb Grmy >?
d`h {dv dmve xjb ao|vx eaab| o` Eid` xe lb fei~mbxbh
rvo`k xjb leec lromh ibxjeh.
LDJ\DO@EID@
6>6> vbfe`hv xeidcb vb`vb
ea xjb feaabb
lrvo`bvv.
Je{ {dv xjb feaabb lrvo`bvv daabfxbh ly xjb
|bfbvvoe`5
[b jdqb `ex lbb` daabfxbh ly xjb bfe`eiof |bfbvvoe`
lbfdrvb {b d|b d ker|ibx `ofjb lrvo`bvv. Oa ~be~mb d|b
meeco`k xe |bhrfb xjbo| lok bz~b`hoxr|b oxbiv- idylb xjby
hoh`x lry xjb jeib bv~|bvve idfjo`b ~dfcdkb a|ei rv-
lrx xjby {omm vxomm ~e~ o` d`h lry d feaabb bdfj hdy.
Dv d` bz~e|x feiiehoxy- xjb ~|ofb ea feaabb o` xjb
kmeldm id|cbx ov qemdxomb. Je{ he feaabb vje~ e{`b|v
|bv~e`h xe xjbvb ~|ofb ieqbib`xv5[b jdqb lbb` dlmb xe jemh er| |edvxbh feaabb ~|ofb
aozbh vo`fb o`fb~xoe` xj|bb ybd|v dke. Feaabb ~|ofo`k
ov fe`x|emmbh e` d hdomy ldvov ly xjb @b{ _e|c Feaabb
Bzfjd`kb- d`h dv d fei~d`y {b jdqb jdh xe dlve|l
xjb qd|od`fbv.
_er oi~e|x feaabb lbd`v a|ei Bxjoe~od- @ofd|dkrd-
^b|r- Femeilod- Bdvx Xoie| d`h Ibzofe. Je{ he xjby
hoaab| a|ei e`b d`exjb|5
Xjb xdvxb ~|eaomb ea xjb k|bb` feaabb lbd`v qd|obv ly
e|oko`- hrb xe xjb iof|efmoidxb ea bdfj d|bd veom xy~b-
|do`admm- vr`vjo`b- xbi~b|dxr|b- dkb ea ~md`xv- bxf. Dmm
\d{ Feaabb Fei~d`y ~|ehrfx ov fb|xoaobh e|kd`of d`hado|my x|dhbh dx e|oko` d`h dmm a|ei xjb D|dlofd feaabb
lbd` adiomy. Ae| bzdi~mb Da|ofd` lbd`v xb`h xe jdqb d
ame|dm fox|rv amdqer| d`h Verxj Dib|ofd` lbd`v {omm jdqb
d ie|b fjefemdxb)`rxxy amdqer|.
Je{ he yer v~ex d keeh feaabb5
Xjb|b d|b ve id`y fe`x|olrxo`k adfxe|v xjdx ke o`xe d
keeh feaabb. A|bvj lbd`v- keeh btro~ib`x d`h keeh
x|do`o`k. Keeh feaabb vjermh lb |edvxbh a|bvj d`h ov dx oxv
~bdc dx dlerx vbqb` xe 48 hdyv daxb| |edvxo`k. [jb` yer
e|hb| d feaabb o` d fda e| |bvxdr|d`x- fjbfc xe vbb xjdx
xjb feaabb je~~b| ov `ex armm ea k|er`h feaabb d`h xjdx xjb
~e|xdaomxb|v *xjb jd`hmbv xjdx yer ~rx xjb k|er`h feaabbo`xe/ ea xjb bv~|bvve idfjo`b d|b voxxo`k o` ~mdfb- d`h
xjb|bae|b dx xjb fe||bfx xbi~b|dxr|b.
Je{ hebv xjb jbdmxjy moabvxymb x|b`h daabfx
yer| lrvo`bvv5
Feaabb ov fmdvvoaobh dv e`b ea xjb vr~b| aeehv dv
{oxj id`y aeeh k|er~v- iehb|dxoe` ov vb`volmb. A|bvjmy
bzx|dfxbh bv~|bvve ov jokj o` d`xoezohd`xv- ox jdv d`xo)
fd|fo`ekb`of ~|e~b|xobv- v~bfoaofdmmy ae| xjb ~|evxdxb- ov
rvbh o` vco` ~|ehrfxv o` Gd~d`bvb jbdmxj v~dv- d`h
jdv vxoirmd`x ~|e~b|xobv- {oxj fdaabo`b aer`h o` id`y
~jd|idfbrxofdm ~|ehrfxv vrfj dv ^d`dhem Bzx|d.
Coi Xjei~ve`E{`b| d`h id`dkb|- \d{ Feaabb Fei~d`y
O@@RILB\V
:erx ea 4>Ldj|do`v vfe|b o` xjbBfe`eiof A|bbhei ea xjb
D|dl [e|mh7 4> |b~e|x- idco`k ox xjb ievx a|bb
bfe`eiy o` xjb D|dl {e|mh.
Dm Cjdmomo xe |bqoqb O^E ~md`vDm Cjdmomo R`oxbh B`xb|~|ovb- xjb amdkvjo~ fei~d`y
ea xjb Dm Cjdmomo K|er~- {omm |bqoqb oxv ~md`v xe
amedx d` O^E- daxb| vbbo`k |bv~e`vb xe xjb @d{|dv vjd|b
eaab|. Xjb fei~d`y ov ~md``o`k xe eaab| 8> ~b| fb`x ea
oxv vxdcb o` xjb O^E- {jofj {dv ~evx~e`bh mdvx ybd| hrbxe vmrkkovj id|cbx fe`hoxoe`v. Xjb k|er~ {omm aemme{
xjb x|dhoxoe`dm aozbh ~|ofb ibxjeh- r`mocb @d{|dv leec
lromho`k ~|efbvv. Eid` D|dl Ld`c ov xjb ao`d`fodm
dhqovb| d`h mbdh id`dkb| ea xjb ~|e~evbh O^E.
Ldj|do` ov ievx xdz)a|ob`hmy vxdxbLdj|do` jdv xjb ievx fevx)fei~bxoxoqb xdz
b`qo|e`ib`x o` xjb {e|mh d`h xjb ievx molb|dmovbh
heibvxof ao`d`fodm vbfxe| erx ea 2; mbdho`k bfe`eiobv-
dffe|ho`k xe xjb 4> Ao`d`fodm Hbqbme~ib`x \b~e|x
~rlmovjbh ly xjb [e|mh Bfe`eiof Ae|ri *[BA/.
Ldj|do`v ld`co`k vyvxbi {dv dmve |d`cbh dv ao|vx o`
xjb mdfc ea a|btrb`fy ea ld`co`k f|ovbv. Xjb |b~e|x ~rxv
Ldj|do` ?.
@d{|dv movxv e` Eid`
@d{|dv fbmbl|dxbh oxv |vx hdy ea x|dho`k e` xjb Irvfdx Vbfr|oxobvId|cbx .
krma~ofv
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24/130 ybd|v. Xjov {omm oiibhodxbmy
o`fb`xoqovb xjb ~be~mb {je {b|b o`xb|bvxbh o` mbdqo`k
xjbo| dvvbx d`h keo`k ldfc jeib xe xjo`c x{ofb lbfdrvb
bqb`xrdmmy xjb qdmrb ea xjb dvvbx {omm |bfeqb| eqb| xjb
`bzx hbfdhb d`h xjdx {omm vxomm ibd` oa xjby jdqb d 6> ybd|
erxmeec- xjby {omm idcb d fd~oxdm kdo` dv {bmm.
[jy xjov ov `ex jd~~b`o`k ov dmve hrb xe k|bbh. K|bbh
ly xjb ld`cv dv xjby d|b `e{ idco`k herlmb e| x|o~mb xjb
dier`x O jdh ib`xoe`bh lrx ox ov ~d~b| ie`by xjdx jdv
`e qdmrb r`mbvv veibe`b xdcbv ox r~.
Xjb|b ov d vbfe`hd|y |bdve` ae|
xjb ld`cv dv xjby d|b o` d trdkio|b
xjdx xjby fd`x bzx|ofdxb xjbivbmqbva|ei. Eqb| xjb ybd|v ea >6 xe >:-
xjby jdh xdrkjx xjbo| vjd|bjemhb|v
xjdx herlmb)hokox hoqohb`h |dxbv
{b|b xjb e|i.
Xjby dmve ae|xofflbh xjov |ohofrmerv
`exoe` ly ovvro`k le`rv vjd|bv.
@e{ xjb vjd|bjemhb|v k|bbh jdv
xdcb` eqb| |dxoe`dmoxy d`h xjdx ov xjb
`e|i xjdx ov `e{ bz~bfxbh ly xjb
vjd|bjemhb|v ea xjb ld`cv.
Jb|bv d vrkkbvxoe`. O` e|hb| ae| ~be~mb xe hb~evox xjbo|
ie`by {oxj xjb ld`cv- d`h x|rvx ib e` xjov- o`vxbdh ea
aefrvo`k e` xjb hb~evox |dxb- xjb ld`cv vjermh aefrv e`frvxeib| vb|qofb. [jb` ld`cv eaab| d jokjb| |dxb xjd`
xjb `e|i- ox rvrdmmy ibd`v e`b xjo`k. Xjby d|b hbv~b|dxb
ae| motrohoxy xe vr|qoqb d`h xjdx ov `bqb| d keeh vok`.
^b|ve`dmmy- O {ermh |dxjb| jdqb d me{ |dxb {oxj d vemoh
ld`c xjdx ov `ex dlerx xe femmd~vb xjd` d ld`c xjdx eaab|v
ib d jokjb| ~b|fb`xdkb lrx ov e` xjb l|o`c ea femmd~vo`k
hrb xe xjbo| ldh id`dkbib`x o` xjb ~dvx.
_bv {b jdqb d |bdm |bdve` xe ied` d`h ybv xjb bfe`eiy
fd` lb fflzbh. Xjb e`my trbvxoe` ov {jbxjb| dmm ~d|xobv
o`qemqbh jdqb xjb {omm d`h vx|b`kxj xe idcb xjb fjd`kbv
xjdx d|b `bfbvvd|y d`h xe vbb ox xj|erkj.
Iovjdm Cd`ee- hb~rxy fjdo|id`- Cd`ee K|er~.
XDCO@K XJB ME@K \EDH
XE BFE@EIOF \BFEQB\_Xjb k|bbhy jdloxv ea ~|b)|bfbvvoe` hdyv d|b hyo`k jd|h lrx {b fd` kbx xj|erkj
xjov ffl`d`fodm f|ovov ly fjd`ko`k er| dxxoxrhbv.IOVJDM CD@EE
^be~mb vjermh e{ ~dyldfc {jdx xjby e{bd`h moqb {oxjo xjbo|ibd`v. Ld`cv irvx
dmve vxd|x kbxxo k |bdmd`h ex grvx je~b xjdx
xjo kv {omm fe||bfxxjbivbmqbv o xoib.
FEIIB@X
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Bio|dxbv |o`xo`k |bvv {o`v xjb Vd~~o O`xb|`dxoe`dm |o`xb|v ea xjb
ybd| d{d|h a|ei die`kvx 1->>> b`x|obv {e|mh{ohb.
Die`kvx dmm xjb |bkoe`dm kemh {o``b|v a|ei Br|e~b- @e|xj Dib|ofd- Dvod- Iohhmb Bdvx ! Da|ofd- Drvx|dmdvod- Verxj
d`h Fb`x|dm Dib|ofd {je fei~bxbh- {b+|b ~|erh xe lb fjevb` dv xjb {e|mh+v lbvx ~|o`xb| o` xjb idkdwo`b {bl
~|ehrfxoe`- d`h ~|erhb| vxomm ea xjb adfx xjdx ox ov d` bzx|d lemh dfjobqbib`x ae| xjb RDB.
@E. O@ XJB B@XO\B [E\MH.
44@E. O@ BR\E^B ! XJB IOHHMB BDVX.
@E[-
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Meeio`k ~|elmbiv o` O|bmd`h mb`h fdrxoe` xe Br|e)v~bfrmdxe|v- {jomb xjb RC~er`h d`h RV btroxobv fermh eaab| vr|~|ovo`k kdo`v.IDXBO@ CJDMOH
o`f|bholmb voz ~b| fb`x. [o`xb| jbdxo`k eom hbid`h dme`b
vjermh dmme{ f|rhb eom xe x|dhb dleqb (?>. Xjov idf|e
iomobr ov elqoervmy lrmmovj ae| Vdrho ~bx|efjbiofdm
vjd|bv- `exdlmy VDLOF- D^T d`h ^bx|e \dlokj- {jevb
~|ehrfx id|ko`v {omm |ovb bqb` dv e~b|dxo`k |dxbv bz~d`h.
Ox ov e feo`fohb`fb xjdx Vdrho ~bx|efjbiofdm vjd|bv
erx~b|ae|ibh xjb Xdhd{rm ly d adfxe| ea fflqb o` @eqbilb|.
Xjov vbfxe| erx~b|ae|id`fb {omm fe`xo`rb o` Hbfbilb|.
RV btroxobv jdqb lbb` e` d |emm vo`fb bd|my Vb~xbilb|
d`h xjb V!^ 2>> o`hbz dhhbh > ~eo`xv xe |bkdo`
oxv D~|om 4 ybd| hblx yobmhv d ib|b bqb` o` d
fe||bfxoe` o` Hbfbilb|. Xjov ibd`v
xjb o`hbz ar`h V^W ov d lry e` d`y
ho~ lbme{ 44?> ae| d 42 ~b| fb`x
xexdm |bxr|` ~exb`xodm o` 44.
