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Grivory GPartially aromatic polyamides
2
Contents
3 Introduction
4 Grivory nomenclature
5 Characteristics and properties of Grivory grades
6 Application examples
8 Properties
12 Design data – short-term performance
14 Design data – long-term performance
16 Resistance to weathering
17 Resistance to heat ageing
18 Resistance to chemicals
19 Comparison to other construction materials
20 Approvals
22 Drying and storage
23 Processing - injection moulding
24 Post-treatment
26 Services and technical advice
27 Tests, CAMPUS, Quality standards
29 Grivory link
30 Delivery form
31 Index
32 EMS-GRIVORY worldwide
3
Introduction
Grivory® is the trade name of a group of engineering plastics manufacturedand marketed by EMS-GRIVORY.
The materials in this group are based on combinations of semi-crystalline andpartially aromatic polyamides. Grivory is available in granular form for pro-cessing using injection moulding or extrusion processes in conventionally avai-lable machines and equipment.
The different grades of material within this group result from the type and com-position of the basic polymers and their modifications with reinforcing mate-rials (glass fibre, minerals), stabilisers and processing aids.
Grivory is used for the manufacture of technical components which are cha-racterised by:
- high stiffness and strength- property values which are influenced very little by the uptake of moisture- good dimensional stability and low warpage- low absorption of moisture and water- good resistance to chemicals, typical of all polyamides- good surface quality- rational and cost-effective manufacture
Versions of Grivory G:- Grivory G: unreinforced- Grivory GTR: amorphous, unreinforced, transparent- Grivory GV: reinforced with glass fibres, very stiff- Grivory GM: reinforced with mineral, low warpage- Grivory GVN: reinforced with glass fibres, impact resistant - Grivory GC: reinforced with carbon fibres, extremely stiff,
conductive, good wear characteristics
4
Grivory Nomenclature
Type of polyamide
G: injection-moulding/extrusion gradeGTR: injedction-moulding grade, transparent
Viscosity andReinforcement
16: Low viscosity20: Medium viscosityGC: Carbon fibresGV: Glass fibresGV-5: 50 % glass fibresGVN: Glass fibres, impact resistant GVS: Glass fibres, optimised surfaceGM: MineralGM-4: 40 % mineral
Special additives,Properties
H: Heat stabilisedL: UV-stabilised
Example:Grivory GV-5H black 9915
Colour
Heat stabilised50 %
Glass fibres
Partially aromatic Polyamide
5
Characteristics and properties of Grivory grades
Grivory Characteristics and properties Processing/ un-reinforced application segment
G16 Unreinforced, low viscosity, Extrusion gradegood barrier properties Film applications
G21 Unreinforced, medium viscosity, Extrusion gradegood barrier properties Foodstuff packaging,
drinking bottles , tubesGTR 45 Unreinforced, medium viscosity, transparent Injection-moulding grade
Household, electro/electronic
Grivory Characteristics and properties Processing/ reinforced application segment
GV-2H Reinforced with 20 % glass fibres, heat stabilised. Injection-moulding gradeGood stiffness, high strength, Monorail covers, functionalapproved for contact with foodstuffs and drinking water elements
GV-4H Reinforced with 40 % glass fibres, heat stabilised. Injection-moulding gradeGood stiffness and strength, Suitable for substitution of metalapproved for contact with foodstuffs and drinking water die cast alloys, desk lamps, frames,
end caps for cable couplings,screwdriver handles
GV-5H Reinforced with 50 % glass fibres, heat stabilised. Injection-moulding gradeVery stiff and strong, Suitable for substitution of metalapproved for contact with foodstuffs and drinking water die cast alloys. Tachograph housing,
steering column adjustment levers,torque caps
GV-6H Reinforced with 60 % glass fibres, heat stabilised. Injection-moulding gradeExtremely high stiffness and strength, Suitable for substitution of metal die approved for contact with foodstuffs and drinking water cast alloys.
