guerra frÍa entre dos potencias - desperta ferro … · guerra frÍa entre dos potencias ......

GUERRA FRÍA ENTRE DOS POTENCIASpor Jennifer Siegel – The Ohio State University

Gillard, David (1977): The Struggle for Asia, Londres, Longman.

Hopkirk, Peter (1990): The Great Game, Londres, John Murray.

Ingram, Edward (1984): In Defence of British India; Great Britain in the Middle East, 1775-1842, Londres, Frank Cass.

Johnson, Robert (2006): Spying for Empire, St. Paul, Minnesota, MBI Publishing.

Kazemzadeh, Firuz (1968): Russia and Britain in Persia 1864-1914, New Haven, Yale University Press.

Siegel, Jennifer (2002): Endgame: Britain, Russia and the Final Struggle for Central Asia, Londres, I.B. Tauris.

LA PRIMERA GUERRA ANGLO-AFGANA (1839-1842)por Jules Stewart

Marion, Henry (1879): The First Afghan War and its Causes, Longmans, Green & Co., London.

Eyre, Vincent (1843): The Military Operations at Kabul, John Murray, London.

Kaye, John William (1890): History of the War in Afghanistan, (three volumes), W.H. Allen & Co., London

Norris, James (1967): The First Afghan War, Cambridge University Press, London.

Sale, Florentia (1969): A Journal of the First Afghan War, Oxford University Press reprint, London.

LA ENCRUCIJADA AFGANApor William Dalrymple

Hopkirk, Peter (1990): The Great Game, London.

Sale, Lady Florentia (1843): A Journal of the Disasters in Afghanistan 1841-2, London.

Barfield, Thomas (2010): Afghanistan: A Cultural and Political History. Princeton.

Cowper-Coles, Sherard (2011): Cables from Kabul: The Inside Story of the West’s Afghanistan Campaign London.

Dalrymple, William (2006): The Last Mughal: The End of a Dynasty, Delhi 1857. London.

Dupree, Louis (2007): Afghanistan. Oxford.

Hopkins, Ben (2008): The Making of Modern Afghanistan, London.

MacRory, Patrick (2002): Signal Catastrophe: The Retreat from Kabul 1842, London 1966; reeditado como Retreat from Kabul: The Incredible Storyof a Savage Afghan Force Massacred the World’s most Powerful Army, Guilford.

NOTAS

1- R. H. Gleig, Sale’s Brigade in Afghanistan, p. 182

2- Norris, First Afghan War, p. 161

3- British Library, Auckland Papers, Add Mss 36474, Wade to the Governor General, 31 January 1839

4- Sherard Cowper-Coles, Cables from Kabul, London, 2011, pp. 289–90

NIKOLAI PRZHEVALSKII. EXPLORADOR YESPÍA DURANTE EL GRAN JUEGO

por David Schimmelpenninck van der Oye – Brock University (Ontario)

Lobanov-Rostovsky, Andrei (1951): Russia and Asia, Ann Arbor, George Wahr, 1951.

Przhevalskii, Nikolai Mikhailovich (1888): Ot Kiakhti na istoki zheltoi reki, San Petersburgo, V. S. Valashev.

Rayfield, Donald (1976):The Dream of Lhasa, Columbus, Ohio, Ohio University Press.

Schimmelpenninck van der Oye, David (2001): Toward the Rising Sun: Russian Ideologies of Empire and the Path to War with Japan, DeKalb, Illinois,Northern Illinois University Press.

Semenov, P. P. (1845-1896): Istoriia poluvekovoi deaitel’nosti Imperatorskogo Russkogo Geograficheskogo Obshchestva, 1845-1895, San Peters-burgo.

NOTAS

1- Este artículo es una adaptación de un capítulo de mi libro Toward the Rising Sun: Russian Ideologies of Empire and the Path to War with Japan.DeKalb, IL, 2001, con permiso de la editorial.

2- P. P. Semenov, Istoriia poluvekovoi deaitel’nosti Imperatorskogo Russkogo Geograficheskogo Obshchestva. 1845-1895. Vol. 3. St Petersburg, 1896,p. 1318.