Kemh ov xjb e~xoidm |bvb|qb
fr||b`fy o` xjb Br|e- hemmd| d`h yb`
rkmy vxb~vovxb|v fe`xbvx. Dx (48>>-
`b|qerv me`kv vjermh lb o`x|ev~bfxoqb dv kemh `e me`kb|
eaab|v vxbb~ dhgrvxbh |bxr|`v. Dx 6> ybd| jokjv- vomqb| ov
d` dffohb`x {doxo`k xe jd~~b`. Dmm dvvbx lrllmbv b`h o`
xbd|v. Xjdx irfj- dx mbdvx- ov fb|xdo`.Xjb K) fe`fmdqb o` Vberm b`hbh {oxj ~|bhofxdlmb
~mdxoxrhbv. Xjb Fjo`bvb o`dxoe` hdxd d`h xjb O|ovj
ldomerx |rier|v jdqb `e{ fer~mbh xe x|okkb| d kmeldm vbmm
eaa o` |ovc dvvbxv d`h d |ovb o` xjb hemmd|. Xjb ffl`d`fodm
id|cbxv- dv rvrdm- jdqb ~|ofbh o` d {e|vx fdvb vfb`d|oe
ae| O|bmd`h d`h oxv `dxoe`dmovbh ld`co k vyvxbi. Vo`fb RV
|bxdom vdmbv |evb ae| d aer|xj ie`xj o` Efxelb|- me`k)xb|i
X|bdvr|y le`h yobmhv jdqb lbkr` xe ieqb vjd|~my jokjb|
dv herlmb ho~ |bfbvvoe` |ovc ov ~|ofbh erx ea xjb le`h
id|cbx. Xjov ov yb` lbd|ovj$
Idxbo` Cjdmoh- ar`h id`dkb| o` d |eydm o`qbvxib`x
eafflfb d`h {|oxb| o` ffl`d`fb d`h kbe~emoxofv.
Xjb Abh- xjb K) fe`fmdqb o` Vberm- fr||b`fy {d|v
d`h O|bmd`hv {ebv elvbvv xjb ffl`d`fodm id|cbxv.
Xoib xe kdwb o`xe iy idf|e f|yvxdm kmdvv- bqb` dx
xjb |ovc ea v{dmme{o`k f|rvjbh kmdvv. Xjb ae|bz
k`eibv {b|b vjefcbh ly R`fmb Lb`v ie`by ~|o`xo`k
v~|bb daxb| xjb Abhb|dm \bvb|qbv AEIF qexbh xe ~ri~
(1>> lommoe` xe |bqoqb d ie|olr`h RV bfe`eiy. Xjov ibd`x
xjb hemmd| ~mr`kbh dkdo`vx xjb Br|e d`h feiiehoxobv
ved|bh e` vdab jdqb` e{v o` @eqbilb|. Je{bqb|- O|bmd`h
jdv geo`bh K|bbfb dv xjb BRv bzx ~emofy okjxid|b d`h
Hrlmo` iokjx {bmm lb ae|fbh xe ke fd~ o` jd`h xe xjb BFL%
OIA dx d xoib {jb` Lb|mo` d`h xjb Bmyvbb dmdfb {omm ex
dmme{ xdz~dyb| ldomerxv xe v~d|b ~|oqdxb o`qbvxe|v ~do`
a|ei d ~exb`xodm hbadrmx. Xjov ibd`v Br|e)hemmd| fd` admm
dv me{ dv 4.6< o` Hbfbilb|- ~d|xofrmd|my oa |ovc dqb|voe` o`
xjb veqb|bok` hblx id|cbxv fe`xo`rbv xe |ovb.
Xjb ohbdm idf|e x|dhb ae| `bzx ie`xj ov xe vbmm xjb
Br|e dkdo`vx vxb|mo`k dx >.:1 ae| d`
bqb`xrdm >.;: xd|kbx {oxj d >.:: vxe~
mevv. [jy5 E`b- xjb Ld`c ea B`kmd`h
`bbh `ex d`h {omm `ex aemme{ xjbAbhv TB iehbm d`h leevx oxv komx
~r|fjdvb ~|ek|diib dv me`k dv
o`dxoe` ov |r``o`k dleqb oxv x{e
~b| fb`x xd|kbx moiox. O`dxoe` {omm
e`my |ovb- `ex admm- hrb xe QDX jokjb|
~|ofbh jokj vx|bbx oi~e|xv- f|rhb
eom v~ocbv d`h xjb admmerx a|ei
vxb|mo`kv b~of >: hbqdmrdxoe`.
X{e- xjb ie`bxd|y id`hd|o`v
dx xjb Emh Mdhy ea Xj|bdh`bbhmb Vx|bbx jdqb fmbd|my
r`hb|bvxoidxbh lexj bfe`eiof k|e{xj d`h o`dxoe` o` xjb
vfb~x|bh ovmb o` 4>. Xj|bb- RC k|e{xj |dxbv idy {bmm |ovb
{jomb xjb Br|ewe`b- ~mdkrbh ly Fmrl Ibh%Fbmxof ~rvvyfdxhblx {ebv d`h d vx|e`k Br|e- vxrilmb xjov {o`xb|. Xjb
Br|e fermh {bmm admm vok`offlfd`xmy dkdo`vx vxb|mo`k d`h xjb
jokj yobmh Drvx|dmod` hemmd| `bzx ie`xj.
Eom ~|ofbv jdqb l|ecb` dleqb xjbo| (12):2 x|dho`k |d`kb
hrb xe xjb me{b| hemmd|- Abh trd`x bdvo`k- |ovb o` Fjo`bvb
oi~e|xv- v~bfrmdxoqb o`e{v o`xe xjb Me`he` @e|xj Vbd
L|b`x d`h @b{ _e|c [bvx Xbzdv arxr|bv fe`x|dfxv d`h-
dleqb dmm- Vdrho D|dlodv ~rlmof dhiovvoe` xjdx xjb
co`khei {dv feiae|xdlmb {oxj d (;>)?> x|dho`k |d`kb.
Xjov ov d jrkbmy ~evoxoqb ldfch|e~ ae| fjbd~my qdmrbh-
|bvb|qbv |ofj- jokj hoqohb`h o`xbk|dxbh eom vr~b|idge|
vjd|bv vrfj dv Xexdm- {jevb hoqohb`h yobmh ov `e{ d`
RC k|e{xj |dxbvidy |ovb- {jomb xjb
Br|ewe`b- ~mdkrbh lyFmrl Ibh%Fbmxof hblx
{ebv d`h d vx|e`kBr|e- fermh vxrilmb
dkdo`vx xjb vxb|mo`k d`hDrvx|dmod` hemmd|.
FEIIB@X
JE[ XE KDO@ A\EI XJB
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Xjov ov `ex xjb xy~ofdm d|xofmb xjdx O {ermh `e|idmmy
{|oxb ae| Krma Lrvo`bvv. Lrx xjov ~do`arm bqb`x
hbvb|qbv d x|olrxb xe ~r|~evb.
E` @eqbilb| 4 jb mbax xe lbfeib Fjoba Bzbfrxoqb ea
Qehdae`b Drvx|dmod. K|djdib {b`x e` xe lbfeib Fjoba
Bzbfrxoqb ea Qehdae`b V{bhb`- d`h
Fjdo|id` d`h Fjoba Bzbfrxoqb ea
Qehdae`b Fwbfj \b~rlmof lbae|b
xdco`k jov Tdxd| |emb o` >:.K|djdib {dv `ex yer| e|ho`d|y
FBE3 jb lbmobqbh xjdx xjb |bdve` d`
e|kd`ovdxoe` bzovxv kebv lbye h ~|efflxv.
Xjov ov {jy {b bzovx- er| |bdve` ae|
lbo`k- d`h ox kebv lbye`h grvx idco`k
ie`by. [b voi~my {e`x fei~|eiovb
e` ox. [b bbh xe moqb ox bqb|y hdy o`
bqb|yxjo`k {b he. Dv FBE jb {dv
feiioxxbh xe vjd~o`k d r|~evb
Ldvbh E|kd`owdxoe` *^LE/. Jb o`v~o|bh xjov d~~|edfj o` bqb|y
e~b|dxo`k fei~d`y xjdx jb jbmibh.
Ae| Tdxd|- Qehdae`bv ~r|~evb ov Xe idcb d {e|mh ea
hoaab|b`fb ae| dmm ~be~mb o` Tdxd|. Ox ov bdvy xe jdqb diovvoe` e| vxdxbib`x. Lrx d ~r|~evb ov irfj hbb~b| dv
xjb ~r|~evb ov yer| |bdve` ae| lbo`k. Fd` yer oidko`b xjb
hoaab|b`fb ox {ermh idcb ae| yer| lrvo`bvv oa yer {b|b d
^r|~evb Ldvbh E|kd`owdxoe`5
Voi~my ~rx- d ^LE ov d` e|kd`ovdxoe` xjdx jemhv ~be~mb
ffl|imy dx oxv jbd|x. [jb` dmm ea yer| bi~meybbv r`hb|vxd`h
d`h moqb xjb bxjev ea d LE- xjby {omm c`e{ {jy yer|
lrvo`bvv bzovxv *yer| ~r|~evb/- je{ yer {e|c xekbxjb|
*qdmrbv/- {jb|b yer|b keo`k *yer| qovoe`/ d`h {jdx yermm
he xe kbx xjb|b *vx|dxbkobv/. Ox dmve jbm~v xe f|bdxb d`
b`qo|e`ib`x {jb|b ~e{b| ov vjd|bh- {jb|b |rmbv d`h xoxmbv
d|b vbfe`hd|y d`h {jb|b ~be~mb abbm qdmrbh- |bv~bfxbh d`h
d|b dlmb xe k|e{. Ve- je{ hoh K|djdib he o` mbdho`k xjb
^LE5 E` xjb ffl`d`fodm d`h lrvo`bvv k|e{xj vohb- vo`fb >:
jb mbh Qehdae`b Tdxd| xj|erkj d (4 lommoe` o`oxodm ~rlmof
eaab|o`k d`h xjb |emmerx ea vb|qofb xe xjb ~rlmof mdvx ybd|.
Xjb fei~d`y- {jofj dfjobqbh d frvxeib| ldvb ea 1>>->>> o`
Vb~xbilb| erx ea d ~e~rmdxoe` ea dlerx 4.1 iommoe`- lbfdib
xjb ffl|vx heibvxof fei~bxoxe| xe TXbm. D`h ox je~bv xe lb
~|efflxdlmb ly xjb ybd|)b`h. @ex ldh ae| x{e ybd|v ea {e|c.
Lrx xjb |bdm x|olrxb xe jov mbdhb|vjo~ feibv a|ei {jdx
exjb|v jdqb xe vdy7
Bqb|ye`b {je {e|cbh dx Qehdae`b @W hr|o`k K|djdibv
xoib jdv qb|y ae`h ibie|obv ea d` bmbfx|of {e|co`k
b`qo|e`ib`x {jb|b {b lbmobqbh d`yxjo`k {dv ~evvolmb. Lrx
ievx ea dmm jb {dv he{` xe bd|xj d`h jrilmb.
Jb dlvemrxbmy lbmobqbh xjdx ~be~mb {b|b d fei~d`yv
ievx qdmrdlmb dvvbx d`h x|bdxbh bqb|ye`b- |bkd|hmbvv ea
~evoxoe`- {oxj btrdm qdmrb. Jb h|eqb d frmxr|b xjdx grvx
fd`x lb id`radfxr|bh. Ox fdib
a|ei jov jbd|x d`h xjdx {dv fmbd| xe
bqb|ye`b. Jov |bdhy vb`vb ea ar` {dv
dlvemrxbmy o`abfxoerv.Jov iovvoe` jdv x|rmy idhb d
{e|mh ea hoaab|b`fb ae| dmm ~be~mb o`
Tdxd|.
@e{ xjov kry {dv jbdmxjob| xjd`
O. Jb |d` id|dxje`v- {b`x e` Xer| Hb
A|d`fb)vxymb locb |ohbv- d`h {dv d`
didwo`kmy ~evoxoqb ~b|ve`. Ve {jy
hoh xjov jd~~b`5 O` Tdxd|- {b he`x
trbvxoe` {jy. [b dffb~x xjdx xjov
{dv {|oxxb` ly Keh. Oxv o` Jov ~md` d`h {oxj bqb|y dfxoe`
xjb|bv veib keeh |bdve`. Idjb| jdv mbax d mbkdfy. Bqb|y
vo`kmb ~b|ve` o` Qehdae`b abbmv ae| joi.
O` jov eloxrd|y- I| Idjb|v femmbdkrbv |bibilb| d`o`v~o|dxoe` mbdhb|3 jov adiomy- d id` {je f|diibh 4>>
ybd|v ea moab o`xe grvx 24.
K|djdib joivbma idhb d hoaab|b`fb xe xjb moqbv ea
bqb|ye`b jb xerfjbh. Jb {dv d k|bdx FBE- fedfj- ib`xe|-
d`h a|ob`h. [b {omm dmm ve|bmy iovv jov o`v~o|dxoe` d`h
qovoe`- jov ~dvvoe` d`h b`b|ky- d`h jov meqb ae| dmm xjb
~be~mb jb {e|cbh {oxj.
[omm yer| x|olrxb lb xe ~|efflxv e| ~r|~evb5
K|djdib ov vr|qoqbh ly jov {oab Gb``y Idjb|- d`h jov
hdrkjxb|v Gbvvofd d`h Cdxb- lexj o` xjbo| v.
H| Xeiiy [bo|- qofb ~|bvohb`x ea mbdhb|vjo~ vemrxoe`v dx
Cb`bzd d`h drxje| ea Xjb FBE Vjoax.
QEHDAE@B TDXD\V FBE[DV D@ O@V^O\DXOE@Xjb mdxb K|djdib Idjb|- FBE ea Qehdae`b Tdxd| {omm lb k|bdxmy iovvbh dvd qovoe`d|y mbdhb| {je fjdi~oe`bh ibd`o`k dv {bmm dv ~|efflxv.H\. XEII_ [BO\
Bqb|ye`b {je{e|cbh dx Qehdae`b
@W hr|o`kK|djdibv xoib
jdv qb|y ae`hibie|obv ea d`bmbfx|of {e|co`k
b`qo|e`ib`x.
