grupo 6 chapter 6 - transmission open access (46).txt

7/27/2019 Grupo 6 Chapter 6 - Transmission Open Access (46).txt

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Contents

1. I J .2 Circuit Connection and P1.11.3 Performance Analysis .....1.11.4 Solution Technique .........1.11.5 Results and Discussion ...........................1.1 1.6 Si~pli~edPhase-balanci

1 .11.7 Appendix ......................... .....................................................1.12 Case Study 2: Controlling a S1.12.1

1.12.2 The Solar Power Plant .................................................................................. 381.12.3 Control Structure of the Plant ....... ................................1 A2.4 CA Formulation ............................................................................................ 401 .12.5 Experimental Results ........... .................................................................. 421.I3 Conclusions........................................................................1.14 References ...... .........................................................

...... ......................... 46la~~on ~~~~it~es

of E~~c~~ic....................................................................................

2.1 Introduction ............................ .......................... 502.2 Traditional Central Utility MO2.3 Reform Motivations ...................... ...................2.4 Separationof Ownershipand2.4.1 Central Dispatch Versus2.5 Competition and Direct Access in the Electricity Market ....................

................ 542.5.1 Competition in the Energy Market ..... ...................................

........... 542.5.2 Competition and Auction Mechanism .....................................2.5.3 Direct Access~~ee~~~~..

2.6 Independent System Operator .............................................................................. 602.6. I Pricing and Market Clearing .................... 612.6.2 Risk Taking.............2.7 Retail Electric Providers., . ............................................................ 63

2.8 Different Experiences ........................................................2.8.1 England and Wales .......... ........................................................ 642.8.2 Norway ...................2.8.3 California................ ........................................ 712.8.4 Scotland.....................................................................2.8.5 New Zealand ........... ........................................ 722.8.6 The European Union and Gennany ...........................................


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................... 732.9 ...................................... ............................. 743CO a~.................................................................~e~~ 76

3.1 Introdtiction................................................................. .................................. 763.2 The Independent System Operator ................... ............................................. 793.3 Wholesale Electricity Market Characteristics ............ .................... 803.3.1 Small Test System ............ ..........................................81............................................... .................... 82

3.3.2


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Contents vii

3.3.3 Bidding ..................................................................... ........................... 833.3.4 Market Clearing and Pricing ........ ............................................3.3.5 Market Timing ...........................................3.3.6 Sequential and Simultaneous Markets ...............................................3.3.7 Bilateral Trading ............................................... .............................. 893.3.8 Scheduling..................3.3.11 Physical and Financial Markets .......................................................................................... 97

stem Capacity ..........................................................................

3.5.4 Technical 'Issues ......................................................................4.2. I Competition in Supply ..

4.2.4 Key Issues or Distribution Businesses ..................4.2.6 Use of System Billing .................................................4.2.8 Competition in Metering ..........................4.3 Maintaining Distribution Planning ...................4.3.5 Network Planning Tools ............................................................................. 1244.3.6 Asset Replacement Planning ................... . 1254.3.7 Risk Assessment......................................................................................... 1254.3.8 Skills and Resources ................................. .......... 1254.3.9 Neiwork Design ....... ............................................................................. 1264.3.10 ~is~~~uti .......................................................

on Automation


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6.4.I6.4.2

6.4.3

6.5

6.5.1

6.5.2

6.5.3

6.5.4

6.5.5

6.6

6.6.1

6.6.2

6.6.3

6.6.4

6.7

6.7.1

6.7.2

6.7.3

6.7.4

6.7.5

6.8

6.8.1

6.8.2

6.5.3

6.8.4

6.8.5

6.9

6.10

6.1 16.22

7.1


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7.2

7.2.1

1.2.27.2.37.37.3.17.3.27'4

7.4. IThe Pool.......................ulti 1atera1Trades .........Tr~s~issionPricing in.............................................................................................184186olled-in Pricing Methods .............. ......................... 187

System Control ...............

