g.s.m based three phase fault analysis with auto reset

G.S.M Based Three Phase Fault Analysis with Auto Reset

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CONTENTS

TABLE OF FIGURE ...................................................................................................................... 4

CHAPTER 1: Introduction ............................................................................................................. 6

1.1 FUNCTIONALITY ............................................................................................................... 7

1.2 PROBLEM CONTEXT ........................................................................................................ 8

1.3 CHALLENGES IN THE PROJECT ..................................................................................... 8

1.3.1 New technology need to be learnt: ................................................................................. 9

1.4 TANGIBLE BENEFIT & INTANGIBLE BENEFITS ........................................................ 9

1.4.1 TANGIABLE BENEFIT ................................................................................................ 9

1.4.2 INTANGIBLE BENEFITS .......................................................................................... 10

1.5 Need of such system ............................................................................................................... 10

1.6 TARGET USERS ................................................................................................................ 10

1.7 Report Layout ......................................................................................................................... 11

CHAPTER 2: PROJECT MANAGEMENT ................................................................................ 12

2.1 TIME MANAGEMENT ..................................................................................................... 12

2.2 PERT CHART..................................................................................................................... 16

2.3 TIMELINE .......................................................................................................................... 16

2.4 PROJECT RISK MANAGEMENT ISSUE ........................................................................ 16

CHAPTER 3: TECHNICAL LITERATURE REVIEW .............................................................. 18

3.1 PURPOSE OF LITERATURE REVIEW ........................................................................... 18

3.2 NEED OF LITERATURE REVIEW .................................................................................. 18

3.3 FAULT DETECTION & CLASSIFICATION: PREVIOUS STUDIES & RESEARCH .. 19

3.4 FAULT DETECTION TECHNIQUE ................................................................................. 22

3.4.1 Impedance-Based Methods ........................................................................................... 23


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3.4.2. Traveling Wave-Based Methods ................................................................................. 24

2.4.3 Detection and Location Using Magnetic Field Sensors ............................................... 24

2.5 FAULT CLASSIFICATION TECHNIQUE ....................................................................... 25

3.6 CONCLUSION OF LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................... 26

Chapter 4: fault in transmission line ............................................................................................. 28

4.1 INTRODUCTION TO 3-PHASE FAULT ......................................................................... 28

4.2 REPRESENTATION OF DIFFERENT TYPE OF FAULT .............................................. 29

4.3 SYMMETRICAL COMPONENT & SIGNIFICANCE OF NEGATIVE, POSITIVE

SEQUENCE & ZERO SEQUENCE CURRENT ..................................................................... 31

4.4 USE OF SYMMETRICAL COMPONENT METHOD IN FAULT ANALYSIS ............. 33

Chapter 5: mathematical modeling ............................................................................................... 34

5.1 THE A OPERATOR ........................................................................................................... 34

5.2 THE J OPERATOR ............................................................................................................ 34

5.3 FAULT CALCULATION IN THREE PHASE SYSTEM ................................................. 34

5.3.1 Three- phase fault ......................................................................................................... 34

5.3.2 Single Phase to ground Fault ........................................................................................ 35

5.3.3 Line –to –Line fault ...................................................................................................... 35

5.3.4 Line- to-Line –ground fault .......................................................................................... 35

5.4 THE PER UNIT SYSTEM ................................................................................................. 36

CHAPTER: 6 MATLAB Simulation & Block Explanation ......................................................... 38

6.1 KEY FEATURES OF MATLAB ....................................................................................... 38

6.2 THE ROLE OF SIMULATION IN DESIGN ..................................................................... 38

6.3 MATLAB SIMULATION .................................................................................................. 39

6.4 DESCRIPTION OF BLOCK .............................................................................................. 39


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6.5 MATLAB SIMULATION RESULT .................................................................................. 45

6.5.1Three phase to ground fault ........................................................................................... 45

6.5.2 Line –Line –ground fault .............................................................................................. 45

6.5.3 L-G Fault ...................................................................................................................... 46

6.6 CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................... 46

Chapter 7: system design .............................................................................................................. 47

7.1 SIMPLIFIED BLOCK DIAGRAM OF THE CIRCUIT & EXPLANATION ................... 47

7.2 EXPLANATION ................................................................................................................. 47

7.3 LIST OF COMPONENT .................................................................................................... 48

7.4 POWER SUPPLY SYSTEM DESIGN .............................................................................. 54

7.4.1 Ideal Power supply system design ................................................................................ 55

7.4.2 Prototype Power supply system design ........................................................................ 56

7.5 FAULT DETECTION & CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM .................................................. 56

Chapter 8: System Implementation ............................................................................................... 59

8.1 SOFTWARE TO BE USED FOR SOFTWARE SIMULATION ...................................... 59

8.2 PROTEUS SIMULATION ................................................................................................. 60

8.3 WAVEFORM OF LINEAR NON LINEAR LOAD & RELAY ........................................ 61

8.3.1Input Voltage of Linear & Non- Linear Load ............................................................... 61

8.3.2 Output voltage of Relay ................................................................................................ 62

8.4 COMPONENT ASSEMBLY .............................................................................................. 63

Chapter 9: Hardware testing ......................................................................................................... 69

CHAPTER: 10 Calcuation ............................................................................................................ 71

CHAPTER: 11 REFLECTIVE SUMMARY & OVERVIEW ..................................................... 73

Chapter 12: conclusion ................................................................................................................. 75


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CHAPTER 13: COST ESTIMATION.......................................................................................... 76

13.1 COST ESTIMATION FOR THE DEVLOPER ................................................................ 76

13.2 Software required .................................................................................................................. 77

References ..................................................................................................................................... 78

Appendix A ................................................................................................................................... 82

Appendix B ................................................................................................................................... 84

Appendix D ................................................................................................................................... 94

Appendix c: Heath Safety and Ethical Assessment .................................................................... 104

Appendix D: User manual .......................................................................................................... 106

APPENDIX E : REVIEW & RESERCH PAPER ...................................................................... 108

TABLE OF FIGURE

Figure 1 : Developed hardware ....................................................................................................... 6

Figure 2: Transmission line ............................................................................................................ 6

Figure 3: Project Management Flow chart .................................................................................... 14

Figure 4: Pert chart........................................................................................................................ 16

Figure 5: flow chart of fault detection method ............................................................................. 22

Figure 6: Various method for detecting fault ................................................................................ 22

Figure 7: fault detection using magnetic field sensor ................................................................... 25

Figure 8: fault classification algorithm ......................................................................................... 26

Figure 9: L-L Fault representation ................................................................................................ 29

Figure 10: Sequence network of line to line fault ......................................................................... 29

Figure 11: L-G fault representation .............................................................................................. 30

Figure 12: Sequence network of line to ground fault ................................................................... 30

Figure 13: L-L-G fault representation........................................................................................... 30

Figure 14: Sequence Network of L-L-G fault ............................................................................... 31

Figure 15: unbalanced network ..................................................................................................... 32

Figure 16: Positive sequence representation ................................................................................. 32

Figure 17: Negative sequence representation ............................................................................... 33

Figure 18: Zero sequence representation ...................................................................................... 33

Figure 19: Flow chart of fault analysis using Matlab ................................................................... 39

Figure 20: Matlab simulation of developed interface ................................................................... 39


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Figure 21: Simplified Synchronous Machine ............................................................................... 40

Figure 22: Three-Phase Series RLC Load .................................................................................... 40

Figure 23: three phase transformer two winding .......................................................................... 41

Figure 24: Three phase breaker..................................................................................................... 41

Figure 25: Distributed parameter line ........................................................................................... 42

Figure 26: Three phase V-I measurement ..................................................................................... 43

Figure 27: Three phase sequence analyzer .................................................................................. 43

Figure 28: scope ............................................................................................................................ 43

Figure 29: Three phase fault ......................................................................................................... 44

Figure 30: Three phase fault Matlab Waveform ........................................................................... 45

Figure 31: Line –Line –ground fault Matlab Waveform from scope ........................................... 45

Figure 32: L-G fault Matlab Waveform........................................................................................ 46

Figure 33: Block diagram of Circuit ............................................................................................. 47

Figure 34: Transformer connection to three phase source in star connection .............................. 49

Figure 35: Transformer connection to three phase source in wye connection ............................. 50

Figure 36: Op-Amp ....................................................................................................................... 50

Figure 37: Switch .......................................................................................................................... 51

Figure 38: Resistor ........................................................................................................................ 51

Figure 39: Capacitor ..................................................................................................................... 52

Figure 40: LED ............................................................................................................................. 52

Figure 41: Relay ............................................................................................................................ 52

Figure 42: Diode ........................................................................................................................... 53

Figure 43: Three Phase supply ...................................................................................................... 54

Figure 44: Working of GSM Modem ........................................................................................... 54

Figure 45: Ideal block diagram of power supply .......................................................................... 55

Figure 46: PROTOTYPE POWER SUPPLY SYSTEM DESIGN .............................................. 56

Figure 47: Transmission line ........................................................................................................ 56

Figure 48: Step by step component used ...................................................................................... 57

Figure 49: Proteus Simulation ...................................................................................................... 60

Figure 50: Wave Form of Linear Load ......................................................................................... 61

Figure 51: Waveform of Non Linear Load ................................................................................... 61

Figure 52:5.Output voltage of the 12v dc supply ......................................................................... 62

Figure 53:6.Output voltage of the 12v dc ..................................................................................... 62

Figure 54: Power supply from three phase source ........................................................................ 63

Figure 55: Input Supply ................................................................................................................ 63

Figure 56: Assembly for single phase ........................................................................................... 64

Figure 57: Assembly for six transformer ...................................................................................... 65

Figure 58: Connection of 555 timer & Lm358 ............................................................................. 66

Figure 59: Connection of Op-amp & transistor with 555 timer & relay ...................................... 67

Figure 60: Completed Assembled Circuit..................................................................................... 68

Figure 61: Final circuit.................................................................................................................. 68


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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

G.S.M based three phase fault analysis with auto reset on transient fault or remain tripped

otherwise. Fault in power system is deviation of voltage or current from its nominal value and state

which happens more often leading to the failure of many equipment or may even be life threatening

to the operating personal, so to overcome this engineers have developed a system to analysis the

fault in power system. The fault analysis of power system is required in order to provide

information to selection of safety gear.

Figure 1 : Developed hardware

Faults usually occur in a power system due to either insulation failure, flashover, physical damage

or human error. These faults, may either be three phase in nature involving all three phases in a

symmetrical manner, or may be asymmetrical where usually only one or two phases may be

involved.

Figure 2: Transmission line


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Fault analysis usually carried out in per-unit quantities (similar to percentage quantities) as they

give solutions which are somewhat consistent over different voltage and power ratings, and operate

on values of the order of unity. Relating to one single phase gives information related to two or

three phase as well so it is more obvious & sufficient to do calculation in one phase.

This project system will be designed to develop an automatic griping mechanism for three phase

supply system. The output will reset automatically when there is brief interruption (temporary

fault) or remain tripped otherwise in case of permeant fault.

To reach the aim following are the field required in which researcher is to work on:

1. Fault detection in three phase transmission line.

2. Fault classification in three phase transmission line.

3. Fault location in three phase transmission line.

4. Best fault calculation method to be implemented for calculation

5. Interfacing G.S.M technology with transmission line to alert the operating personal.

1.1 FUNCTIONALITY

A transmission line is an important component of the electrical power system & its protection is

necessary for ensuring system stability.

Fault detection

Fault classification

Fault location

SOS message

Fault detection performs an important role in minimizing damaging equipment due to short circuit

& fast detection of fault in any line condenses to quick isolation of faulty line from service and

hence protecting it from harmful effect of the fault.

Fault classification determines the type of fault that may occur on transmission line & hence

knowledge of fault type essentially be required on fault location procedure.

Fault location- when fault occur in transmission line, finding the fault location id an essential

problem in order to make necessary repair & restore power as soon as possible.in locating fault,


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information produced from classification section could be used for accurate fault location &

evaluate the necessary repairing procedure to be carried out. Usual method of fault location are

under:

The measurement of time between sending & receiving an electric pulse reflected from

fault location.

The measurement of fundamental periodic component of voltage & current in terminal of

the line.

SOS message- In case if the operating personal is not near the operating system when the fault

occurred the proposed system will send SOS message to the individual with the help of GSM

modem installed in the system ensuring that operating act as soon as possible.

1.2 PROBLEM CONTEXT

Transmission line protection is an important issue in power system reason behind it is 85-87%

fault occur in transmission line.

Fault detection & classification is an important step to safeguard power system. an automated

analysis approach which can automatically characterized fault and subsequent relay operation is

required is fault detection play an important role in damaging equipment due to short circuit and

fast detection of fault In any line conduces to quick isolation of faulty line from service and hence

protecting it prom harmful effect of fault is required. So, the proposed system is required to act

fast to the fault condition.

1.3 CHALLENGES IN THE PROJECT

Many challenges were to be faced to develop the proposed system “G.S.M based three phase fault

analysis with auto reset on transient fault or remain tripped otherwise”. Among the major challenge

in the proposed system was to choose the method for calculation of fault current or which technique

to use for fault classification & location. Weather to stick with the traditional impendence based

method or to choose the technology which was developed the recent past like artificial neural

network technology or synchronized sampling or fuzzy based.