3- La única biografía en inglés es Donald Rayfield, The Dream of Lhasa. (Columbus, OH: Ohio University Press, 1976). En ruso, un trabajo fiable aunqueun tanto hagiográfico es A. V. Zelenin, Puteshestviia N. M. Przhevalskago. (St. Petersburg: Soikin, 1900). La entrada “Przhevalskii” en Russkiibiograficheskii slovar, A. A. Polovtsov, ed., (St. Petersburg: Skorokhodov, 1903), vol 14, 763-783, proporciona un completo sumario.

4- Para un relato completo de la expedición Nikolai Mikhailovich Przhevalskii, Puteshestvie v Ussuriiskom krae 1867-1869 gg. (Moscow: Gos. sot-sialno-ekonomicheskoe izd-vo, 1937).

5- John MacGregor, Tibet, A Chronicle of Exploration (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1970), 248.

6- Rayfield, 50.

7- Lobanov-Rostovsky, A., Russia and Asia. (Ann Arbor: George Wahr, 1951), 147.

8- Los relatos de las cuatro expedciones a Asia Interior están todos publicados. Véase Nikolai Mikhailovich Przhevalskii, Mongolia, The TangutCountry and the Solitudes of Northern Tibet. (London: Sampson, Low, Marston, Searle & Rivington, 1876); From Kulja accross the Tian Shan toLob-Nor. (London: Sampson, Low, Marston, Searle & Rivington, 1879); Iz Zaisana cherez Khami i Tibet. (St. Petersburg: Imperatorskoe russkoegeograficheskoe obshchestvo, 1883); y Ot Kiakhti na istoki zheltoi reki. (St. Petersburg: V. S. Valashev, 1888).

9- Miliutin, D. A., Dnevnik. (Moscow: Bilioteka im. Lenina, 1947), vol 1, 144.

10- in Rayfield, 69.

11- Przhevalskii, Ot Khiakti, 406.

12- Przhevalskii, Ot Khiakti, 445

13- Przhevalskii, Ot Khiakti, 416





18- Rayfield, 151.

19- M. I. Veniukov, “Postupatel’noe dvizhenia Rossii v severnoi i vostochnoi Azii,” Sbornik gosudarstvennykh znanii. Vol. 3. St Petersburg, 1877, pp.58-106.

20- Murphy, A., The Ideology of French Imperialism. New York: H. Fertig, 1968, �. 19.

EL GRAN JUEGO Y EL ESTABLECIMIENTO DEL TURQUESTÁN RUSO

por Evgeny Sergeev – Academia Rusa de Ciencias

Abashin S.N., Arapov D.Yu., Bekmakhanova N.Ye. (eds) Tsentral’naia Asiia v sostave Rossiiskoi imperii (Central Asia within the Russian Empire),Moscow: Novoe literaturnoe obozrenie, 2008.

Becker, S., Russia’s Protectorates in Central Asia: Bokhara and Khiva, 1865-1924, Cambridge, Ma: Harvard University Press, 1968.

Brower, D., Turkestan and the Fate of the Russian Empire, London: Routledge, 2003.

Mackenzie, D., ‘Expansion in Central Asia: St Petersburg vs. the Turkistan Generals (1863-1866)’, Canadian Slavic Studies, 1969, vol. 3, no. 2, 286-311.

Morgan, G., Anglo-Russian Rivalry in Central Asia: 1810-1895, London: F. Cass, 1981.

Las fuentes primarias pueden encontrarse en:

Serebrennikov, A.G. (comp.) Sbornik materialov po zavoevaniiu Turkestanskogo kraia (Collection of Documents on the Conquest of Turkestan),Tashkent: Tipografiia Shtaba Turkestanskogo voennogo okruga, 1914-1915, vol. 17, 2 pts; vol. 19, pt 1; vol. 20, pt. 2; vol. 21, pt 1; vol. 22, pt 2.

Para más información:

Boulger, D., England and Russia in Central Asia, London: W. Allen, 1879, 2 vols.

Curzon, G., Russia in Central Asia in 1889, London: F. Cass, 1967 (rep. ed. of 1889).

Hellwald, F., Die Russen in Centralasien. Eine geographisch-historische Studie, Wien: Verlag des Verfassers, 1869.

