Group MembersLuis Alacan

Paola del ValleJandro RoqueChen Wang

SIX SIGMA

• A statistical concept that represents amount of variation present in a process

• Corresponds to being 99.9997% defect free

• Produce at defect levels below 3.4 DPMO

• Refers to a business philosophy of focusing on continuous improvement

• Methodology that an organization uses to ensure that it is improving its key processes

WHAT IS SIX SIGMA?

• Having a measurable way to track performance improvements

• Focusing attention on process management at all organizational levels

• Improving customer relationships by addressing defects• Improving the efficiency and effectiveness of processes

by aligning them with your customer needs

WHAT IS IT USED FOR?

• Bill Smith introduced the concept of Six Sigma to Motorola in the mid-1980s

• Mikel Harry began to study the variations in the various processes within Motorola

• Motorola began focusing on creating strategies to reduce defects in its products

• Achieved the Malcolm Baldridge National Quality Award in 1988

SIX SIGMA PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT

• Six Sigma has evolved– Lean Six Sigma– Design for Six Sigma (DFSS)– DMAIC methodology– CTQs

• Certifications– Yellow, Green, Black Belts

• Overall has achieved greater awareness

SIX SIGMA TODAY

SIX SIGMA METHODOLOGY

NORMAL DISTRIBUTION

About 68% of the area under the curve falls within 1 standard deviation of the mean

About 95% of the area under the curve falls within 2 standard deviations of the mean

About 99.7% of the area under the curve falls within 3 standard deviations of the mean

REGIONS

PROCESS SHIFT

• Cp = USL – LSL 6σ Cp > 2 indicates process is in good statistical control

• Cpk = Min [ USL – μ USL – μ ] 3σ , 3σ Cpk < 1.33 indicates process is not capable of producing repeatable products

INDICES

• Defect Rate in parts per million (ppm)

• Sigma Levels (1σ, 2σ, 3σ, 4σ, 5σ, 6σ)

• Process Capability Index – Cpk= 0.5 means you've crunched nearest the door edge– Cpk=1 means you're just touching the nearest edge – Cpk=2 means your width can grow 2 times before touching – Cpk=3 means your width can grow 3 times before touching

• Defects per unit (average number of defects observed when sampling a population)

• Yield (percentage of a process that is free of defects)

METRICS

Defects (in ppm) Sigma Level % Acceptable

690,000 1σ 31.0000%

308,000 2σ 69.2000%

66,800 3σ 93.3200%

6,210 4σ 99.3790%

230 5σ 99.9770%

3.4 6σ 99.9997%

LEVELS

SIX SIGMA – PRACTICAL MEANING

1. Identifying core processes and key customers

2. Defining customer requirements

3. Measuring customer performance

4. Prioritizing, analyzing, and implementing improvements

5. Expanding and integrating the Six Sigma system

SIX SIGMA ROADMAP

SIX SIGMA PLAYERSEXECUTIVE

LEADERSHIP

CHAMPIONS

MASTER BLACK BELTS

BLACK BELT

BLACK BELT

GREEN BELT

GREEN BELT

YELLOW BELT

YELLOW BELT

FOSTERING SIX SIGMA CULTURE

• Six Sigma Overview – 4-8 hours in length

• Business process management – 3 days

• Green Belt for Champions – 3 or 8 days

• Black/Green Belt Training – 12 days

• Change Management – 3 days

• Facilitative Management – 2 days

• Individual Tools Clinic – Depend on tool or technique

WHAT IS NEEDED FOR A SUCCESSFUL SIX SIGMA PROGRAM?

• Have management lead your improvement efforts.• Actively support a focus on delighting your customers.• Provide the sigma improvement team with access to experts

who can offer ongoing guidance and coaching.• Encourage open discussion about defects. People should

not be afraid to point out that something is wrong. The airline industry for instance, studies crashes and “near-misses” to improve safety.

• Value and use the data you gather.• Help employees work effectively by providing a team-based,

cooperative environment.

PITFALLS TO AVOID

• Failure to achieve quick success• Clear your agendas of competing distractions• Unrealistic timeframes• Ignore previous quality efforts• Poor Six Sigma cultural planning and follow through• Cultural development cannot be delegated or seen as an one-time

event• No culture goals and objectives• Not allowing for unexpected interruptions• False positive readings that you have achieved Six Sigma cultural

transformation• Underestimate resource allocation

1. Lack of senior Sponsorship

2. Lack of Alignment to a clear strategy

3. Lack of tracking and Accountability

4. Failure to link to the Bottom-Line

5. Insufficient or ineffective allocation of Human Resources

6. Over-emphasizing on Rigid Approach

MOTOROLA: REASONS WHY SIX SIGMA MAY FAIL

BALDRIGE AWARD AND SIX SIGMA

• Baldrige criteria is used as a management tool

• Most organizations that use the Baldrige criteria never

apply for an award

• Baldrige Criteria as a method of establishing a “culture of

excellence,” assessing performance, and prioritizing

initiatives

• Six Sigma can be used to drive deep into root causes to

solve the organization’s highest-impact problems

BALDRIGE AND SIX SIGMA ALIGNMENT

• Sigma encourages a focus on meeting customer requirements (Baldrige Category 3)

• Leadership-driven initiative (Baldrige Category 1)

• Alignment of improvement projects to the organization’s strategy (Baldrige Item 2.2)

• Effective development and training of human resources (Baldrige Item 5.2)

• Data-driven decision-making (Baldrige Category 4)

BALDRIGE /LEAN THINKING /SIX SIGMA ALIGNMENT

STARWOOD HOTELS

• Starwood has found Six Sigma's strengths can promote innovation, not stifle it.

• Starwood has been successful, in part, because it began with a culture of creativity before introducing the management tool

• Programs developed using six sigma techniques delivered more than $100 million in profit to its bottom line

• Since the program launched in 2001, more than 150 employees have been trained as "black belts" and more than 2,700 as "green belts"

STARWOOD HOTELS

• The process begins when hotel teams pitch a new idea• A Six Sigma council then evaluates an idea's merit based on the

division's priorities and the project's expected payoff.• If the council approves a project, black belts and green belts are

deployed like swat teams to the hotels to execute the project. • After rolling out a prototype, green belts shift into analytical mode.

At that point they spend a lot of time with the E-Tool, a proprietary Web-based system that allows Starwood to monitor a slew of performance metrics to gauge the success or failure of a new project.

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STARWOOD HOTELS

QUESTIONS?