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Many challenges need to face for the development of this project by researcher as a student. The

major and the foremost challenge in building this system the conventional fault analysis tool with

the proposed system. A deep study of the technologies is required to overcome the drawbacks of

the existing system and prepare a system which will be better in every respect from the existing

system. To fulfil this need, several technologies need to be learned to address the fault prevention

system.

1.3.1 NEW TECHNOLOGY NEED TO BE LEARNT:

Developer needs to learn new technology for development of project which includes various fault

analysis method proposed in recent time such as synchronized sampling or K-NN based analysis.

The researcher has to understand various interfacing concepts of components relay as it play the

most significant role. Interfacing requires proper understanding of architecture of controller and

components.

GSM technology has to be interfaced with the fault analysis tool giving the proposed system an

upper hand then all other system. So researcher has to go through the concept of how GSM

technology works and how it can be interfaced in the proposed system

1.4 TANGIBLE BENEFIT & INTANGIBLE BENEFITS

Below mentioned are tangible and intangible benefit to support the rational:

1.4.1 TANGIABLE BENEFIT

i. Increasing the power system safety making it more efficient.

ii. The proposed system will speed up the development and features related to three phase

fault analysis tool.

iii. SOS message of the proposed system alarms the operating personal by delivering message

telling them to operate in the faulty area.

iv. Proposed system is reliable and cost effective GSM based fault analysis tool.

v. Proposed system act’s automatically in case of permanent fault the system will isolate the

faulty phase from rest of phase making sure no equipment gets damaged.


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1.4.2 INTANGIBLE BENEFITS

i. The proposed system will help to reduce the injury or death caused due to line to ground

fault in transmission line especially in short distance transmission line in urban area

making the system tripped.

ii. The proposed system will automatically respond to transient fault making the power

system to run smoothly.

iii. The system trips or isolates the line permanently till the permanent fault is being restored.

iv. The proposed system will provide more safety as it will avoid because of its auto tripping

mechanism.

1.5 Need of such system

83% of fault in power system is in transmission line caused by system problem (i.e. failure of any

electrical equipment or human error) or external hindrance such as lightning to overcome such

fault is not within our reach but the fault which occur in system due to system failure can be

controlled. Many type of to control such problem a proper automated device is required which can

sense the fault and perform the subsequent relay operation. Making such device can ensure the

reliability of power system

1.6 TARGET USERS

This system is designed to save life when there is fault in transmission line such as earth to ground

or double line to line fault. Since this fault are in high voltage transmission which is at least 60

KM long short transmission line carrying heavy voltage can take life whosoever come in

contact(person, animal ,etc.) will be life threatening so it is necessary to isolate the phase for less

damage.

This system is specially designed for

Power sector

i. Power generation plant (power plant)

ii. Transmission substation

iii. Distribution substation


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1.7 REPORT LAYOUT

The report comprises of a survey on three phase fault analysis tool. A detailed discussion on the

application of fault detection system is included. Chapter 3 contains the detailed discussion &

literature review.

Chapter 4 includes introduction to various kind of fault in power system

Chapter 5. Contain mathematical modeling of power system to compute driftnet type of fault in

power system

Chapter 6 includes Matlab simulation & result

After Chapter 6 further chapters 7, 8 and 9 includes System design, implementation, testing and

evaluation along with the output results are also included in the report.

The testing and evaluation results are discussed in the end and then final conclusion is reached.

References, and appendices are also attached at the end of the document.

This project is one year work and an estimation of approximately 274 days was decided to

complete it. Different time slots are allotted for different chapter of the report. Refer to pert chart

and Gantt chart given in appendix-E for the detailed time management plan of the project.


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CHAPTER 2: PROJECT MANAGEMENT

The main objective of this project is to build an intelligent device for power system transmission

line network which can classify detect and respond to the fault and respond accordingly depending

weather it is transient fault or permanent fault and even send SOS message to the operating

personal that some problem is there. Condition & time both actually demands this kind of system

because power demand is increasing in urban area so continues power flow is required to meet the

increasing demand and a condition of fault is not at all useful to that so the proposed system dose

a bit to meet the demand in transmission line fault detection in better way.

A perfect fault analysis tool should be able to perform the following task




Interfacing two technology

4. Interfacing G.S.M technology with transmission line to alert the operating personal

2.1 TIME MANAGEMENT

To achieve project objective time management is to be taken care of seriously from the very

beginning. The first step is to project in serval part or task that has to be performed. This process

should be completed before the implementation of the project. For the proposed project, it is

necessary to create a time plan be setting the objective and then subdividing them into manageable

sequence with a deadline attach to it.

The first step for the researcher is to identify how to perform the specific schedule activity to be

performed & time period needed to complete those activity. The researcher must be aware of all

the task need to be carried out to achieve the objective. The amount of time each task will take to

complete should also be estimated clearly. The next step is to decide which work is most important

and set the priorities accordingly.

As management analysis is concern Gantt Chart & PERT chart are useful tool for any project. The

researcher is using two time management tool namely

A. Gantt chart

B. Pert chart

C. Timeline


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Gantt chart is a very useful tool while the project is going on to check whether the project is meting

it’s time limit which are the area which is to focused more on in order to complete project in

allotted time and necessary steps to achieve that.

The overall project is broken down in serval part with possible duration for every task.

The breakdown list of the plan for the project is are as follows:

1. Project commencement

Duration:

Task performed:

i. Idea generation for the approval to topic for the final year project.

ii. Preparation of draft proposal form.

iii. Submission of draft proposal form.

iv. Investigation related to the project to make a healthy project proposal form.

v. Finalization of project proposal form.

In the allotted period of time, the project idea was developed by the researcher after going

through various journal related to fault detection & classification which will provide the

pillar for the complication of the project. To make topic more justifiable various library

resource, book, E-book were used by the researcher.

2. Project planning

Duration:

Task performed

i. Feasibility study

ii. Planning of the research method to be adopted.

In this period of time, project planning was done by the researcher & the feasibility study

about the topic and the methodology to be used was performed. Planning for primary and

secondary research method which will be adopted was done in this period of time again for

this purpose various book, E-book, library resource was used by the researcher.

3. Requirement analysis & research

Duration:

Task performed

i. Preparation of questionnaire

ii. Question to be asked in interview.

iii. Literature review.

4. Project management

Duration: 7 days


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Task performed:

i. Cost estimation

ii. Time estimation

iii. Health & risk management.

This will take a week and the work done in this week are time estimation, cost estimation.

Figure 3: Project Management Flow chart

5. Project methodology

Duration: 7 days

Task performed:

i. Overview of block diagram

ii. Component analysis.

This week take a week to make block diagram and analysis component to be used in the project.


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6. Analysis

Duration: 6 days

Task performed

iii. Analysis of questionnaire conducted

iv. Analysis of interview conducted

This include analysis of primary research both interview and questionnaire

7. Midpoint submission

Duration: 9 days

Task performed

i. Documentation

More than a week was taken to complete mid-point submission

8. Implementation

Duration: 99 days

Task performed:

Software implementation

i. Code generation

ii. Simulation

Hardware implementation

i. Layout design

ii. Hardware integration

This section include hardware and software implementation.

9. Testing & evolution

Duration: 30 days

Task performed

i. Hardware testing

ii. Performance validation.

This section should be performed as it is the final testing.

10. Project editing

Duration: 19days

Task performed

i. Documentation

ii. Submission of final year project

This stage include final documentation for the final year report.

Gantt chart is included in appendix.


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2.2 PERT CHART

For the proposed project researcher has used pert chart to deal with time management for the

project.

ECT-The Earliest Completion Time (ECT) i.e. the minimum amount of time needed to complete

all the activities that precedes every event is mention in the upper part of the circle and the

Latest Completion Time (LCT) which is the latest time needed at which the event can occur

without delaying the overall project is mention in the

The critical path is the path of the tasks which cannot be delayed and project will not move forward

without completing these tasks. In the pert chart drawn below, black lined tasks which are from

task 1, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10. Task 8 is dependent upon task 9 and 3 and task 7 depends upon 6. It means

9 cannot be starting before task 8 is not completed.

Figure 4: Pert chart

2.3 TIMELINE

For the proposed project researcher has used a timeline to evaluate time properly and distribute

the work load matrix. Time line has been included in the appendix section at the end.

2.4 PROJECT RISK MANAGEMENT ISSUE

No proper planning

Proper planning is one of the key aspect for any project to succeed, if it is not done so it

might lead to risk of not meeting the project deadline or if the cost estimation is not done

properly it might lead to out project. So proper planning is one of the aspect where

researcher should focus primarily.

Almost all type of component available on simulation software


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It is not possible to test directly on hardware so researcher use a simulation tool to achieve

that without wasting money. But in many cases the component to be used in circuit is not

available in simulation software or simulation software provides many type of component.

So this can cause delay in project. If the researcher tries to design the circuit directly in

hardware there are certain chances that circuit might not work

lack of component in market

Sometime the component become unavailable in the as these component are used

frequently. This situation can be very risky resulting in delay of project falling to meet the

deadline. It is very much obvious that hardware implementation take much time

(maximum) out of all the work distribution of the project.

Relay or not working

Relay is the mastermind of the project as it carries the most important role in the device to

detect and classify fault. So researcher must take a note on this. Taking this is mind

researcher should select the proper relay meeting system requirement and should be first

then applied in system.


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CHAPTER 3: TECHNICAL LITERATURE REVIEW

A good literature review will help you justify researcher’s research and develop your thesis

position. The literature review deals with critical analysis of any published piece of knowledge

through study of the literature and comparison of those prior research findings to draw a conclusion

which supports the proposed research project.

Literature review has to be the essential part of any project so same apply for the project titled

‘G.S.M based three phase fault analysis with auto reset on transient fault or remain tripped

otherwise’ as this review provides a complete overview of the technical perspective of project that

is to be developed. With increase number of research journal’s power system transmission line

fault it clearly shows the increase in interest related to this topic as fault is one major thing which

is to be dealt with.

The literature review also gives an outlook of the technology to be used for the implementation of

the project.

3.1 PURPOSE OF LITERATURE REVIEW

Literature review helps in understanding the problem faced by the researcher to understand various

problem related to topic Review helps the researcher to frame the problem related to topic.

Some of the important purpose of literature review helped the researcher to get the final result are:

1. Literature review did provide a context for the research related to G.S.M based three phase

fault analysis with auto reset on transient fault or remain tripped otherwise

2. It helped establish a theoretical framework for related topic.

3. Help’s to define key terms, definitions and terminology

4. Helps to justify the research topic.

5. Enable the researcher to learn from previous theory related to the topic.

6. Helps to develop much needed fault analysis system for the power system.

3.2 NEED OF LITERATURE REVIEW

The proposed system is being developed to analysis various fault occurring in power system with

interfacing another technology GSM which will send the SOS message to operating personal. So


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the literature review of this project will clearly focus on various approach related to fault problem

and there limitation.

Some of them are mentioned below:

1. Various fault occurring in transmission line

2. Method used to detect fault

3. Method used to classify fault

4. Use of fault limiting device

5. Dose any running system has interfaced fault with GSM technology.

3.3 FAULT DETECTION & CLASSIFICATION: PREVIOUS STUDIES &

RESEARCH

1. Transmission line fault detection & classification this paper presents a technique to detect

and classify shunt fault which will be achieved with the help of programming tool called

“PSCADA” the method through which this is achieved is by discreet wavelet transform.

(Manohar Singh 2011)

DWT wavelet transform is applied for decomposition of transient fault because of its ability

to extract signal from transient signal simultaneously both from time & frequency domain.

After extracting the useful features from measured signal a decision of fault or no fault is

carried out using SVM classifier. (B.K. Panigiri, 2011)

2. Analysis of the unbalanced fault in three phase transmission line using Flux coupling type

SFCL” using symmetrical co-ordinate method in this paper researcher discusses the sizes

of fault currents limited by flux coupling type SFCL using the symmetrical coordinate

method in the case of unbalanced faults such as a single and double line-to ground faults

in the power system. An unbalanced current of three phase was indicated by three balanced

symmetrical components using the symmetrical coordinate method comparing the

component sizes.

Controls unbalanced fault by changing primary secondary coil turn, it can even reduce the

current value of symmetrical component. (Byung-Ik-jung, Hyo-Sang-choi, Doung- chul

chung 2012)


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3. Transmission line fault analysis using synchronized sampling in this research paper the

author discusses an automated analysis approach which can automatically characterized

fault and subsequently relay operation is performed this is achieved by changing the

instantaneous power on all three phase connected at two end of transmission line using

synchronized voltage & currnet sample. ( Mladen Kezunovic, 2014)

4. Fault analysis is transmission line using K-nearest neighbor algorithm in this paper

researcher discusses that that fault detection and classification is done in time domain using

K-nearest neighbor algorithm using PSCADA software this is achieved by for fault

detection a k-NN module is designed. Input to the k-NN module is fundamental component

of currents of three phases. Half cycle of post fault samples are given as input to train the

network. Output of the fault detection module is ‘0’ for no fault and ‘1’ for fault.( Anamika

Yadav, 2014)

5. Fault classification & location of power transmission line using artificial neural network in

this paper researcher discusses fault location strategy based on ANN and this method is not

dependent on fault inception angle and the process of ANN is achieved by

MATLAB/Neural network tool box. ( M. Tarafdar, K. Razi, 2007)

6. Improved fault location algorithm for multiple fault location in compressed transmission

line in this paper researcher proposes a method which is combined discrete WT & A-NN

based fault location algorithm in this method unlike other fault location scheme this method

does not require fault classification i.e. fault type and faulty phase information. The main

significant contribution is it not only pin point the location of shunt fault occurring at

single location but also find the location of multi-location and transforming fault that to

using single terminal data (Anamika Yadav, 2015)

7. Advance distance protection scheme for long transmission line in electrical power system

using multiple classifier ANFIS network in this paper researcher discusses the advance

application of artificial intelligence approach which is achieved through ANFIS classifier.