Kostenko, L.F., ‘Istoricheskii ocherk rasprostraneniia russkogo vladychestva v Srednei Asii’ (A Historical Essay of the Russian Domination in CentralAsia), Voennyi sbornik (The Military Review), 1887, no. 8, 145-78; no. 9, 5-37; no. 10, 139-60; no. 11, 5-35.

Siarkovsy, G., ‘O turkestanskikh pokhodakh 1864-1865 (About the Military Expeditions to Turkestan in 1864-1865)’, Voennyi sbornik, 1891, vol. 197, no.2, 357-81; vol. 198, no. 3, 157-64.

Terentiev, M.A., Istoriia zavoevaniia Srednei Asii (The History of the Conquest of Central Asia), St Petersburg: V. Komarov, 1906, 3 vols.

Vambery, A., Central Asia and the Anglo-Russian Frontier Question, London: E. Smith and Co., 1874.

Las fuentes secundarias más valiosas para la historia de la conquista rusa de Asia Central son las siguientes:

Allworth, E. (ed.) Central Asia, 120 Years of Russian Rule. Durham-London: Duke University Press, 1989.

Allworth, E. (ed.) Central Asia, 130 Years of Russian Dominance. A Historical Overview. Durham- London: Duke University Press, 1994.

Anwar Khan, M., England, Russia and Central Asia: A Study in Diplomacy, 1857-1878, Peshawar: University Book Agency, 1963.

Becker, S., ‘The Russian Conquest of Central Asia and Kazakhstan: Motives, Methods, Consequences’, in H. Malik (ed.) Central Asia: its Strategic Im-portance and Future Prospects, New York: St Martin’s Press, 1994, 21-38.

Holdsworth, M., Turkistan in the Nineteenth Century. A Brief History of the Khanates of Bukhara, Kokand and Khiva, Oxford: Central Asian ResearchInstitute, 1959.

Khalfin, N.A., Prisoedinenie Srednei Asii k Rossii (60-90-e gg. XIX v.) (The Annexation of Central Asia by Russia) in 1860-1890s, Moscow: Nauka, 1965.

Mackenzie, D., ‘The Conquest and Administration of Turkestan, 1860-1885’, in M. Rywkin (ed.) Russian Colonial Expansion to 1917, London and NewYork: Manswell Publishers, 1988, 208-34.

Pierce, R., Russian Central Asia, 1867-1917. A Study in Colonial Rule, Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1960.

Sarkisyanz, M., ‘Russian Conquest in Central Asia: Transformation and Acculturation’, in W.S. Vucinich (ed.) Russia and Asia. Essays on the Influenceof Russia on the Asian Peoples, Stanford: Hoover Institute Press, 1972, 248-88.

Thornton, A., ‘The Reopening of the “Central Asian Question”, 1864-1869’, History, 1956, New Ser., vol. XLI, nos 141-143, 122-36.

Warikoo, K., Central Asia and Kashmir. A Study in the Context of Anglo-Russian Rivalry, Delhi: Gian Publ. House, 1989.

TESIS Y MANUSCRITOS INÉDITOS

Alymbaeva, Zh.B., ‘Istoriografiia zavoevaniia Turkestana Rossiei v XIX – nachale XX v.’ (Historiography of the Russian Conquest of Turkestan in theNineteenth – Early Twentieth Centuries), Kand. Diss., Tashkentskii gosudarstvennyi universitet (Sttae University of Tashkent), 2002.

Yetisgin, M., ‘How the Times of London Covered and Interpreted Russian Expansion into Central Asia in the Second Half of the 19th Century’, Ph.D.Diss., Texas Technological University, 2000.

EL ESPIONAJE BRITÁNICO Y EL GRAN JUEGOpor Rob Johnson – University of Oxford

Johnson, Robert (2006): Spying for Empire: The Great Game in Central and South Asia, 1757-1947, Londres, Greenhill.

Wade, Stephen (2007): Spies in the Empire: Victorian Military Intelligence, Londres, Anthem.

Wyatt, Christopher (2011): Afghanistan and the Defence of Empire: Diplomacy and Strategy During the Great Game, Londres y Nueva York, I. B. Tauris.

Wynn, Antony (2004): Persia in the Great Game: Sir Percy Sykes - Explorer, Consul, Soldier, Spy, Londres, John Murray.