Steering column lock casings, chain elements, thread inserts
GVN-35H Reinforced with 35 % glass fibres, increased notched impact strength, Injection-moulding grade.heat stabilised. Stiff and strong. Sewing machine table, feed stop
components for circular saws, dustremoval systems for electric drills
GC-4H Reinforced with 40 % carbon fibres, heat stabilised. Very high Injection-moulding gradestiffness and strength. Electrically and thermally conductive, functional components good sliding friction properties.
GM-4H Reinforced with 40 % minerals, heat stabilised. Injection-moulding gradePractically isotropic properties and extremely high strength values Boot handle, trademark emblems,for a material with mineral filler. chromed parts.
GVS-5H Reinforced with 50 % glass fibres , high stiffness and strength, Injection-moulding gradeoptimised surface quality, good flow properties. Visible parts
GV-5HL Reinforced with 50 % glass fibres, UV-stabilised. Injection-moulding gradeonly available High stiffness and strength, good surface quality, Visible parts for external applicationsin black good flow properties.
6
Automotive construction
Electro/electronic
Application examples
Mechanical engineering
Examples Suitable grade
Angle grinder gear casing Grivory GV-5HChassis for oscillograph Grivory GV-5HCoil body Grivory GTR 45Desk lamp (frame) Grivory GV-4HDust removal systems for electric drills Grivory GVN-35HDust removal ventilator and cover Grivory GV-5HEnd cap cover for cable couplings Grivory GV-4HFeed stop components for circular saws Grivory GV-4HLamps-external applications Grivory GVN-35HLevel control switch, functional component Grivory GV-5HMicrophone housing Grivory GV-5HSewing machine table Grivory GVN-35HSwitch, functional component Grivory GV-5HSwitch housing Grivory GV-5HTrunking support Grivory GV-5H
Boot handle (rear lever) Grivory GM-4HCover clamp strip Grivory G355 NZDoor lock catch bearing Grivory GVN-35HEmergency key Grivory GV-5HHandle insert, external door handle Grivory GV-5HHeadlamp support Grivory GV-5HHolders, levels and functional components Grivory GV-6Hfor cover mechanismIgnition key cover (housing) Grivory GV-5HMotor cover, air intake Grivory GV-5HSteering column adjustment lever Grivory GV-5HSteering column lock housing Grivory GV-6H
Grivory GV-5HTachograph housing Grivory GV-5HTorque cap (assembly aid ) Grivory GV-5HTrademark emblems (chromed) Grivory GM-4H
Bundling tool Grivory GV-5HCap nuts Grivory GV-6HChain components (cable protection) Grivory GV-6HFilter housing Grivory GV-4HFunctional components Grivory GC-4HKnife handle Grivory GV-4HMonorail cover Grivory GV-2HPipe bending tool Grivory GV-5HQuick-release vice Grivory GV-5HScrew clamp Grivory GV-5HScrewdriver handles Grivory GV-4HSelf-tapping screws Grivory GV-6HShelf connector Grivory GV-5HStand clip Grivory GV-6HSupports for industrial tables Grivory GV-5HThread inserts Grivory GV-6HVernier gauge Grivory GV-6H
7
Examples Suitable grade
Adjusting screw (table levelling screw) Grivory GVN-35HDisplay holders Grivory GV-6HDoor hinges Grivory GV-5HDoor lock functional components Grivory GV-5HHandle and lever for filter bowls Grivory GV-4HLevelling system for laser spirit levels Grivory GV-5HMarking post for surveying Grivory GV-5HNipple + spring components for filter bowls Grivory GV-4HPlastic expansion anchor for facade insulation Grivory GVN-35HPlastic nail for fastening construction sheets Grivory GV-5HShower head (matt-chromed) Grivory GM-4HThreaded caps for filter bowls Grivory GV-4HValve casings, cold water Grivory GV-4H Washing machine, internal door cover Grivory GVN-35HWater filter housing Grivory GV-5H (blue) Window lock (crime prevention) Grivory GV-4H
Bicycle brake lever Grivory GV-5HBicycle lamp holder Grivory GV-6HBicycle pedal Grivory GV-5HBicycle shock-absorber housing Grivory GV-5HBoat fittings Grivory GV-5HQueue tip (billiards, snooker) Grivory GV-5HDiving computer housing Grivory GV-4HFishing reel Grivory GV-6HMassage rollers Grivory G355NZSafety lock for gun triggers Grivory GV-4H Ski and tool holders Grivory GV-5HSnowboard streamliner Grivory GVN-35HSport glasses components (nose-pad holder) Grivory GV-5H
Curtain hooks, transparent Grivory GTR 45Filter holder for espresso machine Grivory GV-5H Fruit-juice press, sieve holder Grivory GV-4HGas cigarette lighter filling valve Grivory GV-5HGear cover for elec. bed adjuster Grivory GV-5HNail file Grivory GV-6HShelf support, wall fastening Grivory GV-5HToothbrush handle Grivory GTR 45Valve body for air humidifier Grivory GV-5HZip slider Grivory GV-5H
Barrier material for:drinking bottles Grivory G16foodstuff packaging films Grivory G21tubes Grivory G16
Construction, plumbing
Application examples
Sport & Leisure time
Household
Packaging
8
Properties
Mechanical properties
drycond.drycond.drycond.drycond.drycond.drycond.drycond.drycond.