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Dv ld`cv d`h |bkrmdxe|v fe`xo`rb xe ffl`b)xr`b
|ovc)id`dkbib x ~|efbvvbv- xjb trbvxoe` ea
f|bhox lr|bdrv jdv o`f|bdvo`kmy ~e~~bh r~-
bv~bfodmmy o` Dvod- {jb|b xjby d|b vxomm |bmdxoqbmy
`b{. Xjb fe`fb~x jdv feib d moxxmb mdxb| xe xjov |bkoe` ae|
d rilb| ea |bdve`v.
Id`y ld`cv jdqb- o` xjb ~dvx- lbb` |bmrfxd`x xe vjd|b
f|bhox o`ae|idxoe` {oxj exjb| ld`cv ae| fei~bxoxoqb
|bdve`v- dmxjerkj xjb|b jdv lbb` d vjoax vo`fb xjb
kmeldm bfe`eiof he{`xr|` lbkd`. Xjov vjoax effr||bh
dv ffl`d`fodm o`vxoxrxoe`v df|evv xjb |bkoe` vxd|xbh
meeco`k dx `b{ {dyv xe ~|eqohb d lbxxb| mbqbm ea vb|qofb
xe xjb id|cbx. E` xjb exjb| jd`h- fe`vrib| dhqefdfy
k|er~v e~~evbh xjb fe`fb~x lbfdrvb ox {dv ~b|fboqbh xe
r`hb|io`b |rmbv ~|exbfxo`k o`hoqohrdm ~|oqdfy.
O` ie|b d`h ie|b fer`x|obv- fe`fb|`v eqb| hdxd
vjd|o`k jdv koqb` {dy xe x{e ldvof |bdmoxobv7 fe`vrib|v
d`h lrvo`bvvbv {d`x bdvob| d`h
trofcb| dffbvv xe fei~bxoxoqbmy
~|ofbh med`v d`h ld`cv vbbc xe
idcb vdab|- ie|b |bmodlmb ffl`d`fodmhbfovoe`v xe h|oqb k|e{xj. E`b ea
xjb lbvx ibd`v ea dfjobqo`k lexj
ov xj|erkj xjb bvxdlmovjib`x ea d
~evoxoqb f|bhox lr|bdr.
D ~evoxoqb lr|bdr ov e`b {jb|bly
ld`cv d`h exjb| mb`hb|v vjd|b d`h
|bfboqb dmm o`ae|idxoe` e` d le||e{b|-
dmme{o`k xjbi xe jdqb d jemovxof
qob{ e` d ~b|ve`v f|bhox jovxe|y. D
`bkdxoqb lr|bdr e` xjb exjb| jd`h e`my dmme{v ae| ld`cv%
mb`hb|v xe qob{ `bkdxoqb o`ae|idxoe` e` d le||e{b|
o`fmrho`k {jb|b jb%vjb jdv hbadrmxbh. D~~|ezoidxbmy 62
~b| fb`x ea ~exb`xodm keeh frvxeib|v d|b |barvbh f|bhox oad` d~~mofdxoe` ov e`my ldvbh e` `bkdxoqb o`ae|idxoe`.
A|ei d idf|ebfe`eiof ~eo`x ea qob{- f|bhox lr|bdrv
fd` l|o`k dlerx jokjb| k|e{xj |dxbv ae| lrvo`bvvbv
d`h o`hoqohrdmv- d`h xjb|bae|b xjb bfe`eiy- xj|erkj d`
o`f|bdvb o` f|bhox mo`bv xe xjevb {je {ovj xe le||e{.
Xjb|b d|b vbqb|dm exjb| lb`bfflxv ea ~evoxoqb f|bhox lr|bdrv
xjdx b`h r~ lb`bfflxo`k xjb bfe`eiy- e|kd`ovdxoe`v d`h
o`hoqohrdmv. Ox ov dm{dyv oi~e|xd`x ae| ld`cv `ex xe
mb`h ie`by xe xjevb {je d|b dm|bdhy eqb| mbqb|dkbh d`h
xjb|bae|b r`dlmb xe ~dy ldfc xjbo| hblxv f|bhox lr|bdrv
dmme{ mb`hb|v xe dvvbvv d fd`hohdxbv xexdm o`hblxbh`bvv
d`h fdmfrmdxb d le||e{b|v fd~dfoxy xe je`er| xjbo| hblx.
F|bhox lr|bdrv dmve dmme{ ae| k|bdxb| o`ae|idxoe`
vjd|o`k {jofj dmme{v mb`hb|v xe |bqob{ je{ irfj d`h
dx {jdx |dxb xjby mb`h xe le||e{b|v. Keeh le||e{b|v
vjermh `ex lb ~b`dmovbh dv d |bvrmx ea d md|kb `rilb| ea
ldh le||e{b|v dv ov xjb fdvb {oxjerx d lr|bdr. [oxj xjb
bvxdlmovjib`x ea d ~evoxoqb lr|bdr- keeh le||e{b|v kbx
dffbvv xe f|bhox dx ie|b lb`bfflfodm o`xb|bvx |dxbv.
Xjb RDB Io`ovx|y ea Ao`d`fbv hbfovoe` xe o`x|ehrfb d
Abhb|dm f|bhox lr|bdr ov d vxb~ idhb ly xjb keqb|`ib`x
xe oi~|eqb x|d`v~d|b`fy o` xjb RDBv ffl`d`fodm vbfxe|.
Vje|xmy daxb| xjov d``er`fbib`x- bif|bhox {dv idhb xjb
eafflfodm f|bhox o`ae|idxoe` dkb`fy ea Hrldo. Lexj ieqbv
{omm l|o`k dlerx d k|bdxb| vjd|o`k ea o`ae|idxoe lbx{bb`
ld`cv df|evv xjb RDB .
Ae| lexj lr|bdrv xe lb d vrffbvv- kbxxo`k xjb fe||bfx
o`a|dvx|rfxr|b |okjx ov bvvb`xodm dv bfe`eiof k|e{xj
lbfeibv h|oqb` ly heibvxof fe`vri~xoe`- dmxjerkj
bz~e|xv {omm |bido` oi~e|xd`x.
[jdx xjb RDB d`h d `rilb| ea
exjb| fer`x|obv o` xjb |bkoe` jdqb
o`f|bdvo`kmy |bdmovbh ov d`bz~e|x)mbh vx|dxbky fd` ~rx xjbi o`
d vbqb|b leei d`h lrvx fyfmb-
{jb|bdv ~b|ve`dm fe`vri~xoe` ov d
ioxokdxo`k o`rb`fb.
Dhhoxoe`dmmy- ly lromho`k d`
o`ae|ibh ffl`d`fodm vefobxy- fe`vrib|v
{omm lbfeib ie|b d{d|b ea xjbo|
ffl`d`fodm bz~evr|b d`h xr|` xe lbxxb|
ffl`d`fodm id`dkbib`x xeemv xe k|e{
d`h ~|exbfx xjbo| {bdmxj baabfxoqbmy d`h id`dkb xjbo|
ffl`d`fbv ie|b fmevbmy.
Xe lb vrffbvvarm- f|bhox lr|bdrv `bbh xe lb boxjb|
keqb|`ib`x)mbh- e| o`hrvx|y fe`x|emmbh d`h |bkrmdxbh lyxjb keqb|`ib`x. Oa ox ov xe lb d vrffbvv- vrfj d ieqb irvx
lb d femmbfxoqb o`oxodxoqb ly xjb ffl`d`fodm vb|qofbv o`hrvx|y
ae| xjb lb`bfflx ea xjb vbfxe| d`h fe`vrib|v.
Ld`cv `bbh xe lb d{d|b ea d `rilb| ea hoib`voe`v xe
x|rmy dvvbvv xjb f|bhox |ovc ea frvxeib|v. |edfxoqb d`h
~evoxoqb hdxd vjd|o`k b`dlmbv ld`cv xe kbx med`v erx xe
xjb qdvx idge|oxy ea |bmodlmb le||e{b|v advxb|- {omm jbm~
{oxj keeh mb`ho`k xe h|oqb k|e{xj o` xjb bfe`eiy d`h
jbm~ ~|exbfx xjb b`h rvb| ly ~|eqoho k lb`bfflfodm o`xb|bvx
|dxbv xe xjevb {je d|b ffl`d`fodmmy |bv~e`volmb.
Fj|ov G hb L|ro`- jbdh ea fe`vrib| ld`co`k- Vxd`hd|h
Fjd|xb|bh RDB
XJB OI^E\XD@FB EA
F\BHOX LR\BDRVXjb d``er`fbib`x ea xjb RDBv abhb|dm f|bhox o`ae|idxoe` o`oxodxoqb {omm leevx
xjb bfe`eiy d`h b`vr|b keeh le||e{b|v kbx ~|bab|b`xodm |dxbv.FJ\OV G HB L\RO@
A|ei didf|ebfe`eiof
~eo`x ea qob{-f|bhox lr|bdrv fd`l|o`k dlerx jokjb|
k|e{xj |dxbv ae|lrvo`bvvbv d`hxjb bfe`eiy.
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6>krmalrvo`bvv Hbfbilb| 4>
MBXXB\V
Dilokroxy fjdmmb`kbvXeiiy [bo|v feiib`xd|y *Krma
Lrvo`bvv- @eqbilb|- ~. ^b| fb`x
FBE xr|`eqb| |dxb. [bo| foxbv aer|
o`xb|bvxo`k fjdmmb`kbv dlerx xjb RDB
id|cbx yer`k- ielomb- advx)ieqo`k
d`h dilokrerv.
Xjb bz~bfxdxoe` ea FBEv xe jox
xjb k|er`h |r``o`k iokjx ex lehb
{bmm ae| xjov id|cbx dv {jdx kex
xjb FBE jb|b iokjx `ex lb b`erkj
xe cbb~ joi jb|b. Oa xjb adx ~dy
~dfcbx o` xjb ffl`d`fodm o`fb`xoqb ovhbbibh xjb e`my iexoqdxo`k adfxe|
O di vr|b ievx EL *e|kd`ovdxoe`dm
lbjdqoer|/ d`h J\ dfdhbiofv
d`h ~|dfxoxoe`b|v {ermh d|krb
xjdx xjb|b ov ie|b xe ~b|ae|id`fb
xjd` d` dxx|dfxoqb |bir`b|dxoe .
D` d~~|e~|odxb b`dlmo`k {e|c
b`qo|e`ib`x- d fejbvoqb xbdi- d`h
d` r`dilokrerv id|cbx kd|`ovjbh
{oxj d vbx ea |bdmovxof bz~bfxdxoe`v
ea FBEv vjermh fei~mbib`x xjb
yer`k- ielomb d`h advx)ieqo`k
Vbmm f|e{` gb{bmv
Oxv advfo`dxo`k xe `exofb xjdx e`my d jd`harm ea fei~d`obv h|e~~bh
erx ea yer| movx ea xe~ 4>> fei~d`obv. O {e`hb| {jy.
Lrx {jdxv elqoerv ov xjdx troxb d mex ea xjbvb fei~d`obv d|b md|kbmye{`bh ly xjb vxdxb {je jdqb hbb~ ~efcbxv. Ld`cv- rxomoxy ffl|iv
d`h xbmbfei fei~d`obv heio`dxb xjb movx d`h xjbvb d|b dmm {ohbmy
o`rb`fbh- oa ex fe`x|emmbh- ly xjb keqb|`ib`x.
[jb` xjb {e|mh |bdmovbh xjdx fd~oxdmovi {dv xjb {dy xe ke-
keqb|`ib`xv e~b`bh r~ xe xjb ~|oqdxb vbfxe| xe ~dqb xjb {dy ae|
bafflfob`fy- baaabfxoqoxy d`h fei~bxoxoqb`bvv.
O |bibilb| hr|o`k xjb ~|bqoerv he{`xr|` fyfmbv- ~e{b|arm vxdxb
ffl|iv hoqbvxbh lok vxdcbv xe xjb ~|oqdxb vbfxe| xe cofc eaa bfe`eiof
dfxoqoxobv. Vrfj ibdvr|bv hoh {e|c.
O xjo`c d x|rb d`h vrvxdo`dlmb |bfeqb|y {omm e`my lb dfjobqbh oa xjb
~|oqdxb vbfxe| ov koqb` d lokkb| fjd`fb xe fei~bxb.Ve irfj ae| xjb xdmcv dlerx e~b`o`k r~ xe xjb ~|oqdxb vbfxe|. [jdx
{b bbh ov keqb|`ib`x b`xoxobv hoqbvxo`k xjbo| f|e{` gb{bmv ae|
~|oqdxovdxoe`. Lrx xjdx ov r`mocbmy xe jd~~b` d`y xoib vee`.
Fj|ovxd Hoe`ovoe- Hejd- Tdxd|.
MBXXB\ EA XJB IE@XJ
bfe`eiy xjdx fjd|dfxb|ovbv xjb
RDB xehdy. Xjbvb o`k|bhob`xv {omm
dmve vb|qb xe x|oi xjb bz~e`b`xodm
xr|`eqb| |dxbv.
H|. @`diho E. IdhofjobR`oqb|voxy ea Vjd|gdj- RDB.
Vbf|bxoqb btroxyO jdqb dm{dyv lbb` dkdo`vx ~|oqdxb
btroxy. K|d`xbh xjdx xjby d|b
jbm~arm o` xjb x|d`voxoe` ~b|oeh ea
~|oqdxbmy e{`bh fei~d`obv xe xjb
~rlmof id|cbx lrx xjbo| k|bbhy kedm
xe xdcb irmxo~mbv ea ~|efflx a|ei d`
o`qbvxib`x lerkjx xj|bb xe fflqb
ybd|v dke {dv d idge| |bdve` ae|
xjb {e|mhv ffl`d`fodm femmd~vb. D`h
xjby d|b qb|y vbf|bxoqb. Ae| ib-x|d`v~d|b`fy ov xjb e`my {dy xe ke.
Je{ fd` xjby xbdfj x|d`v~d|b`fy
xe xjbo| ~e|xaemoe fei~d`obv oa xjb
id`dkbib x hbfovoe`)idco k oxvbma
ov e~dtrb5Gej` Idxxjb{v
Hrldo- RDB.
