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ANATO LIA

I Inthethirdmillennium.C. therewere everal eopandculturesn Anatolia.Oneof thesecultures f tEarlyBronze, rEarlyAnatolian,eriodwas enterethenorth entral rea round lacaHuyuk. t extendnorth o the BlackSea, outh o Cilicia, ndpossiblW farwest as the SakaryaRiver.Somescholars onnt this culturewith a people alled n the Hittite recotheHatti.This ewerreputedly ame roma site nearAmassouth fSamsunntheBlack ea.The hape as chievbyraising, eatinghegoldovera form, nd hedeco

tionwasapparently adebyrepoussendchasing. h9 ewer s verymuch ikeoneexcavated y Turkish rchologists t Mahmatlar,lsonearAmasya. imilar oewers ndalsoothersn silver nd erracotta ere ouin someof the well-knownraves t AlacaHuyuk; date orall these wers nd herichmaterialoundwithem s the ate hirdmillennium.C., and heMuseu

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2 This standard, longwith other objects ncludinthesistrum4), was aidto have been ound n a largeearthenwareesselat a sitecalledNallihan,outhweof Bolu and just northof the SakaryaRiver.SomeTurkishcholars, owever,uggestt mayactually avecomefrom Horoztepe,arther ast. SimilarbullsareknownromHoroztepe ndAlacaHuyuk, everal lsoon pedestals.Comparisonith these bullsand otherbronzesoundat the sites uggests n EarlyBronze, rEarlyAnatolian,ate or thisstandard.Thestandards cast n several ieces.The long,thinstylizedbullsweremade eparatelyndareheldto thediskbyelongated uter egs,whicharepulled hrougandbentback.A rodsecured y pins oins heanimalat theirnecks.The disk s cast ogetherwith a piercetang,whichwasplacedn asocket, erhapsf adifferenmaterial. hestandardrobablyerved religiousunc-tion,sincebullsare oftenshown n representationsfreligiouseremoniessplatforms ponwhich hegodscommunicatedo theirworshipers.Late II millennium.C. Copper r bronze.Height634inches.Purchase,osephPulitzerBequest,5. I37.5

oronagersremoreusuallyeendrawinghariots, ut nAnatolia ullsareshown arrying eities n theirbackorpulling hem n chariots. he deitymighthavebeenthe sunor a weather od,representeds a statuette fhumanormor by another ymbol.At leasta dozenmodel hariots ulledby bullsandof the same ypeastheMuseum'sreknown o exist,andaresaid o havecome rom outhcentralAnatolia. nfortunately,onewas cientificallyxcavated,othecontextn whichheywerefound,whichwouldperhaps ave clarifiedheirfunction,s lost.

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3 Heavy hariots,hosewithfourwheels,wereknownin Mesopotamias earlyas the thirdmillennium.C.Theyarementionedn textsandrepresentedn art,thebest-knownepresentationseing hose n theStandardof Ur,now n TheBritishMuseum. venactual hariotshavebeenpreserved,swellasmodelsmade f terracottaor copper. hesignificancef themodelsselusive. heymayhavebeenmade orchildrenrforwarriors,r per-haps heywereused n religiousites.Thismodel oulddepicta contemporaryilitary hariot, vehicle orfront-linettack hatusually arriedwomen,a warrioranda driver.It is alsopossiblehat the model s of a vehicle hatcarried deity, ince t is drawn y a pairof bulls.Asses III or early I millennium.C. Copper r bronze, eigh35S6nches.EdithPerryChapman und, 6.If

r > P

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4 Thissistrums in the formof a handle nd two urightprongs,which redecorated ithprojecting uhorns ndcappedwithstylizedplants.A crossbart ttop is adornedwith a standing ird,possibly hawwhosewingsare outstretched. he fork,crossbar,ornamentsppearo becast ogether, ut thethreewireachholdingoosedisks,wereplacedwithin hepronBothhawks nd hehorns f bullsplayed symbolicoin thereligionsf Anatolianeoplesor everalmillenIt isthereforeossiblehat his istrum as mployed. . .pr1estsnarel1g1ouseremony,ccompanyingingindancingnhonor f theirgods.Sistraecorated ithanimalsn theround re oundHoroztepe,nd ragmentsccur t AlacaHuyuk.Thareof slightlydifferent hape han this one, being elongated.istrawere lsoused smusicalnstrumenEgyptduring he thirdmillenniumnd n the secomillenniumf the Minoanperiod n the Aegean. haps hemost amous xamplen art s therepresenton the sixteenth-centuryteatiteHarvester ase frHagiaTriada n Crete: he man eading he procesof singing arvesterss shaking sistrum, erysimilatheMuseum's.Late 1ll millennium.C. Bronze,height 3 inches.Pchase, osephPulitzerBequest, 5 z37.