Thermal properties
Melt temperature DSC ISO 11357 °C dry
Heat deflection temperature HDT/A 1.80 MPa ISO 75 °C dry
Heat deflection temperature HDT/C 8.00 MPa ISO 75 °C dry
Thermal expansion longitudinal 23–55°C ISO 11359 10–4/K dry
Thermal expansion transverse 23–55°C ISO 11359 10–4/K dry
Maximum working temperature permanent ISO 2578 °C dry
Maximum working temperature short-term ISO 2578 °C dry
Electrical properties
drycond.
Comparative tracking index CTI IEC 60112 — cond.drycond.
Specific surface resistance IEC 60093 Ω cond.
General properties
Density ISO 1183 g/cm3 dry
Flammabilty (UL 94) 0.8 mm ISO 1210 Stufe —
Water absorption 23°C/saturated ISO 62 % —
Moisture absorption 23°C/50 % r.h. ISO 62 % —
Linear mould shrinkage longitudinal ISO 294 % dry
Linear mould shrinkage transverse ISO 294 % cond.
Product designation as per ISO 1874 PA66+PA6I/6T
Tensile E-modulus 1mm/min ISO 527 MPa
Tensile stress at break 5 mm/min ISO 527 MPa
Elongation at break 5 mm/min ISO 527 %
Impact strength Charpy, 23°C ISO 179/1eU k J/m2
Impact strength Charpy, –30°C ISO 179/1eU k J/m2
Notched impact strength Charpy, 23°C ISO 179/1eA k J/m2
Notched impact strength Charpy, –30°C ISO 179/1eA k J/m2
Ball indentation hardness ISO 2039-1 MPa
Dielectric strength IEC 60243-1 kV/mm
Specific volume resistance IEC 60093 Ω ·m
9
Grivory Grivory Grivory Grivory Grivory Grivory Grivory Grivory GrivoryGV-2H GV-4H GV-5H GV-6H GVN-35H GC-4H GM-4H GVS-5H GV-5HL
8200 14000 18000 22000 11500 31000 7000 18000 180007200 13000 17000 21000 9500 28000 6000 17000 17000135 230 250 260 200 260 100 250 220130 210 220 240 155 225 80 220 2003 3 2.5 2 4 1.5 3 2.5 23 3 2.5 2 5 2 5 2.5 2
50 90 90 80 80 55 80 90 7050 90 90 80 80 60 100 80 6035 70 80 80 80 45 75 75 5035 70 80 80 80 50 90 60 407 13 15 14 14 7 6 15 147 13 15 14 14 7 6 15 13
6 11 13 13 13 4 4 15 156 11 13 13 13 4 4 15 14
225 255 280 315 215 280 225 280 270200 230 255 290 185 260 200 255 250
260 260 260 260 260 260 260 260 255
230 235 235 235 235 235 105 240 230
65 145 165 175 70 175 60 185 170
0.1 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.1 0.9 0.15 0.15
1.0 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.9 0.7 0.7
100 -120 100 -120 100 -120 100 -120 100 -120 100 -120 100 -120 100 -120 100 -120
180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180
33 33 33 33 35 - 26 33 2933 33 33 33 35 - 26 33 28
575 600 600 600 575 - 600 600 225
1012 1012 1012 1012 1012 < 50 1012 1012 1012