Yapp, Malcolm (19980): Strategies of British India: Britain, Iran and Afghanistan, 1798-1850, Oxford, Clarendon Press.

NOTAS

1- Sir John Malcolm, Minute, 4 de julio de 1830, Bengal Secret Consulations 358, no. 3 de 20 agosto de 1830; Malcolm Yapp, ‘British Perceptions ofthe Russian Threat to India’, Modern Asian Studies, vol.21, 4, (1987), p.650.

2- Malcolm Yapp, ‘The Legend of the Great Game’, Proceedings of the British Academy, 111 (2000), pp.179-98.

3- Malcolm Yapp, Strategies of British India: Britain, Iran and Afghanistan, 1798-1850 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1980).

4- W. H. Smith [Secretary of State for War] a Salisbury, 9 de noviembre de 1885; Smith a Salisbury, 18 de noviembre de 1885; Salisbury a Smith, 19de noviembre de 1885. WO 110/9. National Archives, Kew, UK.

5- L.P. Morris, British Secret Service Activity in Khorassan’, Historical Journal 27 (1984).

6- Johnson, Spying for Empire, pp.71-2. Sobre la familia Seth y el sector de la banca véase por ejemplo Mark Thornhill, The Personal Adventures andExperiences of a Magistrate during the Rise, Progress and Suppression of the Indian Mutiny (London, 1884), pp. 10, 20, 68 y 71.

7- Véase, por ejemplo, Pottinger, The Afghan Connection, pp.25-27. Véase también John Keay, The Gilgit Game (London: John Murray, 1979), p.116.

8- Christopher Wyatt, Afghanistan and the Defence of Empire: Diplomacy and Strategy During the Great Game (London and New York: I.B. Tauris,2011); Johnson, Spying for Empire, op. cit.

9- Peter Hopkirk, On Secret Service East of Constantinople (London: John Murray, 1994).

10- Antony Wynn, Persia in the Great Game: Sir Percy Sykes - Explorer, Consul, Soldier, Spy (London: John Murray, 2004).

11- Ingram, ‘Great Britain’s Great Game’, p.160.

12- Robert Johnson, Spying for Empire: The Great Game in Central and South Asia, 1757-1947 (London: Greenhill, 2006).

13- Hopkins, Afghanistan, p.42.

14- Richard J. Popplewell, Intelligence and Imperial Defence: British Intelligence and the Defence of the Indian Empire, 1904-1924 (London: FrankCass, 1995) p.10.

15- Malcolm Yapp, ‘The Legend of the Great Game’, Proceedings of the British Academy, 111 (2000), p.179.

16- Edward Ingram, ‘The Rules of the Game: A Commentary on the Defence of British India, 1789-1829’, Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History3 (1975), pp.257-259; G.J. Alder, ‘Britain and the Defence of India: The Origins of the Problem, 1789-1815’, Journal of Asian History, 6 (1972),pp.14-41; J. H. Gleason, The Genesis of Russophobia in Britain (Cambridge, Harvard, 1950); see also, Beryl Williams, ‘The Strategic Backgroundto the Anglo Russian Entente of August 1907’, History Journal IX, 3 (1966), pp.360-73.

17- G. Alder, Beyond Bokhara. The Life of William Moorcroft, Asian Explorer and Pioneer Veterinary Surgeon, 1767-1825 (London: Century, 1985).

18- George Pottinger, The Afghan Connection (Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press, 1983); Gerald Morgan, Ney Elias (London: Allen and Unwin, 1971).

19- George Seaver, Sir Francis Younghusband: Explorer and Mystic (London: John Murray, 1952); Anthony Verrier, Francis Younghusband and theGreat Game (London: Jonathan Cape, 1991); Patrick French, Younghusband: The Last Great Imperial Adventurer (London: Harper Collins, 1994);A. Swinson, Beyond the Frontiers: The Biography of Colonel F.M. Bailey (London: Hutchinson, 1971).

20- Peter Hopkirk, The Great Game (London: John Murray, 1990).

21- Véase también Peter Hopkirk, Setting the East Ablaze: On Secret Service in Bolshevik Asia (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1984).

22- Robert Johnson, Spying for Empire.

