Labor Force Distribution

1870-1900

The Changing American Labor Force

Child Labor

Child Labor in PA

Child Labor

Labor Unrest: 1870-1900

The Molly Maguires(1875)

JamesJamesMcParlandMcParland

The Corporate “Bully-Boys”:

PinkertonAgents

Management vs. Labor““ToolsTools”” of of

ManagementManagement““ToolsTools”” of of

LaborLabor

““scabsscabs””

P. R. campaignP. R. campaign PinkertonsPinkertons lockoutlockout blacklistingblacklisting yellow-dog yellow-dog

contractscontracts court injunctionscourt injunctions open shopopen shop

boycottsboycotts sympathy sympathy

demonstrationsdemonstrations informational informational

picketingpicketing closed shopsclosed shops organized organized

strikesstrikes ““wildcatwildcat””

strikesstrikes

A Striker Confronts a SCAB!

Knights of Labor

Terence V. Terence V. PowderlyPowderly

An injury to one is the concern of An injury to one is the concern of all!all!

Knights of Labor

Knights of Labor trade Knights of Labor trade cardcard

Goals of the Knights of Laborù Eight-hour workday.Eight-hour workday.

ù WorkersWorkers’’ cooperatives. cooperatives.

ù Worker-owned factories.Worker-owned factories.

ù Abolition of child and prison Abolition of child and prison labor.labor.

ù Increased circulation of Increased circulation of greenbacks.greenbacks.

ù Equal pay for men and women.Equal pay for men and women.

ù Safety codes in the workplace.Safety codes in the workplace.

ù Prohibition of contract foreign Prohibition of contract foreign labor.labor.

ù Abolition of the National Bank.Abolition of the National Bank.

The Great Railroad Strike of 1877

The Great Railroad Strike of 1877

The Tournament of Today:

A Set-to Between Labor and Monopoly

Anarchists Meet on the Lake Front in

1886

Haymarket Riot (1886)

McCormick Harvesting Machine Co.McCormick Harvesting Machine Co.

Haymarket Martyrs

Governor John Peter Altgeld

The American Federation

of Labor: 1886

Samuel GompersSamuel Gompers

How the AF of L Would Help the

Workersù Catered to the skilled worker.Catered to the skilled worker.

ù Represented workers in matters of Represented workers in matters of national legislation.national legislation.

ù Maintained a national strike fund.Maintained a national strike fund.

ù Evangelized the cause of unionism.Evangelized the cause of unionism.

ù Prevented disputes among the many Prevented disputes among the many craft unions.craft unions.

ù Mediated disputes between Mediated disputes between management and labor.management and labor.

ù Pushed for Pushed for closed shopsclosed shops..

Homestead Steel Strike

(1892)

The Amalgamated The Amalgamated Association of Association of

Iron & Steel WorkersIron & Steel Workers

Homestead Steel Homestead Steel WorksWorks

Big Corporate Profits!

Attempted Assassination!

Henry Clay FrickHenry Clay Frick

Alexander BerkmanAlexander Berkman

A “CompanyTown”:

Pullman, IL

Pullman Cars

A Pullman A Pullman porterporter

The Pullman Strike of 1894

President Grover Cleveland

If it takes the entire army and navy to If it takes the entire army and navy to deliver a postal card in Chicago, that deliver a postal card in Chicago, that

card card will be delivered!will be delivered!

The Pullman Strike of 1894

Government by injunction!Government by injunction!

The Socialists

Eugene V. DebsEugene V. Debs

International Workers of the World (“Wobblies”)

“Big Bill” Haywood of the

IWW

Violence was Violence was justified to justified to overthrow overthrow capitalism.capitalism.

I W W & the Internationale

The Hand That Will Rule the World One

Big Union

Mother Jones: “The Miner’s Angel”

Mary Harris.Mary Harris. Organizer for Organizer for

thetheUnited MineUnited MineWorkers.Workers.

Founded the Founded the SocialSocialDemocratic Democratic Party Party in 1898.in 1898.

One of the One of the founding founding members of the members of the I. W. W. in I. W. W. in 1905.1905.

Lawrence, MA Strike: 1912

The “Bread & Roses” Strike

DEMANDS:DEMANDS:ù 15¢/hr. wage increase.15¢/hr. wage increase.

ù Double pay for overtime.Double pay for overtime.

ù No discrimination against No discrimination against strikers.strikers.

ù An end to An end to ““speed-upspeed-up”” on the on the assembly line.assembly line.

ù An end to discrimination An end to discrimination againstagainstforeign immigrant workers.foreign immigrant workers.

Lawrence, MA Strike: 1912

The “Formul

a”

unions unions + violence + strikes + socialists + violence + strikes + socialists + immigrants immigrants = anarchists anarchists

Labor Union Membership

The Rise & Decline of Organized Labor