growth in human-child development

8/3/2019 Growth in Human-child Development

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y Chow Kuok Feng

y Connie

y Adilah

y Anisa


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2 S curves

2 rapid growth phases :

Infantadolescent.

Slow growth phase

childhood.


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5 Major growth phases:-

i. Infant phase

ii. Childhood phaseiii. Adolescent phase

iv. Adult phase

v. Ageing phase


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i. Infant phase:

Growth rate - very rapid for both gender.

Few small cells are dividing rapidly.

As the number of cells becomes greater the sizeincreases more quickly because there are morecells carrying out division.

There is a limit to this rapid phase of growth.


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ii. Childhood phase

y

Growth rate - slower.

y From the age of 4, slightly higherin males compared to females.


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Growth rate - rapid.

In the earlier part females have a more rapidgrowth, this is 2 years before it begins in males. Atthe later part the male growth rate become highercompared to females.

This difference results in the females attainingpuberty at an earlier age (around age of 12)

compared to males (around age 14).


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y Two infants born at the same time may be verydifferent. Some infants are very quiet and sleep a lot.Other infants are very active.

y

Developmental change is a basic fact of humanexistence and each person is developmentally unique.Although there are universally accepted assumptionsor principles of human development, no two children

are alike. Children differ in physical, cognitive, social,and emotional growth patterns.


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y Development refers to change or growth that occursin a child during the life span from birth toadolescence.

y This change occurs in an orderly sequence,involving physical, cognitive, and emotionaldevelopment.

y These three main areas of child development involvedevelopmental changes which take place in a

predictable pattern (age related), orderly, but withdifferences in the rate or timing of the changes fromone person to another


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y Physical Development -At birth, infants cannotcontrol their body movements. Most of theirmovements are reflexes.

y Their nervous system is not fully developed. Duringthe first months, infants can see clearly objects that are

about 10 inches away from their faces.

y By six months, their vision is more fully developed.

y By four months, most babies have some control oftheir muscles and nervous system.

y They can sit with support, hold their head up for shortperiods of time, and can roll from their side to theirstomach. By five months, most babies can roll over.


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y Physical Development - Infants still take a nap in the morning

and afternoon. They start to eat and sleep at regular times.y They eat three meals a day and drink from bottles at various

times. They start using a cup and a spoon to feed themselves.Infants can sit alone.

y They crawl with their stomach touching the floor, and they creep

on their hands and knees.y By eight months, they can reach for and hold objects. They can

pick up objects with their thumb and forefinger and let objectsgo (drop things).

y They start to throw things. They pull up to stand, they stand

holding onto furniture, and they can walk when led.y By the time they are 12 months old, most babies can weigh three

times what they weighed at birth and gain about an inch permonth in length. The average infant at one year may be between2630 inches long.


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Factorsaffectinginfants

development

Gene

Dominantand

Recessive

MilestonesEnvironment

Personality


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y Gene

- Genes are the determinants of heredity, and each individual carries genes from the

mother and the father. Characteristics such as height, weight, skin color, eye color and

hair color are all determined through the balance of genes in the body. Genes are

responsible for cognitive and mental processes as well as physical features, and they

are passed down through generations.

y Dominance and Recessive

- According to ThinkQuest.org, there is both a recessive gene and a dominant gene for

every individual personal characteristic. For instance, if one parent has dark hair and the

other has light, the dominant gene will determine the color of the resulting child's hair.

Genes are responsible for factors that determine a wide variety of hereditary physical

characteristics.


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y Milestones

- Physical development in children is often measured inmilestones. Children are expected to reach certain

measurable developmental milestones at specific ages.

For instance, by the age of 3 months a child should beable to roll over. At 6 months they should be able to sit up

without assistance, and at 12 months most will have at

least attempted to stand up or walk. Thesedevelopmental milestones are used by physicians to

determine if a child is making adequate physical

progression throughout their growing years.


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y Environment

- Although genes do play a large part in the

developmental process, the environment also

has a role in determining physical characteristics

and development. If a fetus is exposed to

pollutants or chemicals in the womb at specific

stages in the developmental process, it can alter

their deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA, and cause

mutations that may not otherwise have occurred.


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y Personality

- Some babies just sit there, taking it all in, while otherswon't stay in one place long enough to hear whatyou've got to say. Just like adults, babies all shine indifferent areas, depending on temperament, likes anddislikes.


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y When reaches childhood stage, this timeperiod is a stage of continuing growth anddevelopment for the children.

y He/she will go through many changes intheir physical, mental, emotional andsocial development.