Xbmbfei xdfxofO meqb xjb je`bvxy o` yer| vxe|y-
Fdmmo`k ae| K|e{xj. O`hbbh- xjov
|bkoe` jdv lbb` qb|y dkk|bvvoqb o`
FBE BZFMRVOQBV7BXOVDMDX LDXBMFE ! EID@XBM
Fd` xjb RDB ke `rfmbd|ly 4;5
Je{ xe mbdh yer| ffl|i-~evx)|bfbvvoe`
Eid`v jbdmxjyldmd`fb vjbbx
Jd|`bvvo`k Vdrhovr`bi~meybh yerxj
FEI^D@OBVO@ XJB KFF
XE^
Qem.42 Ovvrb; @eqbilb|4>
Ldj|do`..............LH4.>
Cr{dox............... CH4.>
Eid`................ \E 4.>
Tdxd|.................. T\ 4>
VdrhoD|dlod.. .....V\ 4>
RDB.............. .... HJV4>
KL \ koe` m8 .o`hh 4 4>% :%4> 72872
oxv k|e{xj vx|dxbky lrx- e` xjb exjb|
jd`h- xjby xb`h xe ae|kbx xjdx xjby
lbme`k xe d {e|mh {oxjerx le|hb|v.
Lrx je{ feib xjby {b|b dlmb xe
fe`xo`rb xjbo| ~|oioxoqb |rmbv5Veqb|bok`xy jdv dm{dyv lbb` xjbo|
bvfd~b fmdrvb. Lrx xjdx hbab`fb dmve
jdv oxv e{` moiox.Ldogr @oib|
Ldj|do`.
Bidom7 [|oxb xe xjb bhoxe|-
Krma Lrvo`bvv- dmofodNiexoqdxb.db
d`h xjb mbxxb| ea xjb ie`xj {o`v
d` Dmbvvo{dxfj.
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D@DM_VOV FEIIEHOXOBV
Kemh arxr|bv d|b `e{ xjb HKFZv dkvjo~fe`x|dfx {oxj d b{ ~|ofo`k lb`fjid|c ae|
kemh o` xjb RDB xjb 4ck kemh arxr|bv.
Kmeldm bfe`eiof r`fb|xdo`xy
jdv vbb` kemh ~|ofbv ved| eqb|
xjb mdvx 4< ie`xjv. Vo`fb xjb
ybmme{ vxraav l|bdc dleqb
xjb cby (4->>> d` er`fb mbqbm o` bd|my
Vb~xbilb| >?- oxv vxbmmd| |ohb jdv
fe`xo`rbh r`dldxbh.
Grvx eqb| e`b ybd| mdxb|- aemme{o`k xjb
RV Abhv hbfovoe` xe ~ri~ ie|b ie`by
o`xe xjb Dib|ofd` bfe`eiy xj|erkj d
~|efbvv ea trd`xoxdxoqb bdvo`k- xjb ~|ofb
ea kemh jdv vo`fb ved|bh xe d |bfe|h
(4-8>> d` er`fb.
Je{bqb|- TB fd||obv me`kb| xb|i
|ovcv ae| xjb fer`x|yv bfe`eiy
d`h xjb hemmd|. Ox ov xjov r`fb|xdo`xy
xjdx ov ~rvjo`k o`qbvxe|v xe medh
ie|b kemh o`xe xjbo| ~e|xaemoev-
boxjb| xj|erkj dftrovoxoe` ea lrmmoe`-
feo`- bzfjd`kb x|dhbh ar`hv e|
io`o`k vjd|bv.
Xjb abd| ov xjdx xjb hemmd| {bdcb`v
ar|xjb|- {jofj ibd`v jokjb| ~|ofbv
ae| feiiehoxobv xjdx jovxe|ofdmmy d|b
~|ofbh o` RV fr||b`fy. Eom ~|ofbv jdqbdmve dffbmb|dxbh xe d ybd| me`k jokj
{oxj xjb bz~bfxdxoe` xjdx bdvob| ie`by
{omm koqb d vrlvxd`xodm r~vohb xe id`y
feiiehoxobv- lrx bv~bfodmmy ~|bfoerv
ibxdmv vrfj dv ~mdxo`ri- ~dmmdhori-
vomqb| dv {bmm dv kemh.
Fmdo|b Iommb|- jbdh ea id|cbxo`k dx
Hrldo Kemh ! Feiiehoxobv Bzfjd`kb
*HKFZ/ xemh Krma Lrvo`bvv xjdx
r`fb|xdo`xy o` xjb btroxy id|cbxv
d`h bfe`eiy dv d {jemb- dv d |bvrmx ea
xjb kmeldm ffl`d`fodm f|ovov- jdv mbh xe
o`f|bdvbh hbid`h d`h ~|ofb qemdxomoxyo` kemh. O`vxoxrxoe`dm o`qbvxe|v jdqb dmve
lbb` dmmefdxo`k jokjb| dvvbxv xe lrmmoe`
mo`cbh Bzfjd`kb X|dhbh Ar`hv
Xjb [e|mh Kemh Fer`fom *[KF/-
{jofj |b~|bvb`xv xjb o`xb|`dxoe`dm
kemh o`hrvx|y- vdyv xjdx lbx{bb`
Efxelb| >; d`h Id|fj >?
xjb jbokjx ea xjb kmeldm ffl`d`fodm
ibmxhe{` d` o`qbvxe| {oxj d
~e|xaemoe ea (4> iommoe` bz~b|ob`fbh
d` dhhoxoe`dm (2>>->>> mevv voi~my ly
`ex ido`xdo`o`k d ~evoxoe` o` kemh.
ae| xjbo| bkdxoqb fe||bmdxoe` {oxj
btroxy d`h ffl`d`fodm ldvbh id|cbxv
d`h ve eaab| d` ohbdm xeem ae| ~e|xaemoe
hoqb|vofflfdxoe`- dffe|ho`k xe Iommb|.
HKFZ kemh arxr|bv d|b xjb
bzfjd`kbv dkvjo~ fe`x|dfx d`h jdqbo`x|ehrfbh d `b{ ~|ofo`k lb`fjid|c
ae| kemh o` xjb RDB `dibmy- xjb 4ck
kemh arxr|bv fe`x|dfx. [b bz~bfx kemh
x|dhb xe k|e{ ar|xjb| o` xjb |bkoe`
d`h HKFZ ov {bmm ~evoxoe`bh xe lb`bfflx
a|ei xjov hbid`h.
Je{ me`k xjb x|b`h fe`xo`rbv xjerkj
ov hb~b`hb`x e` xjb kmeldm bfe`eiy
d`h {jbxjb| oxv ~|ev~bfxv d|b dv
a|dkomb dv xjb kemh ~|ofb vrkkbvxv. O`
vbqb|dm bib|ko`k id|cbxv vrfj dv
Xjb d~~bdm ea kemh fmoilv dv xjb arxr|b ea xjb RV hemmd| meecv r`fb|xdo` aemme{o`k trd`xdxoqbbdvo`k |er`h x{e- {|oxbv \ELB\X LDOMB_.
[jomb kemhv |emb dv d ~|exbfxoe`
dkdo`vx o`dxoe` d`h d fr||b`fy
jbhkb d|b {ohbmy c`e{`- oxv dlomoxy
lexj xe hoqb|voay |ovc d`h xe ioxokdxb
o`qbvxib`x mevvbv ov o`f|bdvo`kmy
dxx|dfxo`k o`qbvxe| dxxb`xoe`- vdyvGrd` Fd|mev D|xokdv- [KF o`qbvxib`x
|bvbd|fj id`dkb|.
Dv d |bvrmx xjb arxr|b ae| kemh ov
meeco`k qb|y l|okjx. _bd| xe hdxb
qemrib ae| HKFZ kemh arxr|bv dv
dx @eqbilb| ?- 4> {dv grvx eqb|
8>> fe`x|dfxv. Dqb|dkb hdomy
qemrib ae| HKFZ kemh arxr|bv
fr||b`xmy vxd`hv dx fe`x|dfxv.
Eqb|dmm xjb bzfjd`kb jdv x|dhbh
4.16 iommoe` fe`x|dfxv o` xjb ybd| xe
Dmm xjdx kmoxxb|v ov kemh
[KF
hdxb- dm|bdhy vr|~dvvo`k xjb xexdm
d``rdm qemrib dfjobqbh o` >?.
Xjb ibxdm ov vbb` ly id`y dv d vdab
jdqb` o`qbvxib`x d`h d` dvvbx fmdvv
{jofj fd` lb bdvomy motrohdxbh xe
kb`b|dxb fdvj. Feiiehoxobv- o`fmrho`k
kemh- jdqb x|dhoxoe`dmmy lbb` c`e{`
\rvvod- fb`x|dm ld`cv jdqb fe`xo`rbh xe
o`f|bdvb xjbo| kemh |bvb|qbv {jomb vdmbv
ly Br|e~bd` ld`cv jdqb |bido`bh
`bkmokolmb o` 4>.
Xjb RVD jemhv ie|b xjd` ;< ~b|
fb`x ea oxv |bvb|qbv o` kemh d xexdm ea
:-4>> xe``bv. Kb|id`y- Oxdmy- A|d`fb-
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35/130Hbfbilb| 4>krmalrvo`bvv 66
xjb @bxjb|md`hv- Drvx|od d`h K|bbfb
dmve jdqb ie|b xjd` jdma ea xjbo| xexdm
|bvb|qbv o` kemh.
Exjb| adfxe|v dmve oi~dfx e` ~|ofb
mbqbmv vrfj dv xjb {e|mhv gb{bmmb|y
id|cbx- {jofj jdv lbb` dfxoqb bqb`
o` xjb |bfbvvoe` {oxj O`hod d`h Fjo`d
dffer`xo`k ae| 82 ~b| fb`x ea kmeldm
hbid`h o` >?.
Kemh rvdkb o` xbfj`emeky
d~~mofdxoe`v- ~d|xofrmd|my o` xjb
bmbfx|e`ofv o`hrvx|y ae| vbiofe`hrfxe|v
dv {bmm dv o` ielomb ~je`bv- dmve
|bido`v d vxbdhy ver|fb ea hbid`h.
Dv d |bvrmx- xjb [e|mh Kemh Fer`fom
hebv ex fe`vohb| xjb ibxdm xe lb
eqb|qdmrbh d`h ~eo`xv erx xjdx bqb`
iehbvx dmmefdxoe`v xe kemh o` d ~e|xaemoe
fd` jbm~ o`qbvxe|v ioxokdxb mevvbv
d`h jbhkb dkdo`vx xdom |ovcv {oxjerx
vdf|offlfo`k me`k)xb|i |bxr|`v.kbxxyoidkbv
RV Abhb|dm \bvb|qb fjdo|id`- Lb` Lb|`d`cb.
Vbb yer dx xjb kdxb
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36/13068krmalrvo`bvv Hbfbilb| 4>
D@DM_VOV \BXDOM
Lbqb|dkb hbid`h ov h|oqb` ly h|y {bdxjb|-
jokj hov~evdm o`feibv d`h xj|oqo`k yer`k~e~rmdxoe`v df|evv xjb Krma vxdxbv.
Xjb Krma jdv d xjo|vx ae| b`b|ky
h|o`cv mocb e exjb| |bkoe` o`
xjb {e|mh. Daxb| d lmovxb|o`k
ab{ ybd|v ea k|e{xj- xjb
`rilb|v e` lbqb|dkb fe`vri~xoe`
d|b x|rmy vxdkkb|o`k.
O` xjb RDB dme`b dlerx 4krmalrvo`bvv 62
\bh Lrmm ov |bkd|hbh dv xjb b`b|ky h|o`c
o`frilb`x o` xjb |bkoe`- dmxjerkj oxvraab|bh d vxdk`d`x ffl`d`fodm f|ovov.
o` er| id|cbxo`k vx|dxbky. Xj|erkj d
{ohb d||dy ea o``eqdxoqb bqb`xv d`h
dfxoqoxobv xdfcmo`k hoaab|b`x v~e|x
d`h frmxr|dm hovfo~mo`bv he{` xe er|
vdi~mo`k dfxoqoxobv- ho|bfx o`xb|dfxoe`
{oxj fe`vrib|v jdv lbb` d fe`vovxb`x
x|b`h ae| \bh Lrmm.
Aemme{o`k d vrvxdo`dlmb ybd|)e`)
ybd| k|e{xj- {b {ox`bvvbh d |bmdxoqb
vxdk`dxoe` o` >?- hrb xe xjb bfe`eiof
f|ovov3 xjb|bae|b- {b jdqb o`xb`vofflbh
er| id|cbxo`k dfxoqdxoe` o` 4> xe
fr|l xjb oi~dfx ea xjb f|ovov d`h koqb
{o`kv xe er| lrvo`bvv- jb dhhbh.
Dmxjerkj xjb bfe`eiof he{`xr|` ov
`ex ybx xexdmmy lbjo`h xjbi- xjbvb h|o`cv
ffl|iv {omm mocbmy |bkovxb| e~xoiovxof
k|e{xj o` xjb bzx x{e ybd|v- aemme{bh
ly d vxbdhob| k|e{xj o` xjb ybd|v xe
feib- dffe|ho`k xe veib bvxoidxbv.
Bz~b|xv vdy xjdx fe`vrib| xdvxb
~|efflmbv o` xjb Iohhmb Bdvx d|b qb|y
hoaab|b`x a|ei [bvxb|` fer`x|obv. [oxj
eqb| :> dxoe`dmoxobv moqo`k o` RDB- xjb
|bkoe` ov d ibmxo`k ~ex ea xdvxb d`h
~|bab|b`fbv {jb` ox feibv xe ~|ehrfxv
vrfj d b`b|ky h|o`cv. Lrx {oxj d k|e{o`k
xjo|vx d`h ~b`fjd`x ae| dmm xjo`kv v{bbx-
\bh Lrmm d`h Ie`vxb| jdqb e fe`fb|`v
dlerx {ohbv~|bdh hbid`h ae| xjbo|
~|ehrfxv. Keo`k xeb)xe)xeb eqb| id|cbx
vjd|b {omm lb d hoaab|b`x vxe|y.
k|evv feilo`dxoe` {bokjx 1< xe`v
~e{b|arm b`ko`b 8>> J^- BR\E)6
|bmodlmb kbd|lez WA 41V424
X|dfxe| x|rfc
' o` \rvvod
CDIDW 181>
Fdmm Xemm A|bb o` RDB7 :>>)CDIDW *2
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D@DM_VOV XER\OVI
61krmalrvo`bvv Hbfbilb| 4>
[eeo`k xjb Dvod`v
e` xjb ~d|x ea xjb TXD xe dxx|dfx
xer|ovxv a|ei DVBD@. Jb ~eo`xbherx xjdx Tdxd| Do|{dyv- ae| bzdi~mb-
jdh o`f|bdvbh xjb a|btrb`fy ea
fe``bfxoe`v {oxj Crdmd Mri~r| xe 44
okjxv d {bbc.