This ANFIS classifier has

8. Improved fault location algorithm for multi-location fault , transforming fault & shunt fault

in Thyristor controlled series capacitor compensated transmission line” discusses

“combining two method discreet WT & ANN fault method reduces the fault classification(


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fault type & faulty phase(s) information for fault location estimation most important

significance is that it not only locate shunt fault but also find location of multi-location

fault & transforming fault that too using single terminal data.” (Yadav,

Swerpadama,2015)”

9. Recent techniques used in transmission line protection: a review “discusses “The ANN,

fuzzy logic, genetic algorithm, SVM and wavelet based techniques have been quite

successful but are not adequate for the present time varying network configurations, power

system operating conditions and events. Therefore, it seems that there is a significant scope

of research in AI techniques which can simplify the complex nonlinear systems, realize the

cost effective hardware with proper modification in the learning methodology and

preprocessing of input data and which are computationally much simpler. Also

development of reliable software and communication system will pave the way”

(Singh,Tripathi,Vekataramana,2013)”

10. A Combined Wavelet-ANN based fault classifier has been investigated for electrical

distribution systems “discusses some fault condition wore taken to identify by this the

proposed approach. It is shown that the technique correctly recognizes and discriminates

the fault type and faulted phases with a high degree of accuracy. (0. Dag & Ucak, 2003) “

11. Multiple failure analysis for complex electrical power system in this paper researcher

combines the two method to form a new algorithm they are

Virtual node method

The compensation method

And its benefits are when compared to traditional algorithm new algorithm has a complete

fault calculation system but has lower reliability than tradition method. The proposed

algorithm is to read the network model and fault condition after this is done analyze the

status quo of the fault to choose an appropriate algorithm once this is done get the

admittance matrix for n port three sequence impedance matrix with this done n port matrix

can be formed with the help of formula and later at later stage impedance matrix for virtual

note can be can be calculated. (Xiao hen Liu, 2012)

Below is the flow chart of the proposed method


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Figure 5: flow chart of fault detection method

3.4 FAULT DETECTION TECHNIQUE

Fault detection technique is one of the main objective of power system to run continuously. Quick

fault detection can help to protect equipment by allowing the disconnection of faulted lines before

any major damage is done. Accurate fault location can help utility personnel remove persistent

faults and locate areas where faults regularly occur. Various fault detection and location schemes

have been developed in the past, a variety of algorithms continue to be developed to perform this

task more accurately and more effectively.

Figure 6: Various method for detecting fault


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Most analysis methods depends on the values of either current or voltage phasor measured by

means of current or voltage transformers at substations or switching stations. To collect this

information, at least three transformers are typically required at each end of the sub transmission

or transmission line. These transformers are expensive, especially when the system involves high

voltage lines. Some algorithms mainly fault impedance-based algorithms require both current and

voltage information.

Some fault detection technique:

Sr.

No.

Method Type Function requirement

1. Impedance method One terminal

Two terminal

Impedance of transmission is used in this

method

2. Travelling wave One terminal

Two terminal

One-terminal depends upon timing between

reflection of voltage/current

while

Two terminal depends upon time delay at the

end of transmission line

3. Magnetic field In this two sensing coils at each end of the

transmission line. One detect the vertical

magnetic field intensity and the other detects

horizontal field intensity

Table 3.1: some fault detection technique

3.4.1 IMPEDANCE-BASED METHODS

No table of figures entries found.Traditional impedance-based fault location methods use the

voltages and currents at one or both ends of a transmission line to determine where a fault has

occurred. The impedance of the transmission line per unit length is usually required in these

calculations. One of the major problems with basic one-terminal impedance-based fault location

methods – those that only use measurements from one end of the transmission line is that the fault


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impedance must be near-zero for the result to be accurate, since the fault impedance affects the

impedance seen at the end of the transmission line. This problem has been mitigated in several

different ways. One of the best-known of these ways is the Takagi method. This changes the

calculation to include the difference between the current measured before the fault and the current

measured after the fault (which is the fault current). This eliminates the fault impedance from the

analysis, thus removing this significant source of error. However, the angle of the fault current and

the angle of the current during the fault at the relay terminals are assumed to be equal; if this is not

true, there may be errors in the fault location.

Two-terminal impedance-based fault location methods, or those that use measurements from both

ends of the transmission line, can also significantly improve the accuracy of the fault location

estimate. Two-terminal methods require communication between the locators at both ends of the

transmission line to transfer information about the currents, voltages, and source impedances in

order to perform the fault location.

3.4.2. TRAVELING WAVE-BASED METHODS

Traveling wave-based fault location methods, like impedance-based methods, can be divided into

one-terminal and two-terminal methods. With traveling wave analysis, however, the entire method

of location rather than simply the equations change between the one- and two-terminal methods.

One-terminal methods rely on the timing between reflections of voltage or current at impedance

discontinuities – in this case, the fault – to find the distance between the sensor and the fault while

two-terminal methods work based on the time delay between arrivals of information at the ends of

the transmission line.

3.4.3 DETECTION AND LOCATION USING MAGNETIC FIELD SENSORS

Due to the simple relationship between current and magnetic field intensity, it is understandable

that magnetic field sensors have previously been used in fault detection and location schemes.

These schemes often use magnetic field sensors in place of current transformers since magnetic

field sensors can be installed independently from a substation or switching station with a minimum

amount of additional equipment

One possible use of this relationship is simply replacing each current transformer with a Hall Effect

transducer. This transducer would typically need to be within the electrical arcing distance of the


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conductors to produce enough voltage for analysis and would thus require insulation. To remove

this need for insulation, the transducer can be located between two tapered pieces of ferromagnetic

material in order to concentrate the magnetic field into the transducer; as a result, the transducer

does not need to be located within the arcing distance of the conductors. The measured magnetic

field result can then be used similarly to a current measurement for fault detection and location.

Figure 7: fault detection using magnetic field sensor

3.5 FAULT CLASSIFICATION TECHNIQUE

Fault classification plays an important role in any fault analysis tool. For a reliable protection of

transmission line fault classification has to be taken seriously. There are different issue of fault

classification. Fault type like line-to-ground or line to line fault is one aspect & other is fault

direction estimation. Importantly the classification of fault area in a series compensated line is

another challenging task. Different neural network, fuzzy based, synchronized sampling are

generally used to classify fault.

Fault occur in different places of transmission line. All data are collected from sending end of the

system.


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Below shown figure is the simple flow chart use for classification technique of fault in transmission

line.

Figure 8: fault classification algorithm

3.6 CONCLUSION OF LITERATURE REVIEW

As concluded from the above researches done by various researchers, fault detection & fault

classification is the need of the hour. The similar projects discussed in the review, one fulfils the


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feature of fault detection and other project is meant for fault classification purpose. Thus the

researcher concluded that automation power system is the need to of the hour by reviewing the

'fault cases round the world. The fault detection and classification both the factors seem to be very

important in power system. The research proves that 65% of fault in power system occur in

transmission line thus proving the researcher’s hypothesis true. So the researcher has decided to a

fault detection tool which can detect and classify fault with emphasis on cost efficiency and

affordability in the proposed project with some further enhancements if possible.


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CHAPTER 4: FAULT IN TRANSMISSION LINE

83% fault in power system is in transmission line so in order to safeguard power system & make

it reliable it is essential to analysis the type of fault & resolve the problem quickly & continue the

power supply. To safeguard power system it is essential to have good knowledge of fault in

transmission line.

4.1 INTRODUCTION TO 3-PHASE FAULT

Transmission line Fault can be of two type

1. Shunt fault

2. Series fault

Shunt Fault are of 4 type namely

I. Line to Line Fault. (L-L)

II. Line to Ground (L-G)

III. Line to line to Ground (L-L-G)

IV. 3-Phase

Series or Open Conductor Fault are of two type namely

I. 1 conductor open

II. 2 conductor open

Note

L-L, L-G,L-L-G are unsymmetrical type of fault & 3-Phase fault,1 Conductor open, 2 conductor

open are symmetrical type of fault

Symmetrical fault

In this type of fault all fault all three phase are simultaneously short circuited hence the network

remain balanced.

Unsymmetrical fault

The fault in power system which gives rise to unsymmetrical current (i.e. unequal fault current in

line with unequal phasor displacement) is known as Unsymmetrical fault.


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4.2 REPRESENTATION OF DIFFERENT TYPE OF FAULT

Line to line fault

In this type of fault two phases are short circuited

Boundary condition: Ifa =0

Figure 9: L-L Fault representation

The boundary condition are Ia0=0 , Ia1+Ia2=0 & Va1=Va2 indicates a sequence network where the

positive & negative sequence are in parallel & the zero sequence is open circuited as shown in

figure below

Figure 10: Sequence network of line to line fault

Line to Ground fault

In this type of fault 1 phase gets in contact with the ground so potential then becomes infinite

Boundary condition: Ifb=Ifc=0


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Below figure shows sequenc netork which show that the three netwok must be connectd in series

Figure 12: Sequence network of line to ground fault

Line to line to ground

It is assumed that the fault has occurred at node k of the network. In this the phase’s b and c got

shorted through the impedance Zf to the ground.

Boundary condition: 3Ifa=Ifb+If

Figure 13: L-L-G fault representation

Under the fault condition Ia =Vb=Vc=0

Figure 11: L-G fault representation


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Ia0+Ia1+Ia2+=0

These condition are taken together& can correspond to all three sequence network connected in

parallel

Figure 14: Sequence Network of L-L-G fault

3-Phase fault

Figure 4: Phase fault representation

4.3 SYMMETRICAL COMPONENT & SIGNIFICANCE OF NEGATIVE,

POSITIVE SEQUENCE & ZERO SEQUENCE CURRENT

Power systems are always analyzed using per-phase representation because of its simplicity.

Balanced three-phase power systems are solved by changing all delta connections to equivalent

wye connections and solving one phase at a time. The remaining two phases differ from the first

by 120°. To analyze an unbalanced system, the system is transformed into its symmetrical

components for per-phase analysis. Charles Legeyt Fortescue developed a theory which suggests

that an unbalanced system can be well defined using the symmetrical components. These three

symmetrical components are positive sequence, negative sequence and zero sequence. They are


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represented by “+”, “-”, and “0” or “1”, “2”, and “0” for positive, negative and zero sequence

respectively.

Figure 15: unbalanced network

A system of three unbalanced phasors can be resolved in the following three symmetrical

components.

1. Positive sequence component: (VA+,VB

+,VC+)

Three phasors

Equal in magnitude

Displaced by 120o in phase

Having the same sequence as the original phasors (abc)

Figure 16: Positive sequence representation

2. Negative sequence component: (VA-,VB_,VC

-)

Three phasors

Equal in magnitude


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Displaced by 120o in phase

Having the opposite sequence as the original phasors (acb)

3. Zero sequence component: (VA0,VB

0,VC0)

Equal in magnitude

Three phasors

Having the same phase shift ( in phase)

Figure 18: Zero sequence representation

4.4 USE OF SYMMETRICAL COMPONENT METHOD IN FAULT

ANALYSIS

Faulted power systems do not have three phase symmetry, so it cannot be solved by per phase

analysis. To find fault currents and fault voltages, it is first transformed into their symmetrical

components. This can be done by replacing three phase fault current by the sum of a three phase

zero sequence source, a three phase positive sequence source and a three phase negative sequence

source. Each circuit is solved by per phase analysis called a sequence networks.

Figure 17: Negative

sequence representation


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CHAPTER 5: MATHEMATICAL MODELING

5.1 THE A OPERATOR

As the symmetrical component theory involves the concept of 120 displacement in the positive

sequence set & negative sequence set, therefore, it is desirable to involve some operator which

could cause 120 rotation. For the purpose, operator ‘a’ (symbols h or are sometime used

instead of ‘a’) is used. It defines as under:

The operator ‘a’ is one, which when multiplied to a vector rotates the vector through antilock

direction at 120.

Property of operator A

1+a2+a2=0

a –a2=j3

5.2 THE J OPERATOR

In polar form, j =1∠90 . Multiplying by j has the effect of rotating a phasor 90 without

affecting the magnitude

Property Of operator J

1 = 0.1 + j 0.0

j =1∠90

j2=1180 = -1

j3=1270=-j

-j=1-90

J=1

5.3 FAULT CALCULATION IN THREE PHASE SYSTEM

To calculate symmetrical & unsymmetrical fault firstly we need to calculate positive sequence

component. The fault current of sequence have been determined by using the reactance (Z1, Z2,

Z0) have been calculated. The current & voltage value of other phase could be calculated via

these component.

5.3.1 THREE- PHASE FAULT

Ia1=𝐸𝑎

𝑧𝑖

Ia0=0


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Ia2=0

Where Ea & Zi are phase voltage & positive sequence reactance.