hicillary Sewice Provision. ............................................Congestion ~anage~ent 195

ii? Open-access Transmissioo Systems ......................Congestion Management in Nomial Operation..........Integrated Transmission patch Strategy ................

~~~ustra~ioii wer System ........................

Using a SmaSfatic Security-constrained Rescheduling ......................................

202Dynamic Secmity-constrained Rescheduling .................

Open-access ~oordi~iatioiiStrategies..... ........................... 209Price Elasticity as a MeRelieving ~ongestion~oordina~~onbetwce~l~ustrat~onoTraii~action Coordiiiatioii ......~nte~r~tedCoordinatiConclusions....................................................................................................... 216...... 216

................................................................................

.... 217

a ............................................ *.**

a***...

Development of Electric Power IndustryS~cce~~~ve


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Growth of Power ProduFurther Expansion of Power NehvoContinuo~I~

increase of Electricity C~ana~eine~~

System of ElectricThe State Power Corporation......... ..................225hilosophy aiid Strategy of tlie SP ............................................................. 231Market in China...~o~ivatio~s

for Reformation ...................................................................... 234

7.4.2 efonn PLaii of tile SP ........


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Contcnts

Xii

I-

9.18 Conclusions .......................................... ........................ .3229.19 Appendix: Fuzzy DGA for Diagnosis of Multiple Incipient Faults...................3239.19.1 The IEC DGA Codes...... .........................................9.19.2 The Fuzzy IEC Code -9. i9.3 Fuzzy C)iagnosisResults... .............................9.19.4 Trend Analysis of Individual Faults .... ........................................ 3279.19.5 Comments........................... .............................9.20 Refesences .y ..............................................................................................................

................................................................................

.....

10.1.1 A General Overview ....................................10.1.2 PQIS10.2.1 The Wavelet Transform. ........................................... 33610.2.2 Wavelet Analysis .....................................................102.3 Applicationto PQ [25] . ..................................... 339........................................... 342

10.3.4 ~pcsio~icDistortion

10.6 ~~f~rc~ces........................................................ 353

11.2 Sohare Agents .....................................11.2.2 Genesal Issues and the Future of Agents..................................... 362

.4 Evolutionasy Programming-based Optimal Power Flow Algorithln

..............................

11.4.2 EP..................................... .............................................. 37311.4.4 Load flow Solution..........11.4.5 Gradient Acceleration ................................................................................... 379


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Contents '.*U

11.5 Complex ArtificialNeural Networks for Load Flow Analysis .....

11.5.1 ConventionalA" for Real Numbers ..1I .5.2 New ANN for Complex Numbers .........

11.5.3 Comparison of the two ANNs by Coinputer Sirnulatiou ........................... 388

113.4 Applicati

11.6 Virtual Reali

11.6.1 Types of' VR systems...................

11.6.2 Non-immersive (Desktop) Systems. ............................................. 396

11.6.6 Cave ....................................................

11.6.8 Augmented ...............................

11.7.1 The Hardware ................. ................................................................... 401

11.7.2 The Correspondence ......................................

X 1.7.4 Iinp~eiiientationExample........................

11.8 Coiiclusioris...........................

11.9 Acknowledgements..

.................

12.2 The Internet................................ ......................

12.2.1 What Is the Internet? .................................................................................. 416

12.2.2 oes the Internet Work .... ............417

12.2.3 What Would Happm Without the Intcrnet? ..................................


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............. 417