Xjov {omm koqb d vx|e`k leevx xe
xer|ovi a|ei Idmdyvod d`h exjb|
DVBD@ fer`x|obv xe Tdxd|- jb vdoh.
Xjb lexxei mo`b ov xjdx Tdxd| jdv
x|dhoxoe`dmmy ido`xdo`bh d vx|e`k
lrvo`bvv |bmdxoe`vjo~ {oxj lexj
Idmdyvod d`h Vo`kd~e|b.
Xjb oi~e|xd`fb ea xjb DVBD@
|bkoe` dv d ver|fb ea xer|ovi {dvdmve xjb |bdve` lbjo`h Ibvvb Lb|mo`v
f|bdxoe` ea OXL Dvod- d` Dvod` bhoxoe`
ea oxv OXL Lb|mo`- xjb {e|mhv md|kbvx
xer|ovi ado|.
O`hod- Fjo`d d`h DVBD@ d|b xjb
k|e{xj id|cbxv ea xjb arxr|b- vdoh
\doir`h Jevfj- Ibvvb Lb|mo`v
~|bvohb`x d`h FBE. Xjov ov d {jy yer
vbb jb|b d rilb| ea Iohhmb Bdvxb|`
fer`x|obv xjdx |bfek`ovb xjb f|rfodm
oi~e|xd`fb ea xjb DVBD@ |bkoe` dv d
ver|fb ea xer|ovi.
Fdvj)|ofj Dvod`v d|b lbo`k
fer|xbh ly Iohhmb Bdvxb|`
fer`x|obv dv d ver|fb ea
xer|ovi |bqb`rb xe eaavbx
hbfmo`o`k |bqb`rb a|ei xjb x|dhoxoe`dm
[bvxb|` id|cbxv. Xjov x|b`h {dv o`
armm bqohb`fb dx Dvodv mbdho`k xer|ovi
ado|- OXL Dvod o` Vo`kd~e|b {jb|b
xer|ovi ~|eiexoe` dkb`fobv a|ei d
`rilb| ea Krma d`h Iohhmb Bdvxb|`
fer`x|obv idhb d vx|e`k ~oxfj xe
{ee xer|ovxv a|ei xjb Dvvefodxoe` ea
Verxjbdvx Dvod` @dxoe`v *DVBD@/ d`h
exjb| ~d|xv ea Dvod.
[jomb Bky~xv ~y|diohv jdqb
jovxe|ofdmmy dxx|dfxbh xer|ovxv a|ei
d|er`h xjb {e|mh- xjb lrmc ea oxv
xer|ovi |bqb`rb jdv dm{dyv feib
a|ei [bvxb|` fer`x|obv. Xjb >->>> Dvod` qovoxe|v x|bccbh
xe Bky~x o` >?- Wddwer xemh Krma
Lrvo`bvv. D|dl xer|ovxv e`my ~|eqohb
dlerx 4; ~b| fb`x ea Bky~xv o`ler`h
xer|ovxv- {oxj Vdrho D|dlod d`h Molyd
lbo`k xjb mbdho`k `dxoe`v- jb vdoh.
Grkkmo`k {oxj fflkr|bv- Wddwerjokjmokjxbh xjb vok`offlfd`fb ea
xer|ovi ae| xjb `dxoe`dm bfe`eiy ea
jov fer`x|y. Veib ~b| fb`x ea bdfj
ae|bok` hemmd| bd|`bh ly Bky~x feibv
a|ei xer|ovi. Xer|oviv fe`x|olrxoe`
rvbh xe lb (6>> iommoe` o` 4?:< lrx
ly >?- ox vr|kbh xe (>)ybd|)emh jovxe|y-bz~mdo`bh Djibh Dlhrmmdj I. Dm
@rdoio- fjdo|id` ea Tdxd| Xer|ovi
Drxje|oxy *TXD/- {jofj ~|eiexbv
xer|ovi xe Tdxd|.
Xjb TXD fjdo|id` dmve jokjmokjxbh
xjb feiie` |bmokoerv le`hv ea Ovmdi
bzovxo`k lbx{bb` Tdxd| d`h veib ea
xjb DVBD@ fer`x|obv.
^|oe| xe TXDv ~d|xofo~dxoe` o`
Vo`kd~e|b- xjb fer`x|y jdh jbmh
d |edhvje{ o` Crdmd Mri~r|. Dm
@rdoio r`hb|mo`bh xjb cbb` o`xb|bvx
Dv [bvxb|` xer|ovi |bfbhbv- Bky~x- Tdxd| d`h xjb RDB d|b ~|e)dfxoqbmy fer|xo`kVerxj Bdvx Dvod` id|cbxv xe ~mrk xjb kd~- {|oxbv ID@OC IBJXD.
Xer|ovi dffer`xv ae| 44.4 ~b| fb`x eaBky~xv KH . Veib 46 ~b| fb`x ea xjb`dxoe`dm {e|cae|fb ov bi~meybh- ho|bfxmy
e| o`ho|bfxmy- ly xer|ovi.
V. Ov{d|d`- vb`oe| io`ovxb| ea Vxdxb Vo`kd~e|b *|okjx/ d`h Jovjdi Wddwer- dvvovxd`xio`ovxb|- Bky~x *ad| |okjx/ dx xjb Tdxd| Xer|ovi ~dqomoe` dx OXL Dvod.
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D@DM_VOV O@VR\D@FB
6:krmalrvo`bvv Hbfbilb| 4>
O`vr|o`k xjb arxr|bov d cby dfxoqoxy ae| rv jb`fb e`b ea
xjb elgbfxoqbv ea xjov dftrovoxoe` ov xe
vx|b`kxjb` er| xdcdarm e~b|dxoe`v-
vdyv Dzbm Mbjid``- ibilb| ea xjb
k|er~ bzbfrxoqb feiioxxbb d`h
fjoba |ovc eafflfb| ea Wr|ofj Ao`d`fodm
Vb|qofbv K|er~.
Lrx id`y jdqb lbb` r`dlmb xe
dffbvv xjb k|e{o`k id|cbx. Eid`
O`vr|d`fb- xjb RDBv md|kbvx o`vr|b|
jdv lbb` hb`obh d mofb`fb xe e~b|dxb
o` xjov vbfxe|.
[b x|obh xe elxdo` d mofb`fb lrx
xjb drxje|oxobv elgbfxbh. Ox fd` e`my
lb eaab|bh ly d v~bfodmovbh o`vr|d`fb
fei~d`y- vdyv Dlhrm Irxxdmol Dm
Gdoho- FBE ea Eid` O`vr|d`fb- `exo`k
xjdx xjb ~emofy o` ovvro`k `b{ mofb`fbv
jdv lbb` |okoh.
[b jdqb bzovxo`k ~d|x`b|vjo~v lrx
O he`x xjo`c xjb drxje|oxy ov k|d`xo`k
d`y b{ mofb`fb. [b jdqb ex d~~mobh
ae| d mofb`fb- xjerkj- dhhv Iofjbm
Cjdmda- Iohhmb Bdvx- Da|ofd d`h Verxj
Dvod ~|bvohb`x ea Dmofe- {jofj {dv
dftro|bh ly Ibxmoab bd|mob| xjov ybd|.
Xjb `dvfb`x vbfxe| dmve adfbv d
`rilb| ea fjdmmb`kbv. Ao|vx- xdcdarm
e~b|dxe|v d|b veib{jdx fe`vx|do`bh
o` xjbo| o`qbvxib`x e~~e|xr`oxobv. Xjbievx feiie` o`qbvxib`x fmdvv ae|
kmeldm o`vr|b|v ov o`qbvxib`x k|dhb
|dxbh le`hv.
Je{bqb|- xjb le`h id|cbx ov ex
{bmm hbqbme~bh o` xjb Iohhmb Bdvx-
~|oid|omy hrb xe d vidmm mefdm id|cbx
ae| vrfj o`vx|rib`xv. Xjb|b ov dmve
`e |bkrmdxe|y |btro|bib`x hofxdxo`k
xjb dvvbx dmmefdxoe` ea o`vr|d`fb
fei~d`obv d`h xdcdarm e~b|dxe|v.
O` d vxrhy fe`hrfxbh ly Dm~b`
Fd~oxdm- xjb KFF xdcdarm o`vr|b|v
vfe|b {dy lbme{ xjbo| fe`qb`xoe`dm~bb|v o` xb|iv ea bafflfob`fy. Xjb KFF
xdcdarm e~b|dxe|v d|b dmve admmo`k
vje|x ea o`hrvx|y lbvx ~|dfxofb o`
xb|iv ea x|d`v~d|b`fy d`h keqb|`d`fb
~|dfxofbv. Xjb hbid`h ae| xdcdarm ov
xjb|b lbfdrvb ~be~mb dm{dyv meec ae|
veibxjo`k hoaab|b`x- vdyv Dm Gdoho. Oa
xjdx `b{ veibxjo`k fd` dhh qdmrb xe
xjbo| lrvo`bvv xjb` ybv- xjb hbid`h
{omm lb k|bdx lrx {b|b xjb xdcdarm
fei~d`obv dlmb xe eaab| xjdx dhhbh
qdmrb5 O he`x xjo`c ve.
Iejdiidh Dm Id||o- 82- d
~b|arib vje~ e{`b| o`
Vjd|gdj- ov `ex adiomod|
{oxj xjb fe`fb~x ea xdcdarm
o`vr|d`fb. Oi `ex rvbh xe xjdx- lrx
O {ermh mocb xe jdqb e`b vee` d`h
~b|jd~v O fd` dmve eaab| xjdx xe iy
vxdaa. D`h oa bqb| O dqdom xjdx- O {d`x d
~emofy xjdx aemme{v Ovmdiof ~|o`fo~mbv-
jb vdyv.
Dm Id||o ov ~d|x ea d md|kb idge|oxy
xjdx xjb o`vr|d`fb vbfxe| ~md`v xe
xd~. Dmxjerkj qemrib ea o`vr|d`fb
~|bioriv o` xjb Krma Fe|~e|dxoe`
Fer`fom mdvx ybd| k|b{ .1 ~b| fb`x {jofj ov
h{d|abh ly oxv vidmmb| `bokjler| xjb
RDB {jofj jdv d ~b`bx|dxoe` |dxb ea
x{e ~b| fb`x.
O`vr|d`fb ~b`bx|dxoe` mdkv lbjo`hxjdx ea xjb [bvxb|` bfe`eiobv- ybx
bfe`eiof k|e{xj |dxbv {ermh lb
xjb b`qy ea ievx ea xjb {e|mh- ^drm
Cevxb|- fjoba bzbfrxoqb- Hrldo Ao`d`fodm
Vb|qofbv Drxje|oxy *HAVD/ xemh d kmeldm
o`hrvx|y bqb`x o` Hrldo.
E`b v~bfofflf ver|fb ea k|e{xj ov
xjb Ovmdiof)fei~mod`x o`vr|d`fb *e|
xdcdarm/ fe`fb~x ea {jofj hdxbv ldfc
ie|b xjd` 4-8>> ybd|v d`h ov ldvbh
e` xjb ~|o`fo~mb ea irxrdm krd|d`xbb.
Vdrho D|dlod- {jevb fe`x|olrxoe`v
Hbv~oxb herlmb)hokox k|e{xj
o` xdcdarm- d`dmyvxv herlx xjb
Ovmdiof o`vr|d`fb vbfxe| jdvffl`dmmy bvxdlmovjbh f|bholomoxy-
{|oxbv CD\B@ \BIE)MOVXD@D.
vxeeh dx (: d`h
Idmdyvod- {oxj (?>> iommoe`- d|b xjb
xe~ xdcdarm id|cbxv o` xjb {e|mh.
O` xjb |bfb`x ~dvx- frmxr|dm ~|dfxofbv
d`h |bmokoerv lbmobav jdqb moioxbh xjb
hbqbme~ib`x ea xjb moab o`vr|d`fb
id|cbx. Je{bqb|- xjb k|e{o`k
d{d|b`bvv d`h dffb~xd`fb ea Ovmdiofo`vr|d`fb ov e~b`o`k r~ d vok`offlfd`x
k|e{xj e~~e|xr`oxy- Cevxb| vdyv.
Dffe|ho`k xe B|`vx ! _er`k- xjb
kmeldm id|cbx ae| xdcdarm ov vbx xe
vr|~dvv (:.: lommoe` xjov ybd| {oxj
fe`x|olrxoe`v k|e{o`k ly
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42/1308>krmalrvo`bvv Hbfbilb| 4>
D@DM_VOV ID\CBXV
Fe`vemohdxoe` ov d`exjb| oi~e|xd`x adfxe|. D|bkoe` {oxj d ~e~rmdxoe` ea mbvv xjd` 8> iommoe`
ov xee vidmm xe vr~~e|x o`b vxefc id|cbxv.
Krma ffl`d`fodm o`hrvx|y eafflfodmv
lbmobqb xjdx xjb RDB fermh
dxx|dfx bd|my (8> lommoe` o`
ae|bok` fd~oxdm o`xe oxv vxefc
id|cbxv. Xjov aemme{v d hbfovoe` ly xjb
AXVB o`hbz xe r~k|dhb xjb o`qbvxib`x
|d`co`k ea xjb bio|dxbv a|ei a|e`xob|
xe vbfe`hd|y bib|ko`k id|cbx vxdxrv.