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Movement: Your child's body changesas he learns to do new things. Hismotor (movement) skills improve

along with his balance andcoordination

Movement: Your child's body changesas he learns to do new things. Hismotor (movement) skills improve

along with his balance andcoordination

Body control or movement: Yourchild will be able to stand on one foot

even for a short period of time. Helearns to walk up and down the stairsalternating each foot. He may also be

able to skip and throw a ball. Yourchild learns to dress and feed himself,

and use the toilet on his own.

Body control or movement: Yourchild will be able to stand on one foot

even for a short period of time. Helearns to walk up and down the stairsalternating each foot. He may also be

able to skip and throw a ball. Yourchild learns to dress and feed himself,

and use the toilet on his own.

Hand and finger control: Your childlearns to focus and increases his handskills. He can hold a book or pen more

firmly. He also learns to turn paperpages. Later, he is able to turn paper

pages one page at a time, and write hisname.

Hand and finger control: Your childlearns to focus and increases his handskills. He can hold a book or pen more

firmly. He also learns to turn paperpages. Later, he is able to turn paper

pages one page at a time, and write hisname.

Weight and height: Boys may weighabout 29 to 40 pounds during this

time period. Their height may reach

35 to 42 inches. Girls may weigh 27 to39 pounds. They may grow to about 34and one-half to 42 inches during this

time.

Weight and height: Boys may weighabout 29 to 40 pounds during this

time period. Their height may reach

35 to 42 inches. Girls may weigh 27 to39 pounds. They may grow to about 34and one-half to 42 inches during this

time.


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Certain medicalconditions: Problems thataffect the brain may slow

your child's development.These problems may includeinfections and head injuries.

Eating habits: Your childmay become picky about

what he eats and may prefercertain foods. Refusing to

eat, or only eating fast foodor junk food may decreaseyour childs growth and

development

Sleep: Your child needs sleep togrow and develop normally. The

total time spent sleeping includesnaps in the morning and

afternoon, and sleep withoutwaking up at night. Lack of sleep

decreases your childs energy.

Play: Playing helps a childdevelop his imagination.

Your child will also learn howto get along with others.

Family influence: Family isimportant as

they are the person that supportand educate the child. Parentschoice for suitable parenting

method is significant in moldingup a childs character.

Peer : Peer here refers tofriend of the same age. Thisis the first step taken by a

child to the society. Here isthe place where the child willtry and acquire skills to adapt

themselves in a society.


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y Adolescence = The state of growing up fromchildhood to manhood or

womanhood.

Source : www.brainyquote.com


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Biological

Yu Zhenhuan Born in 1979 in Anshan cityof China

IQ level

Skin complexion

Blue eyes


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Upbringing

Actions

Family

Foods taken

Physicaldevelopment

Nutrition

Behaviour

Influenceinterest,outfit style

Peer

Thinking

Right &

wrong

Culture

Interest

Relationship

with otherpeople

Media

Cognitive

Social

bonding

Teacher&School


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y Retrieved from http://urbanext.illinois.edu/babysitting/age -infant.html

y

Retrieved from http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/350/350 -055/350-055.htmly Retrieved from http://www.goodtoknow.co.uk/family/144358/Baby-

milestones--Factors-that-affect-babies--developmenty Retrieved from http://www.ehow.com/about_5045762_hereditary-

factors-affect-physical-development.htmly Thomson, R. (2011). Normal growth and

development of preschoolers.Drugs.com.Retrieved February 3, 2012,fromhttp://www.drugs.com/cg/normal-growth-and-development-of-preschoolers.html

y Factors that influence child development. (2011, January 14). RetrievedFebruary 3, 2012, from

http://teachinginmalaysia.blogspot.com/2011/01/20 -factors-that-influence-child_13.htmly Retrieved from

http://www.brainyquote.com/words/ad/adolescence127543.htmly http://www.focusas.com/Adolescence-Early.html

y Retrieved from http://urbanext.illinois.edu/babysitting/age -infant.html

y

Retrieved from http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/350/350 -055/350-055.htmly Retrieved from http://www.goodtoknow.co.uk/family/144358/Baby-

milestones--Factors-that-affect-babies--developmenty Retrieved from http://www.ehow.com/about_5045762_hereditary-

factors-affect-physical-development.htmly Thomson, R. (2011). Normal growth and

development of preschoolers.Drugs.com.Retrieved February 3, 2012,fromhttp://www.drugs.com/cg/normal-growth-and-development-of-preschoolers.html

y Factors that influence child development. (2011, January 14). RetrievedFebruary 3, 2012, from

http://teachinginmalaysia.blogspot.com/2011/01/20 -factors-that-influence-child_13.htmly Retrieved from

http://www.brainyquote.com/words/ad/adolescence127543.htmly http://www.focusas.com/Adolescence-Early.html

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