5.3.2 SINGLE PHASE TO GROUND FAULT

Ia1=𝐸𝑎

𝑍0+𝑍1+𝑍2

Ia0= Ia2= Ia1

Where Z0 & Z2 are zero & negative sequence reactance.

5.3.3 LINE –TO –LINE FAULT

Ia1=𝐸𝑎

𝑍1+𝑍2

Ia0= -Ia1

Ia2=0

Where Z0 & Z2 are zero & negative sequence reactance.

5.3.4 LINE- TO-LINE –GROUND FAULT

Ia1=𝐸𝑎

𝑍1+𝑧0𝑧2

𝑧0+𝑧2

Ia0= -- 𝑍0

𝑍0+𝑍2 Ia1

Ia2= − 𝑍0

𝑍0 +𝑍2Ia1

The current have been calculated using positive negative & zero component of phase –a for each

fault using equation

(

𝑉𝑎0

(𝑉𝑎1)𝑉𝑎2

) = (0

𝐸𝑎0

) −𝑍0 0 00 𝑍1

0 0 𝑍2

(𝐼𝑎0

𝐼𝑎1

𝐼𝑎2

)

Additionally, the symmetrical component of phase a has calculated by using

X1(T) =((1

𝑋"𝑑−

1

𝑋𝑑) 𝑒 + (

1

𝑋′𝑑−

1

𝑋𝑑) 𝑒 + (

1

𝑋"𝑑))

Other phase voltage has been determined via the voltage of phase a. the positive sequence

reactance must be calculated using for time variation of signal


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Where Xd” Xd’, Xd direct axis sub transient, transient, & synchronous reactance Td”, Td’ direct

axis fault sub transient & transient time constant. Ea, E: complex RMS value of phase –a voltage

of synchronous machine terminal before fault occurrence.

Below table could be used for calculating & drawing the fault current & voltage. The signal

must be drawn by taking into account the real part of current equation. After finding the

symmetrical component of a phase current, the value of current & voltage can be calculated.

Table 2: Symmetrical – component circuit constant & fault current

Ta=𝐿0

𝑅

X2=ⱷL2

X0= ⱷL0

Ea=2Ec

Where Ta is armature time constant

L(0)= initial inductance at t,0,Ra & R0 are armature resistance & zero phase sequence

resistance.L1(t), L2 & L0 are positive negative & zero phase sequence respectively .

5.4 THE PER UNIT SYSTEM

In many engineering situations it is useful to scale, or normalize, dimensioned quantities. This is

commonly done in power system analysis. The standard method used is referred to as the per-

unit system. Historically, this was done to simplify numerical calculations that were made by

hand. Although this advantage is eliminated by the calculator, other advantages remain.

Device parameters tend to fall into a relatively narrow range, making erroneous values

conspicuous.

Using this method all quantities are expressed as ratios of some base value or values.

The per-unit equivalent impedance of any transformer is the same when referred to either

the primary or the secondary side.

The per-unit impedance of a transformer in a three-phase system is the same regardless of

the type of winding connections (wye-delta, delta-wye, wye-wye, or delta-delta)


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The per-unit method is independent of voltage changes and phase shifts through

transformers where the base voltages in the winding are proportional to the number of turns

in the windings.

Manufactures usually specify the impedance of equipment in per-unit or percent on the

base of its nameplate rating of power (usually kVA) and voltage (V or kV)

The per-unit system is simply a scaling method. The basic per-unit scaling equation is

Per –Unit = Actual_Vaule

𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒_𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒

The base value always has the same units as the actual value, forcing the per-unit value to be

dimensionless. The base value is always a real number, whereas the actual value may be complex.

The subscript pu will indicate a per-unit value. The subscript base will indicate a base value, and

no subscript will indicate an actual value such as Amperes, Ohms, or Volts. Per-unit quantities are

similar to percent quantities. The ratio in percent is 100 times the ratio in per-unit. For example, a

voltage of 70kV on a base of 100kV would be 70% of the base voltage. This is equal to 100 times

the per unit value of 0.7 derived above.


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CHAPTER: 6 MATLAB SIMULATION & BLOCK

EXPLANATION

The name MATLAB stands for Matrix Laboratory. MATLAB was written originally to provide

easy access to matrix software developed by the (Linear system package & Eigen system package

projects).

MATLAB is a high performance language for technical computing.it integrates computation,

visualization & programing environment where problem & solution are expressed in familiar

mathematical notation. MATLAB has many advantage to conventional computer language

example (C, FORTRAN) for solving technical problem.

6.1 KEY FEATURES OF MATLAB

High level language for technical computing.

Development environment for managing code, files & data.

Interactive tools for iterative exploration, design & problem solving.

2D & 3D graphic function for visualization data.

Tools for building custom graphical & user interface.

6.2 THE ROLE OF SIMULATION IN DESIGN

Electrical power system are combination of electrical circuit & electromechanical device like

motor & generator. Engineers working in the discipline are constantly improving


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Figure 19: Flow chart of fault analysis using Matlab

6.3 MATLAB SIMULATION

Figure 20: Matlab simulation of developed interface

6.4 DESCRIPTION OF BLOCK

Simplified Synchronous Machine


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Figure 21: Simplified Synchronous Machine

The Simplified Synchronous Machine block models both the electrical and mechanical

characteristics of a simple synchronous machine.

The electrical system for each phase consists of a voltage source in series with an RL impedance,

which implements the internal impedance of the machine. The value of R can be zero but the value

of L must be positive.

Three-Phase Series RLC Load

Implementing a three-phase series RLC load with selectable connection.

Figure 22: Three-Phase Series RLC Load

The Three-Phase Series RLC Load block implements a three-phase balanced load as a series

combination of RLC elements. At the specified frequency, the load exhibits a constant impedance.

The active and reactive powers absorbed by the load are proportional to the square of the applied

voltage.

Three-Phase transformer (Two-Winding)

Implementing a Three-Phase transformer with configurable winding connection.


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Figure 23: three phase transformer two winding

Three-Phase transformer (Two-Winding) block implements a three phase transformer using three

single phase transformer. We can simulate the saturable core or not simplify by setting the

appropriate check box in the parameter of the block.

Three Phase Breaker

Implementing a three-phase circuit breaker opening at the current zero crossing.

Three-Phase Breaker block implements a three-phase circuit breaker where the opening and

closing times can be controlled either from an external Simulink signal (external control mode),

or from an internal control timer (internal control mode). The Three-Phase Breaker block uses

three Breaker blocks connected between the inputs and the outputs of the block

Figure 24: Three phase breaker

This block can be used in series with the three-phase element that one wants to switch. If the Three-

Phase Breaker block is set in external control mode, a control input appears in the block icon. The

control signal connected to this input must be either 0or 1, 0 to open the breakers, 1 to close them.


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If the Three-Phase Breaker block is set in internal control mode, the switching times are specified

in the dialog box of the block. The three individual breakers are controlled with the same signal.

Distributed Parameter Line

Implementing an N-phase distributed parameter transmission line model with lumped losses

Figure 25: Distributed parameter line

The Distributed Parameter Line block implements an N-phase distributed parameter line model

with lumped losses. The model is based on the Bergeron's traveling wave method used by the

Electromagnetic Transient Program (EMTP). In this model, the loss less distributed LC line is

characterized by two values (for a single-phase line): the surge impedance

Zc= (L/C) and the phase velocity v= 1/√ (LC)

. The model uses the fact that the quantity e+Zi (where e is line voltage and i is line current)

entering one end of the line must arrive unchanged at the other end after a transport delay of τ=

d/v, where dis the line length.

Three-Phase V-I Measurement

Measures three-phase currents and voltages in a circuit


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Figure 26: Three phase V-I measurement

The Three-Phase V-I Measurement block is used to measure three-phase voltages and currents in

a circuit. When connected in series with three-phase elements, it returns the three phase-to-ground

or phase-to- Phase voltage & the three line current. The block can output the voltage & current in

per unit value or in volt & ampere.

Three-Phase sequence analyzer

Measures the positive negative & zero sequence component of the three phase signal

Figure 27: Three phase sequence analyzer

The three phase sequence analyzer Output the magnitude and phase of the positive (denoted by

index 1), negative (index 2) & zero (index zero) sequence component of a set of three balanced or

unbalanced signals. The signal can contain harmonics or not.

Scope

Displays signal generated during simulation

Figure 28: scope

The scope block displays its input with respect to simulation time. The scope block can have

multiple axes. All axes have one common time range with independent y axis. If the scope signal


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is discreet the scope produces a stair- step-plot. The scope prove toolbar button which enables to

zoom on its display data display all the data input to the Scope, preserve axis settings from one

simulation to the next, limit data displayed, and save data to the workspace.

Three-Phase Fault

Implementing a programmable phase-to-phase and phase-to-ground fault breaker system

Figure 29: Three phase fault

The Three-Phase Fault block implements a three-phase circuit breaker where the opening and

closing times can be controlled either from an external Simulink signal (external control mode),

or from an internal control timer (internal control mode). The Three-Phase Fault block uses three

Breaker blocks that can be individually switched on and off to program phase-to-phase faults,

phase-to-ground faults, or a combination of phase-to-phase and ground faults.


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6.5 MATLAB SIMULATION RESULT

Following are the graph obtained from scope of different type of fault

6.5.1THREE PHASE TO GROUND FAULT

Figure 30: Three phase fault Matlab Waveform

6.5.2 LINE –LINE –GROUND FAULT

Figure 31: Line –Line –ground fault Matlab Waveform from scope


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6.5.3 L-G FAULT

Figure 32: L-G fault Matlab Waveform

6.6 CONCLUSION

A MATLAB/GUI based education tool has been developed to calculate the short-circuit faults in

transmission systems by using symmetrical components method. This software provides a user-

friendly interface to help the student to understand the symmetrical components and fault

calculations. After the entering of the system parameters, the student chooses one of the four fault

options. By choosing the fault type, all the calculations of fault currents and voltages have been

performed

After the MATLAB simulation for faults, it was observed that the voltage and current waveforms

were transient in nature in the initial period after the occurrence of faults. During the initial part of

short circuit, the short circuit current was limited by sub transient reactance of synchronous

machine and impedance of transmission line between the machine and point of fault. After that, it

was limited by transient reactance of synchronous machine and impedance of line. Finally, the

short circuit current settled down to steady state short circuit value limited by synchronous

reactance of the machine and line impedance. The negative and zero sequence components were

present initially only and they disappeared after the circuit breaker cleared the fault


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CHAPTER 7: SYSTEM DESIGN

Design phase starts from making a block diagram of the proposed fault analysis in three phase

transmission line with auto reset on transient fault or remain tripped otherwise. The circuitry

designing and the explanation of components to be used is done in the design phase of the project

7.1 SIMPLIFIED BLOCK DIAGRAM OF THE CIRCUIT & EXPLANATION

Figure 33: Block diagram of Circuit

7.2 EXPLANATION

The project is designed to check fault that occur mainly in transmission line. A 3-phase supply

with frequency 50Hz is fed through voltage drop arrangement stabilized be Zener diode to a logic


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circuit comprising NAND & OR gate to detect the proper sequence of RYB by series of pulse

fixed duration.

Suppose if the sequence is changed from YB to YRB the combination of NAND & or gate creates

an output with a missing pulse during the fixed time duration. This pulse is used in triggering a

monostable 555 timer. Thus, while the sequence is not there the triggering to the timer is missed

which is indicated by an LED driven from the output of the 555 timer. DC requirement of the

circuit is powered from a step down transformer along with a bridge rectifier and filter capacitor.

The project uses 6numbers step-down transformers for handling the entire circuit under low

voltage conditions of 12v only to test the 3 phase fault analysis. The primaries of 3 transformers

are connected to a 3 phase supply in star configuration, while the secondary of the same is also

connected in star configuration. The other set of 3 transformers with its primary connected in star

to 3 phase have their secondary’s connected in delta configuration.

The outputs of all the 6 transformers are rectified and filtered individually and are given to 6 relay

coils. 6 push buttons, one each connected across the relay coil is meant to create a fault condition

either at star i.e. LL Fault or 3L Fault. The NC contacts of all the relays are made parallel while

all the common points are grounded. The parallel connected point of NC are given to pin2 through

a resistor R5 to a 555 timer i.e. wired in monostable mode. The output of the same timer is

connected to the reset pin 4 of another 555 timer wired in astable mode. LED’S are connected at

their output to indicate their status.

The output of the U3 555 timer from pin3 is given to an Op-amp LM358 through wire 11 and d12

to the non-inverting input pin3, while the inverting input is kept at a fixed voltage by a potential

divider RV2. The voltage at pin2 coming from the potential divider is so held that it is higher than

the pin3 of the Op-amp used as a comparator so that pin1 develops zero logic that fails to operate

the relay through the driver transistor

This relay Q1 is ‘3CO’ relay i.e. is meant for disconnecting the load to indicate fault conditions.

7.3 LIST OF COMPONENT

Following are the list of component used in making the fault detection device:


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Transformers

Op-amps

Switches

Resistors

Diodes

Capacitors

LEDs

Relays

i. Transformer:

In simple line transformer can be defined as an apparatus for reducing or increasing the

voltage of an alternating current.

In the proposed system transformer is connected in two different type of connection with

three phase supply for obvious reason:

a) Three transformer connected in star connection- three transformer are

connected in star connection because fault may occur at any point to take care of

fault which may occur at any point over 120km three transformer are connected in

star connection.