Id`y a|e`xob| id|cbxv eaab| dxx|dfxoqb
qdmrdxoe`v ~d|xmy lbfdrvb xjby d|b
|bmdxoqbmy r`hovfeqb|bh- d`h bqb` mbvv
fe||bmdxbh {oxj hbqbme~bh id|cbxv xjd`
x|dhoxoe`dm bib|ko`k id|cbxv. Je{bqb|-
xjby d|b ido`my moioxbh xe ofjb ae|bok`
o`qbvxib`x ar`hv.
Ox ov ie|b xjd` d ffl`b ~eo`x ea
hovxo`fxoe` ae| xjb mbkoe`v ea ar`h
id`dkb|v voxxo`k o` Me`he`- A|d`car|x-
@b{ _e|c d`h Xecye. Bib|ko`k id|cbx
vxdxrv oi~mobv ab{b| mefdm |bvx|ofxoe`v
e` ae|bok` ~d|xofo~dxoe`- k|bdxb|
id|cbx hb~xj- x|d`v~d|b`fy dv {bmm
dv bafflfob`x vbxxmbib`x d`h frvxehy
~|efbbho`kv. Xjb vxdxrv ~|eqohbv
d feiae|x we`b idco`k ox bdvob| xehovlr|vb ar`h dmmefdxoe`v ibdvr|bh
{e|mh{ohb o` lommoe`v ea hemmd|v d hdy.
O` xjb mdvx x{e ybd|v- ~|eabvvoe`dm
o`qbvxe|v jdqb- xee- lbfeib ie|b
lrmmovj e` bib|ko`k id|cbxv- lbxxo`k
e` veib ea xjbi lbo`k d jdqb`
DHZ o`x|ehrfbh bzfjd`kb x|dhb ar`hv
*BXA/ o` Id|fj e`b ea d ab{ bib|ko`k
id|cbxv xe he ve.
Tdxd|v ler|vb- o` {jofj xjb @_VB
Br|e`bzx jdv d ~b| fb`x vxdcb-
ov dmve fe`vohb|o`k e~b`o`k r~ xe
bzfjd`kb)x|dhbh ar`hv. Dffe|ho`k
xe Dm Ldmervjo xjb r~k|dho`k ea
D|dl vxefc id|cbxv ly o`xb|`dxoe`dmo`vxoxrxoe`v ov ea k|bdx oi~e|xd`fb xe
xjb o`qbvxib`x doiv ea xjb |bkoe`.
Jb d`h exjb| ~|eabvvoe`dmv o` xjb
|bkoe` d|b d{d|b xjerkj xjdx xjb
`bfbvvd|y ieqbv {omm |btro|b D|dl
bzfjd`kbv xe dhjb|b o`f|bdvo`kmy xe
o`xb|`dxoe`dm e|iv d`h vxd`hd|hv
ea bafflfob`fy ae| x|dho`k- vbxxmbib`x-
fmbd|d`fb- frvxehy d`h hb~evoxd|y.
Fe`vemohdxoe` ov d`exjb| oi~e|xd`x
adfxe|. D |bkoe` {oxj d ~e~rmdxoe` ea
mbvv xjd` 8> iommoe` ov xee vidmm xe
vr~~e|x o`b vxefc id|cbxv. Vo`fb xjbffl`d`fodm f|ovov k|o~~bh xjb {e|mh o`
mdxb >:- fdmmv ae| ib|kb|v die`k xjb
|bkoe`v vxefc id|cbxv jdqb o`f|bdvbh.
Xjov {ermh dmme{ bzfjd`kbv xe eaab| d
l|edh b`erkj motrohoxy ~eem xe dxx|dfx
vowbdlmb kmeldm o`qbvxib xv.
Xjb ib|kb|- o` Grmy- ea Hrldo
Ao`d`fodm Id|cbx d`h @dvhdt Hrldo-
r`hb| e`b jemho`k fei~d`y- ae|
bzdi~mb- ov bz~bfxbh xe oi~|eqb
motrohoxy- me{b| l|ecb|v abbv d`h
dxx|dfx ie|b movxo`kv.
Xjb RDBv r~k|dhbh vxdxrv dv d` bib|ko`k id|cbx e` xjb AXVB fermh mbdh xe vok`offlfd`xo`{d|h o`qbvxib`x kdo`v ae| xjb |bkoe`- {|oxbv \ELB\X LDOMB_.
R~k|dho`k D|dl vxefc id|cbxv
ly o`xb|`dxoe`dm o`vxoxrxoe`v a|ei
a|e`xob| xe bib|ko`k id|cbxv ov ea
k|bdx oi~e|xd`fb dx xjov vxdkb- d
fer|vb ea dfxoe` xjdx ov bd|`bvxmy
~r|vrbh ly xjb RDB e{o`k xe
xjb qdvx e~~e|xr`oxobv eaab|bh ly
~mdfo`k D|dl vxefc id|cbxv e` xjb
id~ ea o`xb|`dxoe`dm o`qbvxib`xe~~e|xr`oxobv- vdyv \dvjbh Dm
Ldmervjo- hb~rxy fjoba bzbfrxoqb d`h
ho|bfxe| ea e~b|dxoe`v ea Dlr Hjdlo
Vbfr|oxobv Bzfjd`kb *DHZ/.
@dvhdt Hrldov fjoba bzbfrxoqb
Gbaa Vo`kb| dmve lbmobqbv xjb ieqb ov
a|ei d` bfe`eiof vme{he{` o` xjb
hbqbme~bh {e|mh.
Xjb Ao`d`fodm Xoibv Vxefc Bzfjd`kb
*AXVB/ movx r~k|dhbh xjb RDB vxefc
id|cbxv a|ei a|e`xob| xe vbfe`hd|y
bib|ko`k id|cbxv o` Vb~xbilb|.
D`exjb| o`rb`xodm o`hbz- Ie|kd`
Vxd`mby Fd~oxdm O`xb|`dxoe`dm *IVFO/-
jdv dmve d``er`fbh xjdx xjb RDB
d`h Tdxd| {omm lb r`hb| |bqob{ ae| d
~exb`xodm |bfmdvvofflfdxoe` xe bib|ko`k
id|cbxv o` 44.
vok`offlfd`x vo`fb id`y o`vxoxrxoe`dm
o`qbvxe|v jdqb id`hdxbv xe o`qbvx o`
bib|ko`k id|cbxv jb ~eo`xv erx xjdx
~|bqoervmy d` bib|ko`k id|cbx ar`h
fermh bdvomy eqb|meec d fer`x|y xjdx hoh
`ex jdqb xjb fmdvvofflfdxoe` ea bib|ko`k
id|cbx lrx ox ov `e{ mocbmy xjdx ar`hv
{omm dmmefdxb d` o`f|bdvo`k dier`x
ea dvvbxv xe xjb RDB {jofj fermh lb
ibdvr|bh o` lommoe`v ea hemmd|v.
O` d` baae|x xe e~b` r~ xe vr~~e|x
xjb fer`x|yv h|oqb xe dxx|dfx fd~oxdm-
@b{ id|cbx a|e`xob|v
@dqbbhDjibh
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D@DM_VOV \BDM BVXDXB
8
Hrldo ^bd|m ldfc e x|dfc
e` xjb ~r|fjdvb. HOAFO jdv d`
erxvxd`ho`k mbkdm dk|bbib`x {oxj
Hrldo ^bd|m qdmrbh dx Hjv6 lommoe`
ae| xjb ~r|fjdvb ea feiib|fodm
v~dfb {oxjo` ~jdvb 4. Xjb hbdm ov
`e{ lbo`k |bvx|rfxr|bh. [b jdqb
fe`vohb|bh xjdx. Xjdxv {jy {b idy
lb o`f|bdvo`k er| btroxy d`h trdvo)
btroxy ldvb xe eqb|feib xjdx. Er|
btroxy ldvb ov Hjv4 lommoe`- lrx eqb|xjb `bzx x{e ybd|v {b d|b meeco`k dx
l|o`ko`k o` dx mbdvx Hjv< lommoe` ea
btroxy d`h trdvo)btroxy- Gevb~j vdyv.
Xehdy- Hrldo ^bd|m ov e{`bh ly
xjb Dm Adjoi K|er~ ea Dlr Hjdlo
d`h Gevb~j. Lrx exjb| o`vxoxrxoe`dm
o`qbvxe|v jdqb dmve lbkr` xe meec dx
Hrldo ^bd|m dv d ~|oib o`qbvxib`x-
fmdoiv Gevb~j.
D|b~e|x a|ei xjb O`vxoxrxb ea
O`xb|`dxoe`dm Ao`d`fb vdyv
xjb RDB ov |bxr|`o`k xe d
vemoh k|e{xj ~dxj- xjd`cv
xe |elrvx keqb|`ib`x v~b`ho`k d`h
`e|idmovdxoe` ea kmeldm x|dhb.
Lrx veib |bido` vfb~xofdm. [oxj
xjb Hrldo veqb|bok` le`h ~|ev~bfxrv
|bqbdmo`k xjdx jdma ea dmm ~|egbfxv
|bkovxb|bh ly Hrldov \bdm Bvxdxb
\bkrmdxe|y Dkb`fy jdqb lbb` fd`fbmmbh
d`h o`hrvx|y ae|bfdvxv o`hofdxo`k xjdx
vr~~my {e`x ~bdc r`xom 4
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45/130Hbfbilb| 4>krmalrvo`bvv 86
BZBFRXOQB IEQBV
Cjdmbh Dm Cjdxxdajdv
geo`bh kmeldm o`qbvxib`x
ld`c @eir|d dv FBE
ae| Vdrho D|dlod a|ei xjb
Xdhd{rm- xjb Vdrho D|dlod
Vxefc Bzfjd`kb- {jb|b jb
vb|qbh dv xjb fjoba
ao`d`fodm eaaofb|. ^|oe| xe
Xdhd{rm- jb {e|cbh dx Vdrho
D|dlod Ie`bxd|y Dkb`fy
ae| `bd|my ybd|v. Jb
|b~|bvb`xbh Vdrho D|dlod
o` xjb K xbdi d`h o` xjb h|daxo`k ea xjb Vd`xodke
^|o`fo~mbv *>:/ e` V[A dfxoqoxobv.
Hrldo)ldvbh fe`vx|rfxoe`
ao|i D|dlxbf Jemho`k vdoh
oxv led|h jdh dffb~xbh xjb
`eio`dxoe` eaDlhrmmd
Cdmld - FBE ea Hrldo
Dmrio`ori Fei~d`y-
dv d `b{ led|h ibilb|
aemme{o k xjb |bvok`dxoe`
ea D|oa @dtqo- aer`hb|
ea Dl|ddg Fd~oxdm. Xjb
fei~d`y dmve bmbfxbh
Ol|djoi Ldmvdmbj dv fjdo|id` ea xjb ao|iv Drhox
Feiioxxbb- H| Jb`|y Dwwdi dv fjdo|id` ea xjb
O`qbvxib`x Feiioxxbb d`h Dhbm Dm @e{dov dv fjdo|id`
ea xjb @eio`dxoe` d`h \bir`b|dxoe Feiioxxbb.
Vxd`hd|h Fjd|xb|bh jdv
`dibh D~ee|qd Vjdj
dv id`dko`k ho|bfxe| ae|
ib|kb|v d`h dftrovoxoe`v
ae| xjb Iohhmb Bdvx- @e|xj
Da|ofd |bkoe`. Vjdj geo`v
a|ei Hbrxvfjb Ld`c {jb|b
jb {dv ievx |bfb`xmy
|bkoe`dm jbdh ea I!D.
Vjdj jdv d Idvxb|v ea
D|xv o` Bfe`eiofv a|eiFdil|ohkb R`oqb|voxy d`h jdv 41 ybd|v ea bz~b|ob`fb
o` xjb ld`co`k d`h ao`d`fb o`hrvx|y.
Xjb Vdrho L|oxovj Ld`c *VDLL/ jdv d~~eo`xbh Dmdd Vjbcol Dm
Gdl|o dv fjoba |ovc eaaofb|. Dm Gdl|o geo`bh VDLL o` @eqbilb|
>1 dv xjb d|bd kb`b|dm id`dkb| ae| [bvxb|` |eqo`fb. Jb
jdv ie|b xjd` x{e hbfdhbv ea ld`co`k bz~b|ob`fb o` mbdho`k
ao`d`fodm o`vxoxrxoe`v o` Vdrho D|dlod d`h xjb Krma. Jb jdv d
Idvxb| ea Lrvo`bvv Dhio`ovx|dxoe` a|ei xjb O@VBDH- A|d`fb
d`h d Ldfjbme| ea Lrvo`bvv Dhio`ovx|dxoe` a|ei xjb Dib|ofd`
R`oqb|voxy ea Lbo|rx- Mbld`e`.
RDB Cr{dox#?;4 8 66: 8;2? #?12
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FBEv BXOVDMDX
Hbfbilb| 4>krmalrvo`bvv 82
f|bdxo`k e`)xjb)ieqb dqb`rbv
ae| bdvy dffbvv xe b)idom d`h
lrvo`bvv d~~mofdxoe`v3 e` xjb
exjb|- xjb vdib ~|emoab|dxoe` d`h
k|e{o`k |bmod`fb e` ielomoxy ov
f|bdxo`k jokjb| vx|bvv ae| xjb FOEv
{je jdqb d` dhhoxoe`dm xdvc ea
o`xbk|dxo`k d`h fe`x|emmo`k ielomoxy
xe elxdo` e~xoiri {e|cae|fb
bafflfob`fy. Xjov ov {jb|b e|kd`ovdxoe`v`bbh xe femmdle|dxb {oxj vemrxoe`
~d|x`b|v- vrfj dv Bxovdmdx- {je
r`hb|vxd`h bqb|y fei~e`b`x ea xjb
ielomoxy bfevyvxbi.