12.2.4 Wow Can the Power lndustry Benefit from the Internet?.

12.2.5 ow Can I Find the Inromiation I Need?.................................................. 419

12.3 Usability of the Interne

12.3.1

12.3.2

12.3.3 Internet Products..........

12.3.4

12.3.5 iltimedia Access ..............

12.3.6 0x1-line Setvices........................................................

................................. 42I

12.3.7 Support for Professionals ........... 42212.3~8 The Power Industry and the liitemet .......................................................... 422

12.3.9 Recent Improvements on the Inteilnet .......


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xivContents

12.4 Internct Technology ............. .... ....... .................424

12.4.1 Access to the Internet ................................................................................. 425

12.4.2 Operating Platforms on the Internet..

12.4.7 Internet Sccurity ......................

...................... 433

Interpreled Versus Compiled Iaiguages ....

12.5.3 What Is JavaScript?.................................................................................... 434

12.5.4 What Is Java?........................ ........ ........ 435

12.6 Web Pages................................................. 436

12.6.1.. 437

12.6.2 Difference Between a Static and a Dynamic Web Page ......................

...... 437

12.6.3 DisplayiiigDatabase Content ...................................438

12.6.4 Web Pages with Fuuctionality .................................................................... 440

12.6.5 Web Pages with Integrated Applications ......

12.7.1 Why the Need for XML

ation of Content and I .ayout.. ....................Layout Validation with DTD ..............................

12.75Styleshects............................ 445


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12.8.3 Monitoring Power Station Equipment ........................................................ 45412.5) Case Study 2: Power Trading Application .... .45712.9.1 Trading Platform Architecture ................................................................... 458

12.10 Conclusions ................................

12.11 Acknowlc~~ements ...................................................................

......460

12.12 Refercnces ....................

ex ..................................................................................................................................


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TransmissionQpen Access

173

e either set or ~egulated in ac

a

~reaso~~bIeq above its cost.

or fairprooft ~argi~re~u~r~ ov~ral~

to operate in a manner that min~mis~d reve~u~~~~e~c~~~~s

the ~~~~~~0~ to serve was often mconcept was usually rep~ace~ g

by


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nal, state, provincial or independent generators coexist. In these cases the~echnic~ are murky and are in a process of rapid ev~lution.

inte~e~ationshi~s

rate and transfer BOT; {or build, operate and own) plant ofing, ~sua~Iy ~~~itiean

~at~onal, ~Iayon in many fast-~~ng T

systems.~~rc~~e

a~ee~e~~

are often in force as an economic incentive to investors.

nsibiii~on the dis~bution side as in a ~a~itiona~

s~~regulat~~~is that Discos may now be restrict

scos ad ~~o~jd~ n sales ~ ~

~le~t~~ ~

~ee~op~~~ or to coxp

countries is to sell to an~nvestor~em so that ~~ves~ment

for reinforceme~t can beop~r~ti~g ~m~~e~e~~e~.

prac~ices

Where the trans~~ssionnetwo was state owned before res~~~~ng,

o

int~gr~~ and a d~s~ine~on

will be r~~ned between owner and operator is rSA, fo~ere~ec~~c may sell off their other assets

~t~~i~~~s~Qrn~~~~s~pr~miseof open ~ans~~~sion that

h basic ~ccessistrans~iss~o~operat~rstreat lalt users on a non-discriminato~ basis iuse of services. This re~uirement cannot be ensured if transmission

y generation or supply. A requirement, therefore, is~~~~~~~~e~~$~ste~at^^ to Q~erat~ system,

the tr~s~~ssi~n


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Transmission Open Access

1 the new ~ading~c~res

into a few alte

ion system is ~~n~a~ly


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ower System Restruc lation


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pdce at bus m (the calculation of pool price is outside the scope of this c[233/);2) pTj,nis set equal to pTj,mplus the ~an5~~5io~ Pn ,

price of later^^ ~~ac~~on

The prices p;f under ~on~ingency.

can be obtained in a simiiar way to pR