1012 1012 1012 1012 1012 < 50 1012 1012 1012
1013 1013 1013 1013 1013 < 50 1013 1013 1013
1.28 1.47 1.56 1.69 1.40 1.34 1.45 1.58 1.60
HB HB HB HB HB HB HB HB HB
5 4.5 4 3.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4 4
1.5 1.4 1.4 1.2 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4
0.15 0.10 0.05 0.05 0.15 0.05 0.80 0.05 0.05
0.75 0.60 0.40 0.30 0.45 0.20 0.85 0.50 0.50
MH, 14-080, GF20 MH,14-140,GF40 MH, 14-190, GF50 MH, 14-220, GF60 MH, 14-110, GF35 MH, 14-250, CF40 MH, 14-070, MD40 MH, 14-190, GF50 MHL, 14-190, GF50
Grivory reinforced
10
Properties
Mechanical propertiesdrycond.drycond.drycond.drycond.drycond.drycond.drycond.drycond.drycond.drycond.
Thermal properties
Melting temperature DSC ISO 11357 °C dry
Heat deflection temperature HDT/A 1.80 MPa ISO 75 °C dry
Heat deflection temperature HDT/B 0.45 MPa ISO 75 °C dry
Thermal expansion longitudinal 23–55°C ISO 11359 10–4/K dry
Thermal expansion transverse 23–55°C ISO 11359 10–4/K dry
Maximum working temperature permanent ISO 2578 °C dry
Maximum working temperature short-term ISO 2578 °C dry
Electrical propertiesdrycond.
Comparative tracking index CTI IEC 60112 — cond.drycond.
Specific surface resistance IEC 60093 Ω cond.
General properties
Density ISO 1183 g/cm3 dry
Flammability (UL 94) 0.8 mm ISO 1210 Stufe —
Water absorption 23°C/saturated ISO 62 % —
Moisture absorption 23°C/50 % r.F. ISO 62 % —
Linear mould shrinkage longitudinal ISO 294 % dry
Linear mould shrinkage transverse ISO 294 % dry
Product designation as per ISO 1874
1.) Glass transition temperature
Dielectric strength IEC 60243-1 kV/mm
Specific volume resistance IEC 60093 Ω ·m
Tensile E-Modulus 1mm/min ISO 527 MPa
Tensile stress at yield 50 mm/min ISO 527 MPa
Elongation at yield 50 mm/min ISO 527 %
Tensile stress at break 50 mm/min ISO 527 MPa
Elongation at break 50 mm/min ISO 527 %
Impact strength Charpy, 23°C ISO 179/1eU k J/m2
Impact strength Charpy, –30°C ISO 179/1eU k J/m2
Notched impact strength Charpy, 23°C ISO 179/1eA k J/m2
Notched impact strength Charpy, –30°C ISO 179/1eA k J/m2
Ball indentation hardness ISO 2039-1 MPa
11
Grivory unreinforcedGrivory Grivory Grivory GrivoryG16 G21 GTR 45 G355 NZ
3000 3000 3000 20003000 3000 3000 1800100 100 100 60100 100 100 605 5 5 55 5 5 5* * * 50* * * 40
>50 >50 >50 15>50 >50 >50 35>100 >100 >100 >100>100 >100 >100 >100>100 >100 >100 >100>100 >100 >100 >100
8 8 8 808 8 8 808 8 8 252 2 2 25
145 145 145 90145 145 145 90
125 1.) 125 1.) 125 1.) 140 1.)