23- Stephen Wade, Spies in the Empire: Victorian Military Intelligence (London: Anthem, 2007); John Ure, Shooting Leave (London: Constable, 2009);Jules Stewart, Spying for the Raj (Thrupp: Sutton, 2006).

24- Hugh Leach, with Susan Maria Farrington, Strolling About on the Roof of the World (London and New York: Routledge Curzon, 2003)

25- N.A. Khalfin, Politika Rossii v Sredney Azii, 1857-1868 (Moscow, 1960).

26- N.P. Vernon, ‘Soviet Historians on the Russian Menace to India in the Second Half of the Nineteenth Century’, Indian History Congress (Calcutta,1976); como contraste, véase Peter Morris, ‘Russian Expansion into Central Asia’ en Peter Morris, ed., Africa, America and Central Asia: Formaland Informal Empire in the Nineteenth Century (Exeter, 1984); Firuz Kazemzadeh, Russia and Britain in Persia, 1864-1914 (New Haven: Yale UP,1968).

27- Morgan, ‘Myth and Reality’ p.59; Khalfin, Politika Rossii, traducido como Russian Policy in Central Asia, 1857-1868 (Central Asian Research Centre,London, 1964); Leonid Mitrokhin, Failure of Three Missions: British Efforts to Overthrow Soviet Government in Central Asia (Moscow, 1987).

28- Hopkirk, Great Game, pp.153-62; Moshe Gammer, Muslim Resistance to the Tsar: Shamil and the Conquest of Chechnia and Daghestan (London:Routledge, 1994).

29- La perspectiva iraní puede encontrarse en M. Mahmud, Tarikhe ravabete siyasiye Iran ba Englis dar qarne nuzdahome miladi. (The History ofAnglo Persian Diplomatic Relations in the Nineteenth Century) 5 vols, (Teheran, 1328-29).

30- R. A. Johnson, ‘ ‘‘Russians at the Gates of India’’? Planning and the Defence of India, 1885-1900’, Journal of Military History, 67 (July 2003),pp.697-744.

31- Martin Thomas, Empires of Intelligence: Security Services and Colonial Disorder After 1914 (Berkeley and London: University of California Press,2008), p.2.

LA BATALLA DE MAIWANDpor Richard J. Stacpoole-Ryding

Maxwell, Colonel Leigh (1979): “My God – Maiwand!” Operations of the South Afghanistan Field Force 1878-80, Leo Cooper.

Robson, Brian (Winter 1973): “Maiwand, 27th July 1880”, Journal for the Society of Army Historical Research, vol. LI, n.º 208.

Snook, Lieutenant-Colonel Mike (2008): “Into the Jaws of Deat” – British Military Blunders 1879-1900, Frontline Books 2008.

Stacpoole-Ryding, Richard (ed.): “Maiwand Dispatch Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 y 7”, Journal for the Maiwand Luncheon, The Friends of Dr. Watson.

Stacpoole-Ryding, Richard (2008): Maiwand: The Last Stand of the 66th (Berkshire) Regiment – Afghanistan 1880, The History Press Ltd.

LA CONQUISTA RUSA DE TURKMENISTÁNpor Evgeny Sergeev – Academia Rusa de Ciencias

Abashin S.N., Arapov D.Yu., Bekmakhanova N.Ye. (eds) Tsentral’naia Asiia v sostave Rossiiskoi imperii (Central Asia in the Composition of the RussianEmpire), Moscow: Novoe literaturnoe obozrenie, 2008.

Khalfin, N.A., Prisoedinenie Srednei Asii k Rossii (60-90-e gg. XIX v.) (The Annexation of Central Asia by Russia in 1860-1890s), Moscow: Nauka, 1965.

Khidoiatov, G.A., Britanskaia ekspansiia v Srednei Asii (Penjdeh, March 1885), Tashkent: Fan, 1981.

Tikhomirov, M.N., Prisoedinenie Merva k Rossii (The Annexation of Merv by Russia), Moscow: Vostochnaia literature, 1960.

Para fuentes primarias de la conquista rusa de Turkmenistán en la década de 1880 véase:

Ilyasov, A. (ed.) Prisoedinenie Turkmenii k Rossii. Sbornik dokumentov (The Annexation of Turkmenia by Russia. Collection of Documents), Ashgabad:Izdatel’stvo AN Turkmenskoi SSR, 1960.