O` dhhoxoe`- xjb x|b`h ea vefodm
`bx{e|cv {omm v~|bdh ar|xjb|
o` xjb {e|c~mdfb. Dv xjb mo`bv
Xjb xbmbfeiir`ofdxoe`v vbfxe|v
d|b hbqbme~o`k dx d |bmb`xmbvv
~dfb. Fei~bxo`k ae| id|cbx
vjd|b- hbmoqb|o`k o``eqdxoqb
vemrxoe`v d`h cbb~o`k ~dfb {oxj
xbfj`emeky {b|b grvx veib fjdmmb`kbv
xjdx adfbh xjb xbmbfei o`hrvx|y o` xjb
~dvx fer~mb ea ybd|v. Dv kmeldm id|cbxv
bqemqb- fe`qb|kb d`h k|e{- xjb|b ov d
`bbh ae| e~b|dxe|v xe lb fe`vxd`xmy
r~hdxbh {oxj fd~dlomoxobv d`h xdmb`xv o`
e|hb| xe cbb~ ~dfb.Bxovdmdx bzfbmmbh o` oxv e~b|dxoe`v
d`h jdv fe`xo`rbh xe v~b`h
{jb|b bbhbh- {jbxjb| ox ov e`
o`a|dvx|rfxr|b vrfj dv xjb ffllb| e~xof
`bx{e|c- {jofj {omm lb dffei~movjbh
o` RDB o` 44 idco`k Dlr Hjdlo
xjb ffl|vx foxy o` xjb {e|mh lb armmy
fe``bfxbh ly xjov `bx{e|c- e| o`
ido`xdo`o`k xjb trdmoxy ea vb|qofbv
d`h bx{e|cv r~k|dhbv.
O` d {e|mh {jb|b vbdimbvv
fe``bfxoqoxy {omm lb ad| ie|b
oi~e|xd`x o` xjb arxr|b- {jbxjb|
lbx{bb` ~be~mb e| idfjo`bv- {b
je~b xe ~evoxoe` Bxovdmdx xe ~|efflx
a|ei |ovo`k hbid`h ae| idfjo`b)xe)
idfjo`b fe``bfxoqoxy. Xjb o`xb|`bx
{omm lbfeib irfj ie|b dlerx
Xjb fjdo|id` ea RDB xbmbfeiir`ofdxoe`v
fei~d`y- Bxovdmdx- vdyv vefodm `bx{e|co`k {omm
lbfeib xjb `e|i ae| {e|c hbfovoe` idco`k.
Iejdiidh Ei|d`
K|e{o`k |bmod`fb e` ielomoxy ov f|bdxo`kjokjb| vx|bvv ae| xjb FOEv {je jdqb xjb
xdvc ea o`xbk|dxo`k bafflfob`fy.
fe``bfxoqoxy ae| xjb frvxeib|-
{jbxjb| ox ov frvxeib|v {oxj
`bx{e|cv- e| idfjo`bv. Xjb|b d|b `e{
ie|b idfjo`bv xjd` ~be~mb d`h xjov
{omm lb d idge| d|bd ea arxr|b k|e{xj
o` xjb xbmbfei id|cbx.
Ielomoxy vemrxoe`v jdqb f|bdxbh d
~d|dhoki vjoax o` xjb {dy
lrvo`bvvbv d|b fe`hrfxbh o` xjb
|bkoe`. [jomb- e` xjb e`b jd`h-
~|emoab|dxoe` ea ielomb hbqofbv d|b
jbm~o`k xe molb|dxb xjb {e|cae|fb ly
lbx{bb` ~|eabvvoe`dm d`h ~b|ve`dm
feiir`ofdxoe`v lbfeib o`f|bdvo`kmy
lmr||bh- xjb o`hrvx|y {omm `bbh
xe o`fe|~e|dxb b`xb|~|ovb vefodm
`bx{e|co`k o`xe xjbo| eqb|dmm r`offlbh
feiir`ofdxoe`v d`h vx|dxbky.
B`xb|~|ovb)k|dhb qb|voe`v ea Adfbleec-
X{oxxb| d`h [ocov o` xjb {e|c~mdfb
{omm lbko` xe lb dv feiie` dv b)idom
d`h {omm fjd`kb xjb {dy lrvo`bvv ov
fe`hrfxbh. Dv d |bvrmx- xjb hbfovoe`)
idco`k ~|efbvv {omm lb dffbmb|dxbh.
Dlerx Iejdiidh Ei|d`Ei|d` mbdhv Bxovdmdx- {jofj ov `e{
e`b ea xjb md|kbvx xbmbfeiir`ofdxoe`v
fei~d`obv o` xjb {e|mh {oxj d id|cbx
qdmrb ea d~~|ezoidxbmy (? xe |bdfj Hjv6>.:
lommoe`. @bx ~|efflxv o`f|bdvbh ly ~b|
fb`x o` xjb vdib ~b|oeh.
Xj|erkj Ei|d`v vx|dxbky {jofj ov
ldvbh e` hb~meyo`k o`xb|`dxoe`dm lbvx
~|dfxofb- xje|erkj id|cbx d`dmyvov
d`h vbmbfxo`k e~~e|xr`oxobv ldvbh e`
vx|o`kb`x f|oxb|od- xjb rilb| ea Bxovdmdxv
frvxeib|v o`f|bdvbh a|ei e`my aer|
iommoe` o` >8 xe 4>; iommoe` frvxeib|v
o` T4 4> df|evv 4: id|cbxv o` Dvod-
Da|ofd d`h xjb Iohhmb Bdvx.
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FBEv D\DLXBF JEMHO@K
Hbfbilb|| 4>krmalrvo`bvv 8;
[b fe`xo`rb xe vbbc lexj mefdm d`h
|bkoe`dm e~~e|xr`oxobv {oxj xjb doi
ea fe`xo`ro`k xe k|e{ d`h bz~d`h
e` er| fr||b`x fd~dlomoxobv. [b jdqb
fe`fflhb`fb xjb bib|ko`k id|cbxv {bd|b k|e{o`k o`- bv~bfodmmy Dlr Hjdlo-
Vdrho D|dlod- Bky~x- Vy|od- Tdxd|-
Ldj|do` d`h D`kemd- {omm fei~b`vdxb
ae| xjb |bhrfbh e~~e|xr`oxobv o` xjb
RDB id|cbx- `dibmy Hrldo.
O
` >:- xjb|b {b|b (88 lommoe` ea
fe`vx|rfxoe` fe`x|dfx d{d|hv o`
xjb bio|dxb3 o` >? xjov hbf|bdvbh
xe (? lommoe`3 d`h ve ad| o` 4>
xjb|b jdv lbb` grvx (2 lommoe` ea
~|egbfxv d{d|hbh o` Hrldo. Er| jeib
id|cbx- {jofj x|dhoxoe`dmmy dffer`xbh
ae| ievx ea er| xr|`eqb|- jdv vme{bh
he{` o` d{d|ho`k fe`x|dfxv.
Xjb vme{he{` jdv |bvrmxbh o`
fflb|fb fei~bxoxoe` d`h vtrbbwbh
id|ko`v- xjb fe`x|dfxv d{d|hbh ae|
ibkd ~|egbfxv d|b ex jbdmxjy d`h
ae| xjb vidmmb| e`bv xjb id|ko`v d|b
bqb` {e|vb. Vtrbbwo`k id|ko`v xe
r`jbdmxjy mbqbmv |bvrmxv o` xjbi `ex
lbo`k hbmoqb|bh dv xjby vjermh lb3
trdmoxy {omm vraab|.
Lexj xjb fe`vx|rfxoe` d`h |bdm
bvxdxb id|cbx o` Hrldo fe`xo`rbh
xe bzjolox vok`v ea vmrkkovj`bvv
xj|erkjerx 4>. D|dlxbf xdfcmbv
xjbvb ovvrbv ly ido`xdo`o`k fmevb
d`h fe`xo`rerv o`xb|dfxoe`v {oxj
fmob`xv- ~d|xofrmd|my {oxj |bkd|h
xe ~dyib`x xb|iv d`h fei~mbxoe`
vfjbhrmbv- {jomvx fe`xo`ro`k xe ldfc
er| feiioxib`x xe xjb RDB d`h
er| fmob`xv.
Xe fei~b`vdxb ae| xjb vme{he{` o`lrvo`bvv o` Hrldo- xjb ido` x|b`hv
{omm lb ea fe`xo`rbh kbek|d~jofdm
bz~d`voe`. Xjb RDBv fe`vx|rfxoe`
id|cbx ov `e{ h|oqb` ly hbqbme~ib`x
~|egbfxv o` Dlr Hjdlo- {jomb- grvx x{e
ybd|v dke- ox {dv Hrldov |bdm bvxdxb
~|egbfxv xjdx heio`dxbh xjb vbfxe|.
Dlr Hjdlo {omm |bido` xjb lbvx
id|cbx ae| fe`x|dfxe|v o` xjb RDB ae|
xjb `bd| arxr|b. Xjb RDB dffer`xv
ae| `bd|my .6 ~b| fb`x ea xexdm
fe`vx|rfxoe` o`hrvx|y o` xjb |bkoe`-
aemme{bh ly Vdrho D|dlod- Dmkb|odd`h Bky~x.
Xjb|b ov d x|b`h xe{d|hv ieqo`k
o`xe o`a|dvx|rfxr|b ~|egbfxv d`h d`
o`f|bdvbh hbid`h ae| {e|c o` xjov
vrl)vbfxe| fdrvbh ly xjb |bkoe`dm
idf|e)bfe`eiof adfxe|v d`h xjb
|bmdxbh o`f|bdvbh keqb|`ib`xdm
v~b`ho`k. Ievx fer`x|obv o` xjb
IB@D |bkoe` jdqb xe fdxb| xe d
yer`k k|e{o`k ~e~rmdxoe` d`h d
advxb| ieqo`k vefobxy xjov jdv
f|bdxbh diloxoerv o`xb`xoe`v xe ~rvj
\odh Cdidm- FBE ea D|dlxbf- xjb |bkoe`v md|kbvx
fe`vx|rfxoe` fei~d`y- vdyv mefdm ffl|iv {omm jdqb xe
bz~d`h erx ea Hrldo xe vr|qoqb xjb `bd|)xb|i.
\odh Cdidm
Xe fei~b`vdxb ae| xjb vme{he{` o`lrvo`bvv o` Hrldo- xjb ido` x|b`hv {omm
lb ea fe`xo`rbh kbek|d~jofdm bz~d`voe`.
o`a|dvx|rfxr|b hbqbme~ib`x ~|egbfxv.
Aemme{o`k d fjdmmb`ko`k ~b|oeh o`
>? d`h xjov ybd|- {b d|b bz~bfxo`k d
ie|b ~|eiovo`k 44 d`h lbye`h. O`
|bfb`x ie`xjv- ffl|iv jdqb l|d`fjbho`xe b{ id|cbxv- v{oxfjo`k aefrv
a|ei ~|oqdxb xe ~rlmof vbfxe| vfjbibv
d`h ae|io`k `b{ dmmod`fbv o` d loh
xe {o` {e|c o` xjov o`f|bdvo`kmy
fei~bxoxoqb b`qo|e`ib`x.
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)F|hoxv~jexe7
_qd`Wbhhd)IrmxoE`bHbvok`V.D.
4>
D KMELDM FEIIR@OFDXOE@ ^MDXAE\I
Xjb IEH;> e`b)hbvok` efbd`of irmxojrmm fo|frox |b~|bvb`xv d `b{ kb`b|dxoe` eao`xb|`dxoe`dm v~e|xo`k bqb`xv feilo`o`k ~b|ae|id`fb- v~e|xv btroxy- fevx fe`x|em-ibhod oi~dfx d`h bfe)|bv~e`volomoxy. Dv d |dmmyo`k fdmm e` bqb|y fe`xo`b`x- xjbIrmxo E`b Hbvok` fo|frox eaab|v d r`otrb- o`xb|`dxoe`dm ~mdxae|i ae| feiir`ofdxoe`.
D R@OTRB FE@FB^X- D R@OTRB FDRVB- D R@OTRB E^^E\XR@OX_Geo` rv dx {{{.irmxoe`bhbvok`.fei
E Btrdm Xb|ive xjb Efbd md`bx
XJB RMXOIDXBVDOMO@K [E\MH FMDVV
IEH ;>
\EMD@H GER\HDO@Vco~~b| ea xjb IEH ;> @>krmalrvo`bvv 8?
FBEvIDVJ\BTLD@C
Dlhrm Dwow Dm Kjr|do|Xjb fjdo|id` ea Idvj|btld`c vdyv lbxxb|
|ovc id`dkbib`x {omm mbdh xe k|e{xj d`h
hoqb|vofflfdxoe` o` xjb o`hrvx|y.
O
xv oi~e|xd x xe vxdxb xjdx 4> ov
xjb ybd| {jb|b xjb ld`co`k o`hrvx|y
jdv vbxxmbh- daxb| x{e ybd|v ea x|yo`k
xe bib|kb a|ei xjb ffl`d`fodm f|ovov.
@e{- {b fd` vdy xjdx xjb id|cbx ov
vxdlmb d`h xjb|b ov e rfxrdxoe`.
Xjb RDB ld`co`k o`hrvx|y jdv lbb`
xj|erkj xjb {e|vx d`h oxv |bfeqb|o`k
`e{- vme{ lrx vxbdhomy. O` xjb |bkoe`-
xjb f|ovov jdv lbb` hbdmx {oxj qb|y
fdrxoervmy xe moiox hdidkbv d`h
e~b|dxb dx xjb vdib xoib.
Ao`d`fodm o`vxoxrxoe`v e{ d|b ie|b
qokomd`x d`h hbfovoe`v xe mb`h d|b mbh
ly d fe`f|bxb lrvo`bvv ~md`. Mb`ho`k
`bqb| vxe~~bh o` vrfj d xerkj
b`qo|e`ib`x- je{bqb|- ox jdv vme{bh
he{` lbfdrvb fb|xdo` ibdvr|bv d|b
xdcb` lbae|b vrfj d hbfovoe` ov idhb.