105 105 105 108115 115 115 1240.6 0.6 0.6 0.80.6 0.6 0.6 0.8
40 - 60 40 - 60 40 - 60 80 - 100
70 70 70 120
27 27 27 3327 27 27 33600 600 600 6001012 1012 1012 1012
1012 1012 1012 1012
1013 1013 1013 1012
1.18 1.18 1.18 1.08
V2 V2 V2 HB7 7 7 72 2 2 3
0.35 0.35 0.35 0.60
0.45 0.45 0.45 0.90
PA6I/6T, FT, 09-030 PA6I/6T, FT, 11-030 PA6I/6T, FT, 11-030 PA6I/XT, MHP, 12-020
300
250
200
150
100
50
00 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
275265
255250
180
135
95
55
12
300
250
200
150
100
50
00 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
265255
250
220
103
78
41
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
325310285
225
180
135100
9075
40
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
00 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
130
120
100
40
20
110
90
70
55
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
130120
110
80
60
50
38 352916
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
00 1 2 3 4 5 6
h i
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
325
285
240
165
115
310
260
205
95
50
Design data - short-term performance
Mechanical properties as a function of temperature
Tensile strength Grivory GV-5H - dry13 Tensile strength Grivory GV-5H - conditioned
Tensile strength Grivory GC-4H - conditioned
Tensile strength Grivory GM-4H - dry Tensile strength Grivory GM-4H - conditioned
Tensile strength Grivory GC-4H - dry
Tensi
le s
tres
s in
MPa
Tensi
le s
tres
s in
MPa
Elongation in % Elongation in %
Tensi
le s
tres
s in
MPa
Tensi
le s
tres
s in
MPa
Elongation in % Elongation in %
Tensi
le s
tres
s in
MPa
Tensi
le s
tres
s in
MPa
Elongation in % Elongation in %
13
35000
30000
25000
20000
15000
10000
5000
0
Grivory GC-4H 31500 3100030000
18000
92006700
55004500
3500400045005500
65008500
12500
30000
32250
32000Grivory GC-4H
2600028000
21000
-40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
8000
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
Grivory GM-4H 73007000
6500
3800
1400
700 500 400350450550
700
1100
2400
7000
7450
7500Grivory GM-4H
55006000
4700
-40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
-20 C 23 C 80 C 120 C
Zink-DG Alu-DG Grivory GV-5H
o o o o
25000
20000
15000
10000
5000
0 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
Grivory GV-5H
20000 19500
18000
11750
83006400
53004250
35004500
55006600
8600
170001900019500
Grivory GV-5H
16000
13000
Design data - short-term performance
Mechanical properties as a function of temperature
Grivory shows similar strength values to those of die-cast alloys
Tensile E-modulus Grivory GC-4H
Tensile E-modulus Grivory GM-4H
Tensile E-modulus Grivory GV-5H
Tensi
le E
-modulu
s in
MPa
Tensi
le E
-modulu
s in
MPa
Temperature in oC Temperature in oC
Tensi
le E
-modulu
s in
MPa
Temperature in oC
Tensile strength [MPa]
dry
dry
conditioned
dry
conditioned
dry
conditioned
14
0.1 1 10 100 1000
40 MPa 60 MPa 80 MPa 100 MPa1.4
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
40 MPa 60 MPa 80 MPa 100 MPa
0.1 1 10 100 1000
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
i i d
n
15 MPa 30 MPa 40 MPa
0.1 1 10 100 1000
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
20 MPa 30 MPa 40 MPa
0.1 1 10 100 1000
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.00.1 1 10 100 1000
40 MPa 50 MPa 60 MPa
4.0
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
0.1 1 10 100 1000
40 MPa 60 MPa 80 MPa 100 MPa1.4
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
Design data - long-term performance
Under static, long-term stressing of a material under different mechanical loads, characteristic creep curves can bedrawn up for each different plastic material. The material shows creep as a result of the effects of the stress and thetemperature.