Star connection is preferred in long transmission line network i.e. Over 120 KM.

because it is having a neutral point, during balanced condition there will be no

current flowing through the neutral line and hence there is no use of the neutral

terminal. But when there will be unbalanced current flowing in the three phase

circuit, neutral is having a vital role. It will take the unbalanced current through to

the ground and protect the transformer.

Figure 34: Transformer connection to three phase source in star connection


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b) Three transformer in delta connection: three transformer are connected in delta

connection because fault may occur at any point as mentioned above which could

be in region less than 60km to take care of that fault which may occur three

transformer are connected in delta connection.

Normally delta connection is preferred for short distance due to the problem of

unbalanced current in the circuit. The figure is shown below for delta connection.

In the load station, ground can be used as neutral path if required.

Figure 35: Transformer connection to three phase source in wye connection

.

ii. Op-Amp:

use of Op-Amp is to perform the following task

I. Signal conditioning

II. Signal filtering

III. Perform mathematical operation (+, -, ∫, dy/dx).

Op-Amp is fundamentally a voltage amplifying device.it will do the same in the above

proposed circuit.

Figure 36: Op-Amp


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Switches: Switches

A set of switches will be used in the system to create the LL, LG and 3L fault in low voltage

side, for activating the tripping mechanism. Short duration fault returns the supply to the load

immediately called as temporary trip while long duration shall result in permanent trip

Figure 37: Switch

A switch is a component which controls the open-ness or closed-ness of an electric circuit.

They allow control over current flow in a circuit (without having to actually get in there and

manually cut or splice the wires). Switches are critical components in any circuit which

requires user interaction or control.

iii. Resistor:

A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements electrical

resistance as a circuit element. Resistor will be used in proposed system so that it can

reduce current flow &, at the same time, act to lower voltage levels within circuits

Figure 38: Resistor

iv. Capacitor:

Capacitor is an electronic component that stores electric charge. The capacitor is made of 2

close conductors (usually plates) that are separated by a dielectric material. The plates

accumulate electric charge when connected to power source


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Figure 39: Capacitor

v. LED’S:

LED will be used to show the fault which will occur in system such as line to line fault or

line to ground fault, etc.

A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor device that emits visible light when an

electric current passes through it. An LED or IRED consists of two elements of processed

material called P-type semiconductors and N-type semiconductors. These two elements are

placed in direct contact, forming a region called the P-N junction.

Figure 40: LED

vi. Relay:

A relay is electrical switch whose use in the proposed system is to isolate the faulted section

instantaneously & should cover protected circuit & fault resistance with some margin to

take care of error in measurement.

Figure 41: Relay

Some type of fault & operation are mentioned below in the box.


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S. No. Type of fault Operation of relay

1 Phase to ground fault (earth fault) Earth fault relay

2 Phase to phase fault Related phase overcurrent

relay.

3 Double phase to ground fault Related phase overcurrent

& earth fault relay

Table 3: some fault operation

vii. Diode

In the proposed system use of diode is allowing an electric current to pass in one direction

(called the diode's forward direction), while blocking current in the opposite direction (the

reverse direction) condition which will be used to block fault condition. It will help the fault

current to go get grounded preventing transformer from getting damaged.

A diode is a specialized electronic component with two electrodes called the anode and the

cathode. Most diodes are made with semiconductor materials such as silicon, germanium, or

selenium.

Figure 42: Diode

viii. Three phase supply- Three-phase electric power is a common method of alternating-

current electric power generation, transmission, and distribution across worldwide so the

researcher has tried to propose system which work for three phase simple reason behind it

single phase cannot handle heavy load while three phase can.


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Figure 43: Three Phase supply

ix. G.S.M modem

A GSM modem is a specialized type of modem which accepts a SIM card, and operates

over a subscription to a mobile operator, just like a mobile phone. From the mobile operator

perspective, a GSM modem looks just like a mobile phone.

When a GSM modem is connected to a computer, this allows the computer to use the GSM

modem to communicate over the mobile network. While these GSM modems are most

frequently used to provide mobile internet connectivity, many of them can also be used for

sending and receiving SMS and MMS messages.

Figure 44: Working of GSM Modem

7.4 POWER SUPPLY SYSTEM DESIGN

It is seen that the supply from the ac power socket cannot be supplied directly to the circuit as it

may damage the electronic components of the system which operated at very low voltage. So there

is a necessity to design a power system that can convert the ac supply coming from the supply

socket. For this purpose, there exists an ideal power supply design and following that ideal power


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supply system, the prototype power supply system is used for this project that can fulfill the power

supply requirements of the system.

7.4.1 IDEAL POWER SUPPLY SYSTEM DESIGN

Ideally the power supply coming from the socket is firstly stepped down using step down

transformer. Then it is rectified as there is a need of ac to dc conversion as most of these electronics

devices operate at dc voltage. This is done by using rectifier circuit. After ac to dc conversion there

are some ripples remaining in the voltage signal so to suppress these ripples and to obtain ripple

free voltage, filters are used is used. As there is a requirement to design a regulated power supply

so a voltage regulator is used to regulate the voltage. Thus the ideal power supply system should

contain all these blocks.

Rectifier

Tranformer

Filter

Voltage Regulator

Power supply

socket

Given to the

circuitKey:

Wired

Figure 45: Ideal block diagram of power supply


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7.4.2 PROTOTYPE POWER SUPPLY SYSTEM DESIGN

The system is firstly given the power of 220V ac supply from the power socket. This supply is

then stepped down using a step down transformer and connected to a bridge rectifier which

converts the power supply from ac to dc and gives the 12 V. This 12 V supply is further transferred

to a voltage regulator to reduce the voltage level to 5V approximately. Now this power 5V will be

provided to all the components of the circuitry which includes sensors, microcontroller, LCD

display, ignition system etc. as all these components work at 5V.

Power supply

socket

Given to the

circuit

Bridge RectifierStep down

transformer

Voltage

regulator

Filters

Electrolytic

Capacitors are

used in this case

Key:

Wired

Figure 46: PROTOTYPE POWER SUPPLY SYSTEM DESIGN

7.5 FAULT DETECTION & CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM

Figure 47: Transmission line


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When system encounter fault (i.e. when push button is pressed to create a fault condition)

automatic tripping mechanism start but to have a detection system work system need to clarify

which nature of fault it is weather

Transient in nature or

Permanent fault.

This is the main part which is done by the following component

Push Button

Relay

Resistor

Capacitor

Resistor

Op- Amp

If the push button is released after pressing for a while (i.e. it is released immediately) the U1 pin

of relay connected in monostable mode the output disables the U3 pin the output U3 the astable

timer the output of which charges capacitor C13 through R11 such that the output of the

comparator goes high that drives the relay to switch off three phase load. Below shown figure

show the systematic connection how the system works

Figure 48: Step by step component used


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The output of Op-amp remains high indefinitely through a positive feedback provided for its pin1

to pin3 through a forward biased diode and a resistor in series. This results in the relay permanently

switched on to disconnect the load connected at its NC contacts permanently off. In order to

maintain the flow of DC supply the star connected secondary set DC’S are paralleled through D8,

D9 & D10 for uninterrupted supply to the circuit voltage of 12v DC and 5v DC derived out of

voltage regulator IC 7805


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CHAPTER 8: SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION

After the completion of design phase in chapter 6, it is important to implement the system on

software and hardware. The following section will include the discussion about the software used

to implement the system, input devices used, relay unit, and led are output devices used in the

circuit. It will include the implementation of different prototype design systems on software and

hardware both.

8.1 SOFTWARE TO BE USED FOR SOFTWARE SIMULATION

The researcher is familiar with Multisim and Proteus software for simulation purpose.

Multisim includes all necessary tools to take a design from the beginning stage to the finishing of

the project. It is simple software in which you just need to place the components by selecting them

and dragging it to appropriate places and simulation can be seen by pressing RUN button. This

software has a database of most commonly used components (more than 16,000 components) but

still some useful components which will be used in this Accident Prevention Project are missing.

So the developer has decided to use Proteus for simulation of the project due to its following

advanced features.

Justification of using Proteus in the project

•Proteus has the feature to combine various components and 555 timer IC which will facilitate the

simulation of the complete automatic tripping mechanism load design.

•It provides the facility to interact with the design using LED, switches and this simulation takes

place approximately with the real time parameter. So it will help to evaluate the design and its

parameters before actual hardware implementation.

Technical manual explaining the usage of software as well as hardware is attached in appendix.

Below is Proteus simulation


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8.2 PROTEUS SIMULATION

Figure 49: Proteus Simulation


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8.3 WAVEFORM OF LINEAR NON LINEAR LOAD & RELAY

8.3.1INPUT VOLTAGE OF LINEAR & NON- LINEAR LOAD

Figure 50: Wave Form of Linear Load

Figure 51: Waveform of Non Linear Load


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8.3.2 OUTPUT VOLTAGE OF RELAY

Figure 52:5.Output voltage of the 12v dc supply

Figure 53:6.Output voltage of the 12v dc


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8.4 COMPONENT ASSEMBLY

Power supply

Power supply to the hardware is given through three phase ac source (R, Y, and B). The

input 220V is step down with the help of 12V step down transformer. Below shown figure

shows the initial connection of hardware from three phase supply

Figure 54: Power supply from three phase source

Input Supply

The input supply to hardware is given after stepping down the voltage to 12V its voltmeter

reading is noted

Figure 55: Input Supply


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Assembly For single phase

Laying component in PCB firstly one single three phase source is used which is fed by three

transformer each transformer has (R, Y, B phase source respectively) which is then rectified

individually & & fed push button which is connected to 12v relay

Figure 56: Assembly for single phase

Assembly for all six transformer

Similarly, above step is repeated to six transformer source which has the same connection as shown

in the above figure These 3 transformers are connected in star connection of both primary as well

as secondary side of transformer. The output of that 3 transformer is given to the 3 relay coils with

rectified and filtered individually. The 3 push buttons are used to create a fault condition and they

are connected across the each relay coils. These 3 push buttons are created a single L-G fault and

LL-G fault simultaneously. The NC contact is connected in parallel and all the common points are

connected to ground. Below is the shown figure:


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Figure 57: Assembly for six transformer

Connection of 555 timer with relay

After completing the transformer connection & voltage rectification switches & relay are

connected. Relay nc contact is left open & whose output is fed to 555 timer. The parallel connected

NC output is given to the pin 2 through a resister R5 to a timer IC 555 i.e. wired in mono stable

mode. The output of that timer is given to the reset pin 4 of another timer 555 wired it is having in

actable mode. The input of op-amp LM 358 is taken from pin 3 and which is the output of U3

timer 555 through wire 11 and d12 to the non-inverting input pin 3, the inverting input is kept at a

fixed voltage by a potential divider. Below is the shown figure


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Figure 58: Connection of 555 timer & Lm358

Connection of Op-amp & transistor with 555 timer & relay

Below shown figure shows the connection of Op-amp which is fed by pin 7 of 555 timer IC.

The output of Op-amp remains high indefinitely through a positive feedback provided for its pin1

to pin3 through a forward biased diode and a resistor in series. This results in the relay permanently

switched on to disconnect the load connected at its NC contacts permanently off. In order to

maintain the flow of DC supply the star connected secondary set DC’S are paralleled through D8,

555

Timer


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D9 & D10 for uninterrupted supply to the circuit voltage of 12v DC and 5v DC derived out of

voltage regulator IC 7805

Figure 59: Connection of Op-amp & transistor with 555 timer & relay

Completed Assembled Circuit

If the fault is off temporary in nature i.e. if the push button pressed is released immediately the U1

monostable disables U3 the output of which goes to zero in the event of any push button kept

pressed for a longer duration the monostable output provides a longer duration active situation for

U3 the astable timer the output of which charges capacitor C13 through R11 such that the output

of the comparator goes high that drives the relay to switch off three phase load.

