growth of european kingdoms, crusades, black death
TRANSCRIPT
Growth of European Kingdoms, Crusades,
Black Death
England: Pre-Norman Invasion
•Anglo-Saxons lived in England since the 500s CE.
•King Alfred fought against Vikings and unified all of England in the ninth century
•Since then England was ruled by Anglo- Saxon kings
England: Norman Invasion
•William of Normandy invaded from Northern part of France with heavily armed knights
•He defeated King Harold off of the coast of England at the Battle of Hastings in 1066 CE.
•The Norman Invasion changed the way of life in England.
England: Normanized…• Norman knights rewarded fiefs and William of Normandy became sole ruler of England
• Norman ruling class spoke French
• Intermarriage of Anglo-Saxons and Normans formed Anglo-Normans
•William instituted Domesday Book• Domesday Book: First census done since the Roman Empire.
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Owf5Uq4oFps
England: Monarchy to Rule Them ALL•Henry II strengthened the English crown’s involvement in government
• Criminal cases directed straight to royal cases
•Henry replaced local laws to common law• Common law: a law common to the entire kingdom
• Henry attempted to try and punish clergymen in royal courts• Thomas Becket, Archbishop of Canterbury, argued only Roman Catholic Church can accuse clergymen.
• Four knights killed Becket. In response the people were outraged, which caused King Henry to backdown.
England: Magna Carta
•Nobles hated the abuse and rise of Monarch’s power.
• In 1215 nobles forced King John II to sign the Magna Carta.
•Magna Carta did the following:• King’s power is limited, not absolute
• It’s a feudal document
• Enforces the idea of feudalism: the conditional relationship between vassals and king.
England: ParliamEnt’s day of Birth
•Parliament was formed under the rule of Edward I in the thirteenth century.
•Parliament’s government system:• Two knights of every county
• Two people of every town
• Nobles and Bishops of every land.
• House of Nobles: Made up of the Bishops and Nobles
• House of Commons: Made up of Knights and common folk.
France: Raised from the Dead
•Carolingian Empire was divided into 3 parts in 843 CE
• In 987, a new dynasty known as the Capetian Dynasty rose on the westernmost part of the Frankish Empire.
•French kings only controlled Paris as the nobles had more power
France: Old Fashion Switch-A-roo•King Philip Augustus fought and gained control from English rulers who ruled
over Normandy and other parts of Northern France from 1180 to 1223.
•Monarchy slowly gained power through King Philip’s conquest
•King Philip IV formed the French parliament• Parliament is made up of 3 parts
• Clergy (First estate)
• Nobles
• Townspeople and peasants
Holy Roman Empire: O boy!
•Otto I became Holy Roman Emperor of the eastern side of the Frankish Empire. In return he provided protection to the pope since 962 CE.
•Tensions rose between the Roman Catholic Church and HRE over time.• Frederick I and Frederick II in 12th century attempted many times to control and conquer
northern Italy.
• Pope made multiple alliances with northern cities and stopped them in their conquests.
holy roman EmPirE: Can’t wait to BE… king?
• Fighting in Italy made it easier for German lords to create independent kingdoms
•Germany and Italy had no real monarchies. Most of them controlled by small independent states.
•Holy Roman Empire was an Elective Monarchy
• Elective Monarchy: Independent states voted to who would be the next Emperor
Crusades
Crusades•From 11th to 13th centuries multiple military expeditions were done to regain the
Holy Land. These wars were called the Crusades
•Causes of the First Crusade in 1095.• Byzantine Emperor Alexius I asked for help because the Seljuk Turks posed serious threat
• Pope Urban II saw this an opportunity to strengthen Catholic Church in leadership and monies• He promised Crusaders that fighting against the ‘infidels’ would give immediate forgiveness of sins.
• Crusades pumped up religious fervor, adventure, as Italian merchants saw this as a gateway to trade
Crusades•First Crusade:
•Conquered Antioch and Jerusalem
•Divided in four Latin Crusader states that depended on Italian trade
•Second Crusade:
•Monastic leader Bernard of Clairvaux spurred kings of Germany and France to regain control of lost Crusader state, but it was a complete fail.
•Saladin led army of Muslims to retake Jerusalem in 1187 CE.
Crusades•Third Crusade:• Led by King Richard (Lionhearted) of England, Philip II Augustus of France, and
HR Emperor Frederick Barbarossa in 1189
•Conquered coastal cities but unable to go inland
• Frederick drowned in a river and Philip II left the cause.
• Richard made a treaty with Saladin which allowed Christian pilgrims access to Jerusalem.
Crusades•Fourth Crusade:
• 1193 Pope Innocent III called last crusade.
• Most crusaders focused on the succession of the Byzantine Empire
• Venetians disliked Byzantine Empire because it was their financial competitor
• Led the crusaders to sack Constantinople in 1204 CE.
• Sixty years later Byzantine soldiers recapture city but remained weak and barely existed until Ottoman Turks conquer it in 1453 CE.