Creep curves for Grivory GV-5H at 23oC/50% rel. humidity
Creep curves for Grivory GV-5H at 60oC
Creep curves for Grivory GV-6H at 23oC/50% rel. humidity
Creep curves for Grivory GV-6H at 80oC
Creep curves for Grivory GV-5H at 80oC Creep curves for Grivory GV-5H at 120oC
Elongation in
%
Elongation in
%
Elongation in
%
Elongation in
%
Elongation in
%
Elongation in
%
Time in hours Time in hours
Time in hours Time in hours
Time in hours Time in hours
15
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.00.1 1 10 100 1000
40 MPa 60 MPa 80 MPa 100 MPa
0.1 1 10 100 1000
2.0
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
10 MPa 20 MPa 30 MPa
1.00E+04 1.00E+05 1.00E+06 1.00E+07
170
160
150
140
130
120
110
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Grilon PV-5H -
Grivory GV-5H -
Grilamid LV-5H -
Grivory GC-4H -
Design data - long-term performance
Flexural fatigue strength
Dynamic, long-term stressing may lead to failure of a construction material. Depending on the intensity of a mecha-nical flexural stress, breakage occurs after a certain number of stress cycles. The fatigue strength values of GrivoryGV-5H and Grivory GC-4H are at higher levels than for comparable PA6 or PA 12 grades.
Comparison of Wöhler curves (according to DIN 53442)
Creep curves for Grivory GC-4H at 23oC/50% rel. humidity
Creep curves for Grivory GM-4H at 23oC/50% rel. humidity
Elongation in
%
Elongation in
%
Time in hours Time in hours
Number of cycles until breakage occurs
Initia
l ben
din
g s
tres
s in
[M
Pa]
Frequency = 8 Hz
cond.
cond.
cond.
cond.
16
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000
Grivory XE 3745 Grivory GV-4H, GV-5H, GV-6H
100
80
60
40
20
0
o
Resistance to weathering
The influence of UV radiation causes a change in physical and chemical pro-perties of all plastics - and therefore, also of polyamides. In particular, thecombination of radiation, oxygen in the air, moisture and temperature maylead to a reduction in the working life of construction materials due to chainfission, cross-linking and other oxidative processes.
Resistance to weathering is dependent on the structure of the polymers and thekind of filling used (glass, mineral, carbon black etc.). As the plastic usuallysuffers mainly from weathering of the surface area, the useful life of a com-ponent is largely dependent on its wall thickness.
Grivory GV has good resistance to weathering and is therefore well suited formany external applications.
Grivory GV-5HL has optimised UV-stabilisation, thus allowing its use in appli-cations under extreme climatic conditions, in particular those involving highUV exposure.The working life of polyamide parts are determined both in acceleratedweathering apparatus (filtered Xenon rays according to ISO 4892-2) and inoutdoor weathering tests (alpine climate at EMS).
In order to test weathering stability, 1-mm-thick test bars are exposed to wea-thering and their tensile impact strength tested by our material testing depart-ment after determined periods of time. After 10,000 hours of acceleratedweathering the tensile impact strength values of Grivory GV are more than80 %, and for Grivory GV-5HL (XE 3745), 95 % of the original figures. It goeswithout saying that thick-walled parts have a much higher working life in prac-tical use.
Gloss of Grivory GV after weathering
Test method: ISO 4892-2Test bars: Tensile bars 1mmCriterion: Gloss (60 ) in % of the original value
Gloss (60o) [ %]
Time of artifical weathering [Hrs]
black black
New: Grivory GV-5HL
17
100 120 140 160 180 200 220
100000
10000
1000
100
Heat ageing resistance
At raised temperatures, ageing phenomena occur for all plastic materials - in-cluding polyamides. Over time, these phenomena have a negative effect onthe properties of the material.
These processes are of a chemical nature, e.g. oxidation reactions, but mayalso be caused by physical phenomena such as post crystallisation or chan-ges in morphology.
In practice, specification of a temperature-time limit within which the pro-perties of the thermally stressed plastic material remain at an acceptable level,is of great importance.
In order to determine this temperature-time limit, extensive testing is carried outin our material testing department in order to ensure successfull use of Grivoryeven at high temperatures through the correct choice of product and grade.
The maximum time or temperature at which the material has a remaining 50%of ultimate tensile strength compared to the original value, can be read fromthe data presented in a Arrhenius curve (scale: log [t]/[1/T]).