Below is the shown figure:

Transistor

Op-Amp


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Figure 60: Completed Assembled Circuit

Final circuit

Figure 61: Final circuit


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CHAPTER 9: HARDWARE TESTING

.Conductivity Test:

In electronics, a continuity test is the checking of an electric circuit to see if current flows (that it

is in fact a complete circuit). A continuity test is performed by placing a small voltage (wired in

series with an LED or noise-producing component such as a piezoelectric speaker) across the

chosen path. If electron flow is inhibited by broken conductors, damaged components, or excessive

resistance, the circuit is "open". Devices that can be used to perform continuity tests include multi

meters which measure current and specialized continuity testers which are cheaper, more basic

devices, generally with a simple light bulb that lights up when current flows. An important

application is the continuity test of a bundle of wires so as to find the two ends belonging to a

particular one of these wires; there will be a negligible resistance between the "right" ends, and

only between the "right" ends. This test is the performed just after the hardware soldering and

configuration has been completed. This test aims at finding any electrical open paths in the circuit

after the soldering. Many a times, the electrical continuity in the circuit is lost due to improper

soldering, wrong and rough handling of the PCB, improper usage of the soldering iron, component

failures and presence of bugs in the circuit diagram. We use a multi meter to perform this test. We

keep the multi meter in buzzer mode and connect the ground terminal of the multi meter to the

ground. We connect both the terminals across the path that needs to be checked. If there is

continuation then you will hear the beep sound

Power ON Test:

This test is performed to check whether the voltage at different terminals is according to the

requirement or not. We take a multi meter and put it in voltage mode. Remember that this test is

performed without ICs. Firstly, if we are using a transformer we check the output of the

transformer; whether we get the required 12V AC voltage (depends on the transformer used in for

the circuit). If we use a battery then we check if the battery is fully charged or not according to the

specified voltage of the battery by using multimeter. Then we apply this voltage to the power

supply circuit. Note that we do this test without ICs because if there is any excessive voltage, this

may lead to damaging the ICs. If a circuit consists of voltage regulator then we check for the input


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to the voltage regulator (like 7805, 7809, 7815, 7915 etc) i.e., are we getting an input of 12V and

a required output depending on the regulator used in the circuit. EX: if we are using 7805 we get

output of 5V and if using 7809 we get 9V at output pin and so on. This output from the voltage

regulator is given to the power supply pin of specific ICs. Hence we check for the voltage level at

those pins whether we are getting required voltage. Similarly, we check for the other terminals for

the required voltage. In this way we can assure that the voltage at all the terminals is as per the

requirement

Figure 62: Functional Circuit


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CHAPTER: 10 CALCUATION

For L-G

Pbase = 𝑃𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒

𝑉𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒×√3

= 500

250×√3 =1.255KA

Vbase = 𝑉𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒

𝐼𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒×√3

= 12

1.255×√3 = 5.52

Zpu = 𝑍𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙

𝑍𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒

=6

5.52= = 1.08

Zpu- transformer=base𝑀𝑣𝑎

𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑟 𝑀𝑣𝑎× 𝑍%/100

500

500×

6

100= 0.06

𝑩𝒂𝒔𝒆𝑴𝒗𝒂

𝒁𝒑𝒖𝒔𝒐𝒖𝒓𝒄𝒆

=𝟏𝟐

𝟏.𝟎𝟖= 11𝑀𝑣𝑎

Line to neutral voltage on the secondary of the transformer 12

√3= 6.92𝑉

Fault KA 𝐹𝑎𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑀𝑣𝑎

3 × 𝑉𝑙 − 𝑁

11

√3 × 6.92

=0.917A

Basemva=10000

1000= 1𝑀𝑣𝑎

Mva value=1𝑀𝑣𝑎

√𝑍𝑝𝑢=

1

0.06= 16.66𝐴

Admittance method to calculate fault current


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1

𝑈𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑚𝑣𝑎1/𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑟𝑒𝑟 =

1

𝑀𝑣𝑎

1

500+

1

16.66=

1

𝑀𝑣𝑎

0.002+0.06=1

𝑀𝑣𝑎

Mva=1

0.002+0.06

Mva=16.129A

Fault current at 230V = 16.129

1.66∗0.23= 4𝐴

Fault current at 12V =16.129

1.66∗0.12=8A


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CHAPTER: 11 REFLECTIVE SUMMARY & OVERVIEW

Fault protection system has become fundamentally important due to its ability to prevent

economical losses. The main purpose of a protection system is to process the voltage and/or current

signals to determine whether a fault is present, to classify what kind of fault it may be, to estimate

the fault location, and to take action to remove the fault from the power transmission-line system.

The continuity service depends heavily on the possibility of detecting, classifying, locating, and

isolating faults in the power transmission-line system.

Conventional methods for relay to protect the transmission-line system were to monitor distortions

in voltage and/or current signals in time and frequency domains.

Protection systems generally fit into three categories:

1. quantitative model-based approaches

2. qualitative model-based

3. approaches, and data-driven approaches

The quantitative model- and qualitative model-based approaches showed superior performance in

the simulation studies. However, they delivered poor performance in case of the presence of noise

in the fault voltage or current signals or led to uncertainties due to the variations of system

parameters. Therefore, measurement and system noises are key factors that can affect the

capabilities of these methods, resulting in high false positives or false negatives.

It is necessary to understand the gravity and after effects of a line failure. To overcome these, we

are proposing a GSM based transmission line fault detection System. Whenever the preset

threshold is crossed, the microcontroller instantly initiates a message to be sent to the area lineman

and the Control Station stating the exact pole to pole location. This helps us to realize a almost real

time system

The hardware will be valuable in many ways

will save equation from damaging the component when the flashover is encountered in line

by tripping the line

will save the transmission line when there is fault due to overload


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Will save the load side & equipment from getting damaged due to various fault such as L-

L, L-G, L-L-G fault.


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CHAPTER 12: CONCLUSION

This project is designed in the form of Hardware for three single phase transformers 230v to 12V

of output for to develop an automatic tripping mechanism for the three phase supply system while

temporary fault and permanent fault occurs. Here we used 555 timer with relay for the fault is

temporary or permanent. Short duration fault returns the supply to the load immediately called as

temporary trip while long duration shall result in permanent trip

The project output resets automatically after a brief interruption in the event temporary fault while

it remains in tripped condition in case of permanent fault. The electrical substation which supply

the power to the consumers, have failures due to some faults which can be temporary or permanent.

These faults lead to substantial damage to the power system equipment. In India it is common, the

faults might be LG (Line to Ground), LL (Line to Line), 3L (Three lines) in the supply systems

and these faults in three phase supply system can affect the power system. To overcome this

problem a system is built, which can sense these faults and automatically disconnects the supply

to avoid large scale damage to the control gears in the grid sub-stations. This system is built using

three single phase transformers which are wired in star input and star output, and 3 transformers

are connected in delta connections, having input 220 volt and output at 12 volt. This concept low

voltage testing of fault conditions is followed as it is not advisable to create on mains line. 555

timers are used for handling short duration and long duration fault conditions. A set of switches

are used to create the LL, LG and 3L fault in low voltage side, for activating the tripping

mechanism. Short duration fault returns the supply to the load immediately called as temporary

trip while long duration shall result in permanent trip.

Fault on the transmission line needs to be restored as quickly as possible. The sooner it is restored,

the less the risk of power outage, damage of equipment of grid, loss of revenue, customer

complaints and repair crew expenses. Rapid restoration of service can be achieved if precise fault

location algorithm is implemented.

Many algorithms have been developed to calculate the fault distance on the transmission line. This

paper gives the general overview of fault location calculation on transmission line using impedance

based method and traveling wave method. It discussed the transmission line model, its sequence

components, symmetrical components for fault analysis, fundamental principal of travelling wave.


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CHAPTER 13: COST ESTIMATION

Cost estimation plays a vital role in project management and is one of the most difficult

responsibility. The researcher must take a close view on this section. The purpose of cost

estimation is simple that is to precisely estimate required resource which would allow the

researcher to implement and develop the proposed system. Not giving importance or

underestimating the section may result in exceeding the estimated budget of the project, poor

quality & even researcher might fail to complete project on time.

Importance of Cost Estimation

Cost estimation is significant for the reason that each project has the possibility of added cost that

was not considered during the proposal such as failure of electrical device while making hardware

of short circuit would result in damaging the system forcing the researcher to make system one

more time exceeding the estimated cost.

For the proposed project i.e. ‘ G.S.M based three phase fault analysis with auto reset on transient

fault or remain tripped otherwise’ cost estimation is required because a project can only be

successful if it is completed in desire time & budget. So to achieve this appropriate cost estimation

is required. For this researcher has to evaluate the cost of component which will be used in the

system. Then the expenditure for the industry that will make the project for the real time scenario

& finally the expense that user has to pay will be evaluated.

13.1 COST ESTIMATION FOR THE DEVLOPER

Sr.

No.

Component

Description

Quantity Single Unit

Cost

(in Rupees)

Total cost of Items

Purchased

(in rupees)

4. Transformer 6 120~150 720~900

5. Op-amp 6 80~100 480~600


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6. Switches 4~6 30~50 180~300

7. Capacitor 20~40 8~10 200~400

8. Resistor’s 8~10 1~2 20

9. Diode 10~12 1~2 10~20

10. LED’S 6 5~10 30~60

11. Relay 6 30~40 ~200

12. PCB 1 30 ~30

13. 555 Timer 2 40~50 ~100

14. GSM module 1 900~1200 900~1200

Total Cost: ~3100

13.2 SOFTWARE REQUIRED

As a student researcher we get software free of cost from the college itself. By this cost be paid by

the industry.

Sr.

No.

Software Description

1. Matlab/Simulink

Free- student version

Software that is used to make block diagram

2. Proteus-Free for students Software that is used for simulation of system & layout


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Delivery, 13, 14750-1480 (2016)

27. Emmanouil Styvaktakis, Mathias H.J. Bollen, Irene Y.H. Gu , “A Fault Location

Technique Using High Frequency Fault Clearing Transients”, 1999

28. S.M. Kay, S.L. Marple, “Spectrum Analysis: A Modem Perspective,” Proceedings of the

ZEEE, vol. 69, no. 11, hov. 1981, pp. 1380- 14 1 9

29. D. C. Robertson, 0. I. Camps, J. S. Mayer, and W. B. Gish, “Wavelets and Electromagnetic

Power System Transients”, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol.11, No.2, pp. 1050-

1058, April 1999

30. H. Mokhlis1, Hasmaini Mohamad, A. H. A. Bakar1, H. Y. Li, “Evaluation of Fault

Location Based on Voltage Sags Profiles: a Study on the Influence of Voltage Sags

Patterns”, 2011

31. M.S Sachdev, FIEEE, R.Agarwal, St. MIEEE, “ A Technique for estimating transmission

line fault locations from digital impedance relay measurements”,2009

32. M. KezunoviC, B. PeruniEiC, “Automated Transmission line fault analysis using

synchronized sampling at two ends ", 2012

33. Joe-Air Jiang, Jun-Zhe Yang, Ying-Hong Lin, Chih-Wen Liu,” An Adaptive PMU Based

Fault Detection/Location Technique for Transmission Lines”, 2015

34. A. A. Girgis, D. G. Hart, and W. L. Peterson, “A New Fault Location Technique For Two-

and Three-Terminal Lines,” IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 98–

107, January 1992

35. D. Novosel, D. G. Hart, E. Udren, and J. Garitty, “Unsynchronized Two- Terminal Fault

Location Estimation,” IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 130–137,

January 1996

36. Javad Sadeh, N. Hadjsaid, A. M. Ranjbar, and R. Feuillet, “Accurate Fault Location

Algorithm for Series Compensated Transmission Lines”, July 2012


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37. A. Gopalakrishnan, M. Kezunovic, S. M. McKenna, and D. M. Hamai, “Fault Location

Using the Distributed Parameter Transmission Line Model”, October 2000

38. Erikson, L., Saha,M.M and Rockfeller, “An accurate fault locator with compensation for

apparent reactance in the fault resistance resulting from remote end infeed”, IEEE Trans.,

PAS104, 1985, pp. 424435

39. Scheweitzer, E.O., 111, “Evaluation and development of transmission line fault locating

techniques which use sinusoidal steady state information”, Computers & Elec. Engng

USA, 1983, IO, (4), pp. 269-218

40. Cook,V,“Fundamental aspects of fault location algorithms used in distance protection”,

IEE Proc. C, 1986, 133, (6), pp. 359-368

41. Jeyasurya, B., Rahman,M.A, “Accurate fault location of transmission line using

microprocessors”, IEE Conf. Publ. 302, 1989

42. Lawrence, D.J., and Waser, D.L, “Transmission line fault location using digital fault

recorder”, IEEE Trans., 1988, PWRD-3, (2). pp. 496-502

43. M. Kezunovit, J. Mrkic, B. PeruniEiC, “An Accurate Fault Location Algorithm Using

Synchronized Sampling,” May 1994


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APPENDIX A

Title – G.S.M based three phase fault analysis with auto-reset on temporary fault or remained

trip otherwise.

Description- fault in power system is deviation of voltage or current from its nominal value and

state which happens more often leading to the failure of many equipment or may even be life

threatening to the operating personal, so to overcome this engineers have developed a system to

analysis the fault in power system. The fault analysis of power system is required in order to

provide information to selection of safety gear.

Faults usually occur in a power system due to either insulation failure, flashover, physical

damage or human error. These faults, may either be three phase in nature involving all three

phases in a symmetrical manner, or may be asymmetrical where usually only one or two phases

may be involved.

Fault analysis usually carried out in per-unit quantities (similar to percentage quantities) as they

give solutions which are somewhat consistent over different voltage and power ratings, and

operate on values of the order of unity. Relating to one single phase gives information related to

two or three phase as well so it is more obvious & sufficient to do calculation in one phase.

This project system will be designed to develop an automatic griping mechanism for three phase

supply system. The output will reset automatically when there is brief interruption (temporary

fault) or remain tripped otherwise in case of permeant fault.

Function

Automatic reset in case of temporary fault

Trip when permeant fault.

Send message to the operating personal when fault encountered.

Requirement to make such system-

This system will be built using three single phase transformers which are wired in star input and

star output, and 3 transformers are connected in delta connections, having input 220 volt and

output at 12 volt. This concept low voltage testing of fault conditions is followed as it is not

advisable to create on mains line. 555 timers are used for handling short duration and long

duration fault conditions.

1. Three single phase transformer ( wired star input and star output)

2. Three transformer ( delta connection, input 220V & output 12V)

3. 555 ( for handling short duration and long duration fault)

4. Switch set to create fault

I. Line to line fault (LL occurring 5-10%)

II. Line to ground fault (LG major of all fault occurring 60-65%)

III. Double line to ground fault (LLG occurring 15-20%)


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IV. Line to line to line fault (LLL kind of symmetrical fault occurring 2-5% but

results in damaging major equipment’s )

5. OP-amps

6. Resistor

7. Diode

8. Capacitor

9. LED

10. Relay

11. G.S.M technology to send SMS to operating personal

Targeted audience –

this system is designed to save life of the operating personal operating the power system

moreover it can be a life saver when there is wrath of nature like thunder storm, lightning which

result in damaging the power system by uprooting the transmission line as a result of which live

wire comes in contact with the ground.it can save many important costly equipment of power

system.