~~~~~$~~reventiveand pos~-c~n~ing~ncy

G

onse~ationof power in the pool, Ass~~~~~g

that only transactide system regulation the associated generatQr bus can be chto say, the slack bus power a~jus~ent must balance the ch~gesin ~ e

and load power with due regard for ~~s~is~Q~

fosses. A linear pool power ba~~ceequ~tionin the or^^^ state can then be written as

where rGi,rDiand rnare sensitivities o~~ansac~~on~I), PDi and BTi with ~~~~ect

PO,@.

to slack bus power in the n ~state.~ a ~any ~QS~ Ateratio~~~~~

contingency ad~ition~~y ~os~~con~~ency the ba~~ce

co~e~tiQn linear power equatiQ~ ~nde~~ ~can be witten as ~ n ~

~~~~

w:The flow of power in a line csince cu~~ri~ be alloca~o~limits,

I E

0 2 1; I~I~,~~~z

The ch~~e~of line flow in the normal state ~~ust ~ ~ t ~ ~

where sGj,sniand sTI~rans~~~~Qn of

are sensitivities of the co~e~pond~~~ to the sq~~e


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the c~~~en~

in line E in the normal state.


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20~ Power System Res~ct~ng

and D~~~la~ion

as a he out^^^^ could ca~segenerator to lose ~~c~r~n~s~,

then the oreventiive action to modify the operating state, Hence, dyn~~c

seresc~edu~ing lateral dispa~chis also a very i~po~ant

in the context of both pool andissue.An erati tin^ state can be ~~d~~ed ways, and the operator

in many ~~fferent~h~o~ethe a~tion which will not only ensure s~stems ~ b ~ ~ ~ ~eq~ in an~ a~en-~~cessa ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ener

~ environ~ent.A ~r~sient

described in this section. The TEF is a Lyapunov-like hunctioint (UEP) or a particular fault is the most c~ pointt on ~~~~state spase of generator angles. The transient energy m~gin (TE

di~~ren~e energy of the sys

between the ~n~~~t~~ of ~~u~ts ~ ~ andnits value at the ~on~rol~~n~UEP, %e

~

c~~~~ng~o~es~o~~din~ system and to~lo~,

to the find p~~~-disturbancethe tran~~ent

energy is less than the potential energy Conethe system possesses transient stability for the fault in queThe chief a~ac~ian to a

of a TEN method Is that it lends itself very ~onve~entlysensiti~~~-base~~~pro~c~[34]. The sensitivities ~~~r~ates~ are the ch~~~s

~~~~i~~~nce

afEM with res~e~t ge~ie~ata~ 0 In the eve ~~

to ~~d~vid~~~ ~.

~ow~r ~dis~atc~ posesses d~~a~ic the most

con~~urat~o~ security riskscs,available to the IS0 is to ~~d~~a~~h


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generator power outputs so as~e~sit~~~~provi~esa clear signal of the most

~~fo~a~on

he~e,The a~p~o~~

desc~be~

here is to use the sensipe in ~enera~ion genera to^.

from critical generators to non-c~tica~-based methods we available, ine~~idingethod [XI, the con~ol~ing

uns~ble equ

~eth~~s the UEP, and thw EM

can be used to ~o~put~and the s~~sitivities

can be obtained then. A eth hod E39cQ~~a~~ed is

r~schedul~n~resented next in which the~oss~~se [40].

many ~v~n~a~es


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skied ~uu~di~~~~~~

Prmedikre

price ~~~st~c~~Section6.8.1 isbased onthe ass

issue dicu~~e~i~a~ts rational and

are ~er~ectlyable to respond prope~~y~oweve~, elastic~~~e$c~sto~crs

dem~~ ofrange from h~~h~y elastic to h~~hly~e~~~~~c.with high elastic~~~es

~~s~omers will bse~si~~~ will be inert to

to power prices while to tom er^ who are more ~n~~asti~prices and fail to react in time.~rana~.t~~~ as de~ans~ated explores an a~te~at~ve to

~Qord~naii~n &QV~ ap~ro~c~~ameliorate co~ges~on for market pa~ic~pants

and provides useful ~uidel~ne~ to n~~~~~puwer exch~n~es that avoid ~~n~estio~andlearn to de~en~ h~ca~~~

on geo d~~~~si~~~~~rsu~~ly ~o~fo~~o

(and d~m~nd~ ~~~t~ad.An ~ n ~ ~onges~~~~~a~e ~~oced~~ ~in ~i~~ ~

m~agern~~~

~ [45]as $oorates the ~bove two issues into the wiil~ngnes$~to-~a~ ate

~~$~atchdescribe^.

~#~i~es~~on~0~~~ t~~e~tion

by the IS

R

e

U

arket response

~~r~~na~~o~


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procedurefor congestion relief

sent a short time ~e~~od~

which is divided ine ~E ~ ~~$

need ~not be equal to~ each~yste~

e er at ion conge~ionis foundin~o~~aiion,

which mayop~ratin~status in~lu~~n

(6.7) during inte~alproceduremust iterate in the whole ~ansi~ission

operation time ~omain.This integrat~~ procedure can be seen as apractical aliemat~~e a~~

co~rd~na~ion to crig~ts,which are defined in a lines t47J.

airwisemannerl46] or asrightson in~ivi~~al


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grupo 6 chapter 6 - transmission open access (46).txt

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