[b jdqb elvb|qbh je{ ld`cv
d|b aefrvo`k e` |ovc id`dkbib`x
`e{ ie|b xjd` bqb|- dv ox ov xjb
ldfcle`b ea d`y lrvo`bvv. Vbowo`k
ea e~~e|xr`oxobv {oxj `e ~md``o`k
ov d x|b`h xjdx jdv fjd`kbh dv {bmm-
ae|fo`k fei~d`obv xe d`dmyvb d`h
ohb`xoay xjb fe`vbtrb`fbv xe{d|hv
xjbo| ~b|ae|id`fb.
O` xjb ~dvx- {b jdqb `exofbh xjb
mdfc ea ~md``o`k df|evv qd|oerve|kd`ovdxoe`v d`h je{ ox jdv oi~dfxbh
xjbo| lrvo`bvv. Oxv oi~b|dxoqb ae| bqb|y
e|kd`ovdxoe` xe dftro|b d vemoh ~md`
{oxj hbxdombh ~|efbvvbv e` je{ oxv
kedmv {omm lb dffei~movjbh.
Xjov ybd| {dv dmve d ybd| ea vxbdhy
gelv o` xjb ld`co`k o`hrvx|y- {jb|b
Xjb|b {omm lb ie|b aefrv e` frvxeib||bxb`xoe`- {jomb hbqbme~o`k dxx|dfxoqb
~|ehrfxv xjdx dffeiiehdxb frvxeib|
|btro|bib`xv d`h id|cbx fe`hoxoe`v.
O` xehdyv qemdxomb d`h r`fb|xdo`
id|cbxv- {jb|b xjb f|ovov ov
|bhbffl`o`k xjb o`hrvx|y d`h oxv
fei~bxoxoqb b`qo|e`ib`x- ld`cv bbh
frvxeib| |btro|bib`xv d`h eaab|r`idxfjbh vb|qofbv xe ido`xdo`
er| mbdho`k ~evoxoe` o` xjb ld`co`k
o`hrvx|y. O` v~oxb ea xjb hoafflfrmx kmeldm
ffl`d`fodm b`qo|e`ib`x- {b fe`xo`rb xe
k|e{ d`h o`qbvx o` vx|dxbkof ~|egbfxv.
Eqb| xjb ybd|v {b jdqb vrffbbhbh o`
mdr`fjo`k o``eqdxoqb ~|ehrfxv d`h
vb|qofbv o` e|hb| xe eaab| fe`qb`ob`fb
xe frvxeib|v.
O` mo`b {oxj er| vx|dxbky xe lb d
|bkoe`dm ffl`d`fodm o`vxoxrxoe`- {b
d|b bz~me|o`k e~~e|xr`oxobv xe xd~
o`xe `b{ id|cbxv d`h fei~mbib`xer| `bx{e|c ea l|d`fjbv d`h
|b~|bvb`xdxoqb eafflfbv d|er`h xjb
{e|mh. Xehdy- {b d|b ~|bvb`x o` Bky~x-
Cr{dox- Ldj|do`- Tdxd|- Je`k Ce`k-
O`hod- Ld`kmdhbvj- RVD- dcovxd`-
Vrhd` d`h R`oxbh Co`khei.
O` xjb RDB- {b jdqb 28 l|d`fjbv
d`h
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FBEv BXOJDH
xjdx- ae| er| fe|~e|dxb frvxeib|v- xjov
hb~xj ov bvvb`xodm. Dmm lrvo`bvvbv-
`ex grvx do|mo`bv- {omm `bbh xe lb mbd`
d`h advx)ieqo`k xe idcb xjb ievx ea
xjb r~xr|`.
[b d|b {dxfjo`k xjb kmeldm bfe`eiy
fmevbmy ae| |bmbqd`x ieqbib`xv. Er|
arxr|b ~md`v ae| er| `bx{e|c d|b
hbxb|io`bh ly xjb k|bdxbvx d|bdv ea
e~~e|xr`oxy. @dxr|dmmy- dv Fjo`d d`h
O`hod idxr|b- {b {omm aefrv e` xjevb
oi~e|xd`x id|cbxv. Exjb| ~d|xv ea
verxj bdvx Dvod {omm lb jokj e` er| movx.
Vee` b`erkj- {b {omm meec xe L|dwom
d`h oxv `bokjler|v dv idge| ver|fbv ea
x|d`vab| d`h ~eo`x)xe)~eo`x x|dafflf.
Dv xjbvb v~ecbv fe`xo`rb xe lromh-
Dlr Hjdlo {omm lb ohbdmmy ~mdfbh. Xjb
o`f|bdvo`k `rilb| ea qovoxe|v {omm
jbm~ h|oqb xjb bio|dxbv bz~d`voe`
{jomb xjb bio|dxbv bz~d`voe` {omm jbm~
kb`b|dxb ie|b x|dafflf dv ox lbfeibv
d` o`f|bdvo`kmy ve~jovxofdxbh ~mdfb xe
qdfdxoe` d`h xe he lrvo`bvv.
Bxojdh {omm rvb 44 xe ar|xjb|
o`f|bdvb oxv vfdmb xj|erkj cby vx|dxbkof
dmmod`fbv {oxj mocbio`hbh do|mo`bv.
^d|x`b|o`k {oxj exjb| fd||ob|v o` xjbo|
jeib id|cbxv xe ver|fb k|bdxb| ld`cv
ea x|dafflf ov xjb ievx baabfxoqb {dy {bfd` hbvok` d kmeldm `bx{e|c.
Erx ea Ce|bd {b {omm fehbvjd|b a|ei
Vberm d`h o`xe exjb| Dvod` foxobv e`
DVOD@D- {jomb xjby {omm lb heo`k xjb
vdib eqb| Dlr Hjdlo d`h e`{d|hv.
[b jdqb ~d|x`b|bh {oxj Qo|ko`v
Drvx|dmod` do|mo`b l|d`hv xe fe``bfx
er| ~dvvb`kb|v df|evv xjdx qdvx
4> {dv d ybd| {jb|b- ie`xj
ly ie`xj- {b vd{ er| yobmhv
bhkb |dxjb| xjd` kdmme~
xe{d|hv ~|b)f|ovov mbqbmv.
D`h dv xjb ybd| fe`fmrhbv- Oh vdy
{b|b ~|bxxy irfj xjb|b. Xjb|b {b|b
`e vboviof vjoaxv ae| kmeldm dqodxoe`
o` 4>. Lrx- fb|xdo`my- xjb|b {dv
fe`vemohdxoe` L|oxovj Do|{dyv d`h
Olb|od o` Br|e~b3 Hbmxd d`h @e|xj{bvx-
dv {bmm dv Fe`xo`b`xdm d`h R`oxbho` xjb RV- lexj bfmo~vo`k Dib|ofd`
Do|mo`bv dv xjb {e|mhv md|kbvx fd||ob|.
D`h Bio|dxbv eqb|xeec Mraxjd`vd dv
xjb md|kbvx o`xb|`dxoe`dm fd||ob|.
Lrx ox {dv ido`my d ybd| xjdx
ae|xofflbh xjb bzovxo`k x|b`hv. E`b ea
xjevb x|b`hv ov xjb k|e{xj ea xjb Krma-
lexj dv d ~dvvb`kb| jrl d`h dv d`
b`h~eo`x. Bxojdh- mocb oxv fei~bxoxe|v
o` xjb Krma- ov k|e{o`k vx|e`kmy. [b
xeec hbmoqb|y ea aer| do|f|dax xjov ybd|
d`h mdr`fjbh |erxbv xe Ldkjhdh d`h
B|lom o` O|dt3 xe @dkeyd d`h Xecye o`
Gd~d`3 d`h xe Dmbzd`h|od- Femeile
d`h Vberm.
[b dmve o`f|bdvbh er| a|btrb`fobv
e` er| vb|qofbv xe Lbogo`k- Lbo|rx-
L|rvvbmv- Fdo|e- Hrlmo`- A|d`car|x-
FBE ea xjb RDBv `dxoe`dm do|mo`b {|oxbv xjdx 44
{omm lb d ybd| ea o`f|bdvo`k a|btrb`fobv d`h hb~xj ae|
fe|~e|dxb frvxeib|v- dv {bmm dv leevxo`k dmmod`fbv.
Gdibv Jekd`
Kb`bqd- Jyhb|dldh- Id`omd d`h
Iomd`. Ve Oh vdy xjov ybd| er|
k|e{xj jdv lbb` r`iovxdcdlmb- oa ex
jbdhmo`b k|dllo`k.
44 ov mocbmy xe lb voiomd|my vxbdhy.
[b {omm xdcb hbmoqb|y ea voz {ohblehy
do|f|dax- dmievx dmm ea {jofj {omm
lb dmmefdxbh xe er| bzovxo`k |erxb
`bx{e|c xe o`f|bdvb er| a|btrb`fobv-
dhho`k hb~xj xe xjb bx{e|c. [b c`e{
fe`xo`b`x d`h o`xe @b{ Wbdmd`h xjb
^dfofflf Ovmd`hv. D`h a|ei Abl|rd|y
`bzx ybd|- Q Drvx|dmod {omm lb xjb ffl|vx
Drvx|dmod` do|mo`b xe e~b|dxb o`xe xjb
Iohhmb Bdvx ae| x{b`xy ybd|v.
Lrx idco`k xee id`y ~|bhofxoe`v
ov d ~eo`xmbvv ~|dfxofb o` xjb dqodxoe`
o`hrvx|y. D`yxjo`k fd` jd~~b`. Xjb
lbvx vx|dxbky ov xe dm{dyv lb ~|b~d|bh
ae| xjb lbvx d`h xjb {e|vx.
[b {omm xdcb hbmoqb|y ea voz {ohblehydo|f|dax- dmievx dmm ea {jofj {omm lb
dmmefdxbh xe er| bzovxo`k |erxb `bx{e|c.
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55/130Hbfbilb| 4>krmalrvo`bvv 26
FBEv KRMA DO\
xjby fei~bxb dkk|bvvoqbmy ae| xjb
vdib x|dafflf.
Je{ hebv Krma Do| ~evoxoe` oxvbma
o` xjov vfb`d|oe5 [b jdqb d fmbd|
id`hdxb a|ei xjb do|mo`bv e{`b|vjo~
xe idcb Krma Do| d feiib|fodmmy
vrvxdo`dlmb lrvo`bvv xjdx dhhv qdmrb
xe xjb co`khei d`h ~be~mb ea Ldj|do`.
Xjb|bae|b- o` 4> Krma Do| mdr`fjbh d
`b{ vx|dxbky xe dfjobqb xjov7 er| qovoe`
xe f|bdxb d feiib|fodmmy vrvxdo`dlmb
lrvo`bvv xj|erkj ohb`xoayo`k ofjb
id|cbxv- {jb|b {b fermh bz~meox d
mbdhb|vjo~ ~evoxoe` {jomb |dovo`k xjb
mbqbmv ea ~|ehrfx d`h vb|qofb hbmoqb|y xe
jokjb| trdmoxy d`h k|bdxb| fe`vovxb`fy.
Ae| xjb ffl|vx xoib o` xjb |bkoe`- {b
o`x|ehrfbh |bkoe`dm gbxv xe fe``bfx
r`hb|vb|qbh d`h ofjb id|cbxv.
[b e~b`bh 44 `b{ hbvxo`dxoe`v-
4> ea {jofj d|b {oxjo` xjb IB@D
|bkoe`. [b l|erkjx o` 4< `b{ do|f|dax
d`h ~jdvbh erx 4< emhb| do|f|dax-
|bhrfo`k xjb dqb|dkb dkb ea er| bbx
xe grvx 1.: ybd|v.
Ao`d`fodmmy- er| fevxv jdqb feib
he{` d`h mevvbv jdqb |bhrfbh {jomb
er| medh adfxe|v d`h ~r`fxrdmoxy jdqb
oi~|eqbh vok`offlfd`xmy. Er| rmxoidxb
kedm ov xe fe`xo`rb xe oi~|eqb er|frvxeib| x|dqbm bz~b|ob`fb {oxj
vr~b|oe| d`h ie|b fe`vovxb`x ~|ehrfxv
dv {b fe`xo`rb oi~mbib`xo`k er|
vx|dxbky xj|erkj 44.
Xjerkj er| vx|dxbky jdv vbb`
rv vxdy e` o` xjb |okjx x|dfc hr|o`k
4>- {b d|b d~~|edfjo`k 44 {oxj
Veibe`b e`fb vdoh xjb e`my
{dy xe idcb d iommoe`
hemmd|v o` xjb do|mo`b
lrvo`bvv {dv xe vxd|x {oxj d
lommoe`3 veib{jdx o|e`of fe`vohb|o`k
xjdx xjb dqodxoe` o`hrvx|y ov xjb
k|bdxbvx fdxdmyvx ea xjb kmeldm
bfe`eiy- h|oqo`k ie|b xjd` d x|ommoe`
hemmd|v o` bfe`eiof dfxoqoxy.
Xjb ~|elmbi adfo`k do|mo`bv ov xjbo|
vrvfb~xolomoxy xe bzxb|`dm adfxe|v3 `e
o`hrvx|y o` xjb {e|mh fd` lb ie|bqemdxomb xjd` xjb dqodxoe` o`hrvx|y.
Oa >? idrmbh xjb o`hrvx|y {oxj
bfe`eiof |bfbvvoe`- 4> ~r`ovjbh ox
{oxj |ovo`k arbm ~|ofbv. _bx feiib|fodm
dqodxoe` jdv hbie`vx|dxbh |bvomob`fb
o` xjb ~dvx d`h {omm fe`xo`rb xe he ve
o` xjb arxr|b.
Xjov ybd| ov d ~b|abfx bzdi~mb3
hbv~oxb hoafflfrmx e~b|dxo`k fe`hoxoe`v-
xjb o`hrvx|y ov vbx xe |bxr|` xe xjb
lmdfc xjov ybd|- bz~bfxo`k xe ~evx d`
bvxoidxbh (:.? lommoe` o` ~|efflx d`h
|bfe|h 44 ~b| fb`x k|e{xj. Mbdho`k xjov
k|e{xj ov xjb I