Research area

Power flow analysis

Power system fault

Power system stability

Matlab to simulate the system design

G.S.M technology


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APPENDIX B

PROJECT PROPOSAL FORM

Pritesh Kumar, Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Supervisor- Vijyendra Sharama

Title-

G.S.M interfaced three phase fault analysis tool with auto-reset on temporary fault or remained

trip otherwise.

Objective –

To reach the aim following are the field to work on

A perfect fault analysis tool should be able to perform the following task




Interfacing two technology

9. Interfacing G.S.M technology with transmission line to alert the operating personal.

Explanation of the project:

Fault detection on transmission line are important task to safeguard electrical power

system. Fault detection is essential to the safe operation of electric power transmission and

distribution systems. Without some sort of fault detection, the automated removal of short

circuits from a transmission system would be impossible. As a result, these faults might

persist until essential electrical equipment is damaged or destroyed so it is a must process

for fault analysis in transmission line, result is clear protection of power system equipment.

Transmission line protection is an important issue in power system engineering because

85~87% fault occur in transmission line. Seeing from other prospective it’s a must process

to save people & governments money.


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Technology to be used:

G.S.M

Artificial neural network.

Artificial Intelligence can be used if system has more complexity.

K-Nearest Algorithm for fault calculation.

Or synchronized sampling for fault calculation.

Wavelet approach

It is important to note that K-nearest algorithm, synchronized sampling & Wavelet approach are

different technology for fault calculation.

Software to be used

Matlab/ Simulink

GSM module software depending upon GSM module used while implementation of

technology on board.

Hardware to be implemented:

Transformer

Op-amp

Switches

Resistor’s

555 timer

Diode

Capacitor

LED’s

Relay

GSM module

Block diagram of proposed device


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START

VOLTAGE & CURRNET

SIGNAL

WAVELE/A-NN/L-NEAREST NEIGHOUR

TOOLBOX

COMPONENT FILTERING BOTH VOLATAGE &

CURRNET SIGNAL

WEATHER

FAULT

OCCURRED OR

NOT?

SELECT Z

depending

on fault

Calculate z

Stop

Show distance

Calculate “distance”

Print no fault

Stop


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How analysis will be done?

A typical fault analysis tool should be able to perform fault classification, fault detection fault

location.

Fault detection

Various method is there for fault detection gathering information will be viable to achieve

the final output. Some of the proposed method for fault location are proposed below:

Impedance- based method

Travelling Wave based method

Detection using magnetic field sensor

Fault detection will perform the following operation:

Record the time at which fault occurred.

If some abnormality is recorded at both ends of the transmission line, then the

location of the fault is computed based on the difference in detection times.

If the abnormality is recorded at only one end of the transmission line, then the

possibility that an error might have occurred is recorded in the memory.


Many method are there for classification of fault such as

Wavelet method can again be used

K-nearest Neighbor Algorithm

Fault location

The current fault location methods for cables can be divided into offline and online

methods. The offline methods require special equipment, trained personnel and that the

faulted cable is out of service before the methods can be used. The online methods utilize

information in the current and voltage measured at the fault locator terminal (FLT) between

fault incipience and fault clearance

On-line method- The online fault location methods can be subdivided into two

primary categories;


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Impedance method.-The impedance-based fault location methods compares

most often pre-known line parameters to the impedance measured in the

case of fault. Based on this comparison the fault location can be estimated.

Travelling wave method. When a fault occurs on a cable system, transient

voltage and current waves will travel from the fault location in both

directions towards the terminals to where the cable is connected

Of-line method- The offline methods can be divided into two categories—

terminal methods and tracer methods. The terminal methods do, as the name

indicates, rely on analyzing measurements performed from one or both ends

of the cable. The tracer methods rely on the other hand on measurements

performed by a trained person walking the cable route.

Literature review

Inspiration for working on this project come when observing a transmission line (long) which

almost resemble like a clan carrying wire with bended hand through which a quest was developed

how whole system work, later while searching this topic a fact appeared which shows major ~80-

85% of fault in transmission line occur in transmission line. While searching for previous research

fault analysis in transmission line several interesting fact was known such as:

(Yadav 2014)”Fault analysis in three phase transmission line using K-Nearest

neighbor algorithm “discusses “ in K-NN algorithm method K-NN uses the nearest

neighbor to calculate the fault. This method compares the value from nominal value

and henceforth decision is taken, it is important to mention that detection time is

within half to one cycle and of the proposed method is 99%.”

(Singh & Pnaighari, 2011)”Transmission line fault detection classification by

“discusses” proposed method uses the sample of current & voltage extracted from

the fault point. Wavelet transform is used to extract transient energy from the

sample moreover it is free from tradition neural network approach such as

genralizarion”


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(Jung,Choi ,Cho & chung,2012) “Analysis of the unbalanced fault in transmission

line in Three-Phase Flux coupling type SFCL using the symmetrical coordinate

method” discusses “ in unsymmetrical or unbalanced fault in power system when

flux coupling type SFCL was applied , use of SFCL limit the fault current using the

symmetrical co-ordinate method in case of fault state by changing the primary

secondary turn ratio of the flux coupling type SFCL(superconducting fault current

limiter).”

(Hagh,Razi,Taghizadeh ,2007) “Fault classification & location of power

transmission line using Artificial Neural Network” discusses “the present method

is not dependent on fault inception angel. Modular ANNs are considered with

three hidden layer and then those are tested with various distance & resistance of

fault for each type of fault. Line to ground, double line to ground & line to line

fault are considered. Maximum absolute error for line to ground fault was

0.3324%, for double line to ground it was 0.4926% & for line to line 0.348% for

three phase fault.”

(Dutta,Kezunovic,2014)”Transmission line fault analysis using synchronized

sampling” discusses “ synchronized sampling of both voltage and current is one of

the simple yet most efficient fault analysis method by using prevent & post event

sample to detect fault moreover it does not require elaborated parameter setting for

detecting threshold, since method depends on accurate representation of a

transmission line model &, therefore produce very accurate fault location method

because of modern circuit breaker fault is detected within two cycle.”

(Yadav, Swerpadama,2015)”Improved fault location algorithm for multi-location

fault , transforming fault & shunt fault in Thyristor controlled series capacitor

compensated transmission line” discusses “combining two method discreet WT &

ANN fault method reduces the fault classification( fault type & faulty phase(s)

information for fault location estimation most important significance is that it not

only locate shunt fault but also find location of multi-location fault & transforming

fault that too using single terminal data.”

(Singh,Tripathi,Vekataramana,2013)”Recent techniques used in transmission line

protection: a review “discusses “The ANN, fuzzy logic, genetic algorithm, SVM

and wavelet based techniques have been quite successful but are not adequate for


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the present time varying network configurations, power system operating

conditions and events. Therefore, it seems that there is a significant scope of

research in AI techniques which can simplify the complex nonlinear systems,

realize the cost effective hardware with proper modification in the learning

methodology and preprocessing of input data and which are computationally much

simpler. Also development of reliable software and communication system will

pave the way”

(0. Dag & Ucak, 2003) “A Combined Wavelet-ANN based fault classifier has been

investigated for electrical distribution systems “discusses “Some fault condition

wore taken to identify by this the proposed approach. It is shown that the technique

correctly recognizes and discriminates the fault type and faulted phases with a high

degree of accuracy”.

Methodology most probably to be used

Faulted transmission line

Fault analysis is carried out in per unit quantity. Since information related to single phase gives

the information related to three or two phase as well so it more than sufficient to do calculation in

one phase only as it will give information related to other two phase as well.

The proposed system will be built using three single phase transformers which will be wired in

star input and star output, and 3 transformers are connected in delta connections, having input 220

volt and output at 12 volt. The concept of low voltage testing on fault conditions is followed as it

is not advisable to create on mains line. 555 timers shall be used for handling short duration and

long duration fault conditions.

A set of switches will be used to create the fault stress will be more on LL, LG and 3L fault in as

LG fault has maximum fault condition nearly 65% of overall fault in transmission line followed

~ ~

B

U

S

B

U

S

mZ (1-m)Z Ia


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LL, 3L.( more symmetrical and unsymmetrical fault condition can be implanted on the device if it

is not followed by time constrain. Low voltage side, for activating the tripping mechanism. Short

duration fault will returns the supply to the load immediately called as temporary trip while long

duration shall result in permanent trip.

GSM technology will be used to send message to the authorities via SMS by interfacing a GSM

modem.

Earlier work done on the topic:

Traditional way of analyzing fault in transmission line was based on change on voltage current

1and impudence with respect to present value to identify the fault. Many technology has overtaken

the traditional approach such as

ANN (artificial neural network) which would be used in the project for calculating fault.

This ANN technology need huge amount of training cases to achieve good performance.

Synchronized sampling-method depends on accurate representation of transmission line

model & therefore produces a very accurate fault location result.

ANFIS network- adaptive neuro fuzzy interface system

Wavelet transform- this method utilizes sample of current & voltage extracted from the

fault point. This technology is free from tradition neural network approach such as

“generalization”.

Symmetrical coordinate method- this technology uses a device called SFCL

(superconducting fault current limiter). SFCL uses symmetrical coordinate method in case

of unbalanced fault

Possible enhancement to be done in the existing topic

A deep research will be done by the researcher for understanding the fault analysis perfectly, a

perfect fault analysis tool perform the following important function

Fault detection


Fault location


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All the above described method need huge amount of calculation so, Artificial intelligence

technique can be used to solve the complex non –linear system for ease of the calculation.

Interfacing the viable GSM technology with the fault analysis tool would be helpful in

many ways such as in case of fault occur the GSM technology will automatically inform

the operating personal via sort message service (SMS), moreover interfacing this

technology could be life savior to many for human’s & animals too.

Target audience:

this system is designed to save life of the operating personal operating the power system

moreover it can be a life saver when there is wrath of nature like thunder storm, lightning which

result in damaging the power system by uprooting the transmission line as a result of which live

wire comes in contact with the ground.it can save many important costly equipment of power

system.

Feasibility:

Cost feasibility:

To complete the project various electrical component such as transformer and electronics

component such as diode will be used, so the final cost cannot be accurately predicted at this stage

but an average cost of the component to make hardware can be predicted which is described below

S.no Equipment Average

Equipment cost

No. of

component

required

Average cost in

RS

1. Transformer Rs.120~150 6 720~900

2. Op-amp Rs.50~100 6 300~600

3. Switches Rs.30~50 4~6 180~300

4. Resistor’s Rs.1~2 8~10 20

5. Diode Rs.1~2 10~12 10~20

6. Capacitor Rs.20~40 8~10 200~400

7. LED’s Rs.5~10 6 30~60

8. Relay Rs.30~50 6 200


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9. GSM module Rs.900~1200 1 900~1200

10 555 Timer Rs.40~50 2 100~

555 timer Rs.3100~

Minimum cost will be ~ Rs.3100.

Time feasibility:

After background research, literature review will be done which is basis of any research &

then technical research.

Questionnaire & interview will be done.

And will be followed by implementation on hardware.

At last documentation will be done.

Gant chart


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APPENDIX D

PERT CHART1

0

0

Requirement

Analysis and

Research

1

54

61

267

74

3

13

6

74

74

4

95

102

Literature Review

5

Programming

Implementation

Testing and

Evaluation

FYP

Documentation

and Submission

Project

Commencement

Data Gathering

Techniques

54

74

1513

37

62

28

19

898

89

21610

154

154

9

117

117

216

12

244

244

11

263

263

Proposed

Methodology6

Project Management

7

102

102

Analysis &Mid-point

documentation

15

FIGURE 1: PERT CHART

For this project, the researcher has used activity on arrow pert chart to evaluate the time

management of the project. The Earliest Completion Time (ECT) i.e. the minimum amount of time

needed to complete all the activities that precedes every event is mention in the upper part of the

circle and the Latest Completion Time (LCT) which is the latest time needed at which the event

can occur without delaying the overall project is mention in the lower part of the circle. The critical

path is the path of the tasks which cannot be delayed and project will not move forward without

completing these tasks. In the pert chart drawn below, black lined tasks which are from task 1, 4,

5, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 and 15 indicates the critical path and these task cannot be delayed. Task

4 is dependent upon task 2 and 3 and task 8 depends upon 6 and 7. It means task 8 cannot be

starting before task 6 and 7 is not completed. Critical path is that when the earliest completion time

and the latest completion time is same for a particular task.


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TIMELINE

S. No Contents Starting Date Deadline Supervisee

Signature

Supervisor

signature

1 Conduct background

research work

26-8-2015 1-9-2015

2 Literature review

from 10 research

paper , journal ,etc.

related to project

2-9-2015 10-92015

3 Read concept of

basics of fault

analysis in three

phase transmission

line.

13-9-2015 20-9-2015

4 Preparing project

proposal form.

28-9-2015 1-102015

5 Go through Reach of

Circuit breaker &

read the concept of

Relay

4-10-2015 13-10-2015

6 Concept of

Calculation of fault

14-10-2015 19-10-2015

7 Read basics of GSM

module & go through

some research paper

related to it.