Heat ageing resistanceArrhenius curve of Grivory GV-4H, GV-5H, GV-6H
Test method: ISO 2578Test bars: ISO 3167 Typ A, tensile bars 4mm
Criterion: 50 % reduction in tensile strength
Half life period tensile strength [Hrs]
Temperature [oC]
18
Resistance to chemicals
Grivory GV is generally resistant to a variety of organic solvents and alkalis.Fuels, oils and fats also have no effect on Grivory GV.
Strong acids cause relatively rapid hydrolytic degradation of all polyamides;Grivory GV is resistant to dilute organic acids when in contact with them fora short time. Polyamides are dissolved completely by some particularly ag-gressive chemicals such as concentrated mineral acid, phenols and metha-nolic calcium chloride solution. At high temperatures, glycols and other diffe-rent alcohols also attack the material aggressively.
o Nitric acid•• Nitrobenzeneo Oleum•• Oxalic acid• Ozone••• Perchlorethylene••• Petrol••• Petroleum ether• Phenol••• Potasho Potassium permanganate 5 %••• Propane••• Pyridineo Resorcinol••• Salicylic acid••• Sea water••• Silicone oil••• Soap solution••• Soda lye 50 %••• Sodium carbonate 50 %••• Sodium chloride saturated••• Sodium sulphate conc.••• Styrene••• Sulphur • Sulphuric acid 10 %o Sulphuric acid conc.•• Tartaric acid••• Terpentine••• Tetralin••• Toluol••• Transformer oil•• Trichlorethane•• Trichlorethylene••• Urea•• Uric acid•• Vinegar••• Water••• Wine••• Xylol•• Zinc chloride
••• resistant•• limited resistance• not resistanto soluble, strongly attacked
• Acetic acid•• Acetone••• Aluminium salts••• Ammonia••• Amyl acetate•• Aniline•• Anti-freeze••• Benzene• Benzyl alcohol• Bromine••• Butane•• Butanol••• Carbon tetrachloride••• Caustic potash solution 50 %••• Chlorobenzeneo Chlorine• Chloroform•• Citric acid••• Copper sulphateo Cresol••• Crude oil ••• Diesel fuel••• Diethyl ether••• Engine oil••• Ethanol••• Ethylene oxide••• Fatso Fluorine• Formaldehydeo Formic acid conc.••• Freon liquid F12• Freon liquid F22••• Glycerine••• Heptane••• Hydraulic oil• Hydrochloric acid 1 %o Hydrochloric acid 10 %• Hydrogen peroxide 20 %••• Hydrogen sulphideo Iodine tincture, alcoholic••• Isooctane••• Kerosene• Lactic acid•• Magnesium chloride 50 %••• Methane•• Methanol••• Mineral oil
19
0 3
0 0
Z i i S d
1 4
1 1
0 1 2 3 4
3.0
3.0
2.1
1.8
3.3
1.1
3.7
1.7
0 3
0 0
i i S d
1 4
1 1
0 10 20
18
17
7
6
17.5
11.5
7
3.5
Grivory GV-5H
Grivory GM-4H
PA6 GF50
PA66 M40
Comparison to other construction materials
Thermoplastics
ThermosetsEven though processing technologies (thermoset/thermoplastic) are different, quality of the finished products withregard to mechanical-thermal properties are comparable.
Material Breaking strength [MPa] E–modulus [MPa] Heat deflection temperature HDT/A [ C]
Grivory GV 150 – 240 10000 – 21000 235Melamin formaldehyde 50 – 90 7000 – 9000 155 – 215
Melamin phenole 55 – 85 7000 – 16000 155 – 200
Phenolic resins 35 – 70 8000 – 12000 110 – 250
The thermoplastic Grivory GV has better values for core properties such as stiffness, strength and heat deflectiontemperature than most thermoset materials. The advantage of less costly raw materials for thermosets is more than offset by the outlay for post-treatment (de-flashing). Another point in the favour of thermoplastic Grivory is the fact that it can be recycled without problem orused as regranulate.
Die-cast alloysGrivory GV is excellently suited for the substitution of metal, particularly for parts previously made of die-cast alloys.