Serebrennikov, A.G. (comp.) Sbornik materialov po zavoevaniiu Turkestanskogo kraia (Collection of Documents on the Conquest of Turkmenistan),Tashkent: Tipografiia Shtaba Turkestanskogo voennogo okruga, 1914-1915, vol. 17, 2 pts; vol. 19, pt 1; vol. 20, pt. 2; vol. 21, pt 1; vol. 22, pt 2.

Para más información:

Annenkov, M.N., Akhaltekinskii oasis i puti v Indiiu (The Oasis of Akhal Teke and the Ways to India), St Petersburg: Tipografiia Shtaba Peterburgskogovoennogo okruga, 1881.

Beaufort, F., Russian Advances in Asia, London: M.O.D., 1884.

O’Donovan, E., The Merv Oasis: Travels and Adventures East of the Caspian during the Years 1879-80-81, Including Five Months’ Residence Amongthe Tekke of Merv, London: S. n., 1882.

Kuropatkin, A.N., Zavoevanie Turkmenii (pokhod v Akhal-Teke v 1880-1881 gg.). S ocherkom voennykh deistvii v Srednei Asii s 1839 po 1876 g. (TheConquest of Turkmenia (The Military Expedition to Akhal Teke in 1880-1881). Supplemented with the Essay of the Hostilities in Central Asia), StPetersburg: V. Berezovsky, 1899.

Lansdell, H., Russian Central Asia, Boston: Houghton, Miffin, 1885, 2 vols.

Marvin, C., The Russians at Merv and Heart, and Their Power of Invading India, London: W. Allen, 1883.

Terentiev, M.A., Istoriia zavoevaniia Srednei Asii (The History of the Conquest of Central Asia), St Petersburg: V. Komarov, 1906, 3 vols

Las fuentes secundarias más valiosas para la historia de la conquista rusa de Asia Central son las siguientes:

Allworth, E. (ed.) Central Asia, 120 Years of Russian Rule. Durham-London: Duke University Press, 1989.

Allworth, E. (ed.) Central Asia, 130 Years of Russian Dominance. A Historical Overview. Durham- London: Duke University Press, 1994.

Lowe, C., The Reluctant Imperialists. British Foreign Policy, 1878-1902, London: Routledge and Keagan Paul, 1967, 2 vols.

Mackenzie, D., ‘The Conquest and Administration of Turkestan, 1860-1885’, in M. Rywkin (ed.) Russian Colonial Expansion to 1917, London and NewYork: Manswell Publishers, 1988, 208-34.

Morgan, G., Anglo-Russian Rivalry in Central Asia: 1810-1895, London: F. Cass, 1981.

Preston, A., ‘Sir Charles Macgregor and the Defense of India, 1857-1887’, The Historical Journal, 1969, vol. 12, no. 1, 58-77.

Wilson, K., Empire and Continent: Studies in British Foreign Policy from the 1880’s to the First World War, London: Mansell, 1987.

TESIS Y DISERTACIONES INÉDITAS

Morris, L., ‘Anglo-Russian Relations in Central Asia, 1873-1887’, Ph.D. Diss., University of London, 1968.

Yetisgin, M., ‘How the Times of London Covered and Interpreted Russian Expansion into Central Asia in the Second Half of the 19th Century’, Ph.D.Diss., Texas Technological University, 2000.

“DIOS ESTÁ EN EL CIELO, EL REY EN ESPAÑAY YO ESTOY AQUÍ”

LA ESENCIA DEL CONQUISTADOR ESPAÑOLpor Gabriel Martínez

Céspedes del Castillo, Guillermo (1983): América Hispánica (1492-1898), Barcelona, Labor.

Thomas, Hugh (1994): La conquista de México, Barcelona, Planeta.

Alvarado Tezozomoc, Hernando de (2001): Crónica Mexicana, Madrid, Dastin.

Muñoz Camargo, Diego (2002): Historia de Tlaxcala, Madrid, Dastin.

Díaz del Castillo, Bernal (2011): Historia verdadera de la conquista de la Nueva España, Madrid, Real Academia Española.