20-10-2015 28-10-2015

8 Finding of Secondary

research.

29-10-2015 2-11-2015

9 Read

MATLAB/Simulink

for implementing

proposed topic.

3-11-2015 -11-2015

10 Preparation &

distribution of

questioner for

primary research.

-11-2015 -11-2015

11 Analysis of data -11-2015 13-11-2015

12 Interview for primary

research

-11-2015 -11-2015

13 Focused group

research for primary

research.

14-11-2015 17-11-2015


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14 Documentation of

mid-point submission

17-11-2015 23-11-2015

QUESTTIAIRE ANALYSIS

This questionnaire is regarding the transmission lines fault analysis and tool used in doing

so. The answers are expected for an academic project on ‘G.S.M based three phase fault

analysis with auto-reset on temporary fault or remained trip otherwise’. The answers shall

only be used for academic purpose and the identity of the interviewee shall be disclosed

only by his/her consent.

If any question is unanswerable by the participant, he/she may skip it.

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Name: …………………………………………………………………………………….

Working Place: …………………………………………………………………………...

Designation: ……………………………………………………………………………....

E mail: …………………………………………………………………………………….

TECHNICAL INFORMATION

1. The highest transmission voltage used by this substation?

a) 220Kv

b) 400Kv

c) 765Kv

ANALYSIS: highest transmission voltage used by the substation is 400Kv. In fact major of the

substation in India voltage transmission is 400Kv.

2. Which of the following factor is major concern for the substation.

a) Over-load

b) Lightning

c) Faulty equipment

d) Insulation failure

e) Short circuit current


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Analysis: from the above figure it is clear that major of the fault in transmission line occur due to

overload & short-circuit 58% to be exact.

23% time fault is due to Lightning causing many type of fault like earth to ground fault and line

to line or triple line to line fault.

19% of the fault in the substation was due to faulty equipment.

3. Which fault limiting device is used in system?

a) Relay

b) Circuit breaker

c) Fuse

d) Lightning power protection device

e) If any other please specify…………………………………………………….

Analysis: when asked about which fault limiting device is used in system the answer was relay

and circuit breaker.

4. Dose the system has any device installed to detect fault?

a) Yes

b) No

Analysis: yes, system had automatic device to detect fault in this case when the fault is

encountered in the system there is a buzzer sound so that it can be restored properly.

5. Dose the system has any device installed to classify fault?

a) Yes

58% overload &short circuit

23%Lightning

10%

9%

19%faulty

equipment

Sales

1st Qtr

2nd Qtr

3rd Qtr

4th Qtr


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b) No

Analysis: yes, the system was installed with device to classify fault automatically like which

type of fault it is, where it occurred, nature of fault etc.

6. Dose the system has installed any automation device to detect and classify fault

automatically?

a) Yes

b) No

Analysis: yes the system was installed with automated device to detect and classify fault.

(If answer to question 6th is ‘yes’ then please proceed.)

7. In which year the automation device was installed in the system?

……………………………………………………………………………………………

Analysis: the fault automated device was installed in the system in the year 2012. So it can be

clearly visualized that in India almost all system must have been installed with automated device

in near 2010.

8. Was the automation device installed useful?

a) Very useful

b) Useful

c) Moderately useful

d) Less useful

e) Not useful

Analysis: yes the automated device installed in the system was found to be very useful for the

operating personal.

9. What is the reach of fault protection device used in the system?

………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………

Analysis: the reach of the device is device into zones namely: zone 1, zone 2, zone 3, depending

upon the location of fault zone is categorized and subsequently operation is performed.

10. What is the reaction time of fault protection device to detect and classify fault?

………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………

Analysis: the time taken by the fault limiting device to respond is in mille seconds and either the

buzzer is alarmed and subsequent operation is performed by the relay depending upon the fault.


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11. Which method is used for calculation of fault?

a) DWT

b) SFCL

c) Synchronized sampling

d) Time domain using K-NN nearest neighbor algorithm

e) If any other please specify…………………………………………………….

Analysis: the operating personal do not know the technical specification of relay how it performs

and how it takes the fault, it was being said by the recipient that all calculating is done by relay

(numerical relay).

12. Dose the installed automated device send message to the operating personal when

fault encountered?

a) Yes

b) No

Analysis: major system installed in power system does not send notification.

13. Give a brief detail about installed automated device

………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………

Analysis: fault encountering device installed in the system are basically relay some of them are

MI com P-422, P-141, P-632, P-142

Alstom- REL 670

L&T- Sem special energy T141

All of the above mentioned are numerical relay.

14. In what ways dose the installed automated device in the system has been useful?

………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………

Analysis: when asked about what ways the device was useful it was mentioned that it was

because it can encounter and automatically respond to the fault.

15. Is there any possible upgradation required in system?


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………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………

Analysis: At present operation of CBE is to be done, it is the reason why many fault are missed

by the automatic device.

(Thank you very much for sparing your precious time. The answers given are of great

value for this project. It is assured that the answers given here shall be used only for

academic purpose and following all the ethical rights of participants.)

For question number 11

SFCL-symmetrical coordinate method

DWT-discreet wavelet transform.

K-NN (nearest neighbor) algorithm

Interview question analysis:

The interview was conducted by the operating personal at BBMB Hariender Kumar Deshwal

posted in executive engineering post.

Below are the question that was asked by the interviewer along with the analysis based on

answer:

Video has been include in the C.D attached with the document.

Technical question

1. Why fault detection & classification is important in power system?

Analysis : when asked it was responded with a very simple but obvious answer i.e.

that knowing the fact that major of the fault occur in power system in transmission

line nearly 80%~ it should be a continuous running process to get the continuous

supply and keep the power system running .

2. What is the approach of operating personal find there is fault in the system?


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Analysis: whenever there is any fault in the system the device gives the alarm and the

person checks the fault and trips the connection & later some person is send to operate

the faulty area or to restore it.

3. What better method could be used to improve fault detection & classification?

4. Why automated device has upper hand than manual calculation?

Analysis: in case of automated device chances of error are less as it is done by the

computer program so computer takes the value up to decimal place living less space

for error while when human operate chances of error are more. Response time is less

for the computer case.

5. Which is the more conventional way of calculating fault?

Analysis: substation has nothing to do with the fault current they do not calculate

the fault current only prime focus is to restore the faulty equipment as soon as

possible.

6. What are your views on automated fault detection & classification installed in

system?

Analysis: numerical relay perform an extra vital role in maintaining the power

system error free so that it can run smoothly, there are various numerical relay

available.

7. Could you please share what are the problem faced while handling fault scenario?

Analysis: common error faced is that as it is substation there are various line and

fault may occur at any line making it difficult to classify so major problem is to

classify in which section the fault occurred as there are many relay (numerical )

installed depending upon the zone type.

8. Are you satisfied with fault detection & classification device installed in system?

Analysis: yes the operating personal was satisfied with the fault limiting device.

9. How does the operating personal (if manual) or computer detect which type of fault

it is?

Analysis: all fault are scenario are dealt by numerical relay and the substation has

nothing to do with fault current calculation.


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10. In which season dose the fault occur the most?

Analysis: most fault cases are encountered in the winter season as because of corona

effect major fault occur in the system ionized by the charge particle present in the air.

11. Which was the most severe fault encountered by this substation in near past?

Analysis: recent fault encountered by the system was due to the human error as some

person taped the wire cause of short circuit it worked for a while and later it again

burnet causing more problem had the case been dealt the very time with serious

intension serious fault could not have encountered.

12. BBMB dose provide supply to Indian railway which is traction in nature if fault

occur in that line how it is resolved?

Analysis: there is separate section for the railway line as it traction is nature had

the same line given to the public commercial line it would provide a uneven load.

13. What is the approach when multiple fault is encountered in the system?

Analysis: when multiple fault is encountered by the system numerical relay take

care of it by dealing with the zone case if the first fault is in zone 1 it clears the fault

and the remaining fault is dealt by zone 2 & zone 3.

14. In a recent report published it has been mentioned that BBMB has replaced

Porcelain insulators with Polymers insulators why it is done so?

Analysis: reason behind the replacement was because porcelain insulator punchers

to quickly while

15. After what interval of time all fault detection devices are tested?

Analysis: all fault detection device is tested once every four month and is

mandatory check.

16. Is there any auxiliary fault detection tool when the primary one fails?

Analysis: yes there is auxiliary device installed in case the primary device fails.


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Appendix B

Transmission line in power system model in Simulink is represented by distributed parameters

line. It implements an N-phases distributed parameter line model. The R, L, and C line parameters

are specified by [N x N] matrices. Resistance presented by: resistance per unit length (Ohms/km)

with [N x N matrix] - [0.01273 0.3864].

Inductance presented by: inductance per unit length (H/km) with [N x N matrix] - [0.9337e-3

4.1264e-3]. Capacitance presented by: capacitance per unit length (F/km) with [N x N matrix] -

[12.74e-9 7.751e-9]. Three-phase transformer model in Simulink was built by specifying

parameters for winding 1 and winding 2, and also magnetization characteristics which are the

following:

Winding 1 parameters [V1 Ph-Ph(Vrms), R1(pu), L1(pu)]: [735e3, 0.15/30/2, 0.15*0.7].

Winding 2 parameters [V2 Ph-Ph(Vrms), R2(pu), L2(pu)]: [ 16e3, 0.15/30/2, 0.15*0.3].

Magnetization resistance Rm (pu): 500; magnetization inductance Lm (pu): 500.

AC voltage source model in Simulink was presented by three-phase ideal sinusoidal voltage source

With amplitude.


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APPENDIX C: HEATH SAFETY AND ETHICAL ASSESSMENT

Risk Area: Implementation

Soldering Iron Burn

Burning of Components

Risk Area: Fabrication

Itching of PCB

Risk Area: testing

Electric Shock

There are several risks involved in the proposed project ‘G.S.M based three phase fault analysis

with auto reset on transient fault or remain tripped otherwise ‘which were mentioned in the risk

assessment form which is attached in the appendices section of the document along with the level

of risk involved.

Risk area: Implementation

In the implementation phase there are two types of risks involved for the researcher himself while

implementing the hardware design.

Soldering Iron Burn

Soldering process is used to connect the components on PCB on the traces provided. It is done to

make the two wires short and connect them with each other. While doing the soldering of

components on the PCB, the researcher may encounter the soldering iron burn if the soldering iron

is not handled with care or if the hot part of the soldering iron is touched with bare hands. This

process may lead to minor injury to the researcher, so it is recommended to carefully do the

soldering of the components.

Burning of Components

The component such as transformer can burn any time if proper connection is not done to the

transformer resulting in damaging the transformer and other component as well.


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If two wire are connected to terminal then it might result in short circuiting and burning of

equipment.

Risk Area: Fabrication

Itching of PCB

In the fabrication process, the risk involved is in the Itching of PCB. PCB itching involves the

contact with the Ferric Chloride Acid at to draw the layout on the copper PCB, it should be kept

dipped in the solution for about 4-5 hours. When the layout is complete the PCB should be taken

out from the solution and unwanted copper should be removed from the PCB. Sometimes this

solution may burn the skin of the researcher and may lead to minor injury. This injury is caused

when the hand comes in direct contact with the chemical. It is recommended to use gloves while

inserting and removing the PCB from the chemical so that the injury can be minimized up to some

extent.

Electric Shock

All the components mainly used to in the circuit operates either at 12 V or at 5 V but the AC which

is supplied to the circuit is 230 V. it should be firstly converted to 12 volts using step down

transformer and then using voltage regulator it is converted to 5V. But there are electric shock

hazard if the ac is directly touched with bare hands or somewhere the contact is developed with

direct AC supply. The electric shock may occur sue to this direct AC supply so it is recommended

to use gloves while connecting AC and not to touch it with bare hands or feet.

But the risks involved in the project are minor risks and can be adequately controlled if necessary

measures are taken. The level of risks is described in the risk assessment form which is attached

in the appendices section. There are no serious health issues involved in the project so the

researcher is performing it as per ethical guidelines.


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APPENDIX D: USER MANUAL

A user guide or user's guide, also commonly known as a manual, is a technical communication

document intended to give assistance to people using a particular system

Since this is a three phase analysis so electrical lab is required to provide the hardware three phase

source through which analysis will be done.

The hardware has to be powered from three phase source, if given single phase or DC input

hardware will not work.

Figure 63: Powering hardware from three phase source

When push button will be pressed which is connected across relay it disconnects that relay

and in the process in common contacts moves to the NC position to provide a logic low at

trigger pin of 555 timer to develop an output that brings the U3 555 timer which is used in

astable mode for its reset pin to high such that the astable operation takes place at its output

which is also indicated by flashing D11 LED. Pushing the switch for a long time will trip

the circuit permanently


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If the fault is off temporary in nature i.e. if the push button pressed is released immediately

the U1 monostable disables U3 the output of which goes to zero in the event of any push

button kept pressed for a longer duration the monostable output provides a longer duration

active situation for U3 the astable timer the output of which charges capacitor C13 through

R11 such that the output of the comparator goes high that drives the relay to switch off

three phase load.

If system encounter any type of fault LED Will glow weather it is line to ground or line to

line depending upon the push button being pushed for longer duration.


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APPENDIX E : REVIEW & RESERCH PAPER

g.s.m based three phase fault analysis with auto reset

Documents