Two reasons for success:The mechanical-thermal properties of Grivory GV are usually sufficient to ensure reliable working of the part aftersubstitution of metal. An important role is played by the weight advantage of parts made of Grivory GV and theirresistance to corrosion.
Manufacturing costs can be reduced by 30 - 50 % through substitution of metals. The post-treament processes ty-pical for die-cast alloys - deflashing, coating (colour) or subsequent cutting of threads - are no longer necessary.
The simple substitution of a die cast part by an injection moulding using identical assembly methods can bring asignificant cost benefit. A further, in some cases substantial, decrease in costs can be achieved through the logicalsubsequent step of design integration. Composite parts (metal/plastic) can be made out of one material - GrivoryGV. A variety of parts in one assembly can be integrated, metal inserts (e.g. thread bushing) can sometimes be eli-minated.
Grivory GTR 45
Grivory G355 NZ
PA6 non-reinforced
PA66 non-reinforced
dry
cond.
dry
cond.
dry
cond.
dry
cond.
dry
cond.
dry
cond.
dry
cond.
dry
cond.
In the environment of thermoplastic materials, Gri-vory is positioned in the range of engineering pla-stics.Grivory has the usual characteristic properties ofpolyamides. In direct comparison with traditionalmaterials based on polyamide 6 (PA6) or polyami-de 66 (PA66), Grivory is characterised by the factthat the mechanical properties are hardly affectedby the absorption of moisture. Stiffness and strengthvalues remain at a very high level.Within the product range, Grivory GTR 45 is cha-racterised by its distinguishing feature: transparen-cy. Grivory GTR 45 is amorphous, not semi crystal-line. Using Grivory GTR 45, thick-walled parts canbe manufactured whilst still showing a high trans-parency.
o
non-reinforced E-modulus [MPa x 1000]
reinforced E-modulus [MPa x 1000]
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Approvals
Grivory in contact with foodstuffs
...in the EU
The European Union controls the regulations for polymers in contact with food-stuffs in the directive 90/128/EEC and its supplements. According to theseguidelines, the polymer matrix of Grivory GV grades fulfils the requirementsfor contact with foodstuffs. This EU directive has been accepted by the EUcountries and Switzerland and incorporated in national legislation.
The end products must satsify the following requirements:
Global migration limiting: 60 mg/kg foodstuff
Specific migration value of the monomers:
Hexamethylene diamine: 2.4 mg/kg foodstuff Isophthalic acid: 5.0 mg/kg foodstuffTerephthalic acid: 7.5 mg/kg foodstuff
Materials may only be used in contact with foodstuffs if the different additives(flow agent etc.) are also approved. The following Grivory grades satsify theEU guidelines (including Synoptic Document No. 7, SCF-L 0-4) for repeatedcontact with foodstuffs:
Grivory G21 naturalGrivory GTR 45 naturalGrivory GV-2H natural and black 9915Grivory GV-4H natural and black 9915Grivory GV-5H natural and black 9915Grivory GV-6H natural and black 9915Grivory GVN-35H natural and black 9915
... in the USA
According to FDA (21CFR 177.1500) Grivory G products are approvedwith the following limitations:
In contact with foodstuffs with maximum 8% alcohol content:
Grivory G21 naturalGrivory GTR 45 natural
In contact with non-alchoholic foodstuffs and at temperatures less than 49°C:
Grivory GV-2H naturalGrivory GV-4H naturalGrivory GV-5H naturalGrivory GV-6H natural
In contact with non-alcholic foodstuffs:
Grivory GV-2H black 9915Grivory GV-4H black 9915Grivory GV-5H black 9915Grivory GV-6H black 9915
The sales department can advise you further regarding approvals for use withfoodstuffs for other grades of Grivory G.
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Grivory GV in contact with drinking water
When fittings are used for applications in contact with drinking water, the fit-tings themselves and, according to the guidelines in some countries, the ma-terials of which they are made, must be approved.
Germany (KTW):The following products have been tested according to KTW recommendati-ons of the German Federal Heath Authority and are approved for applica-tions in contact with cold drinking water:
Grivory GV-2H natural and black 9915Grivory GV-4H natural and black 9915Grivory GV-5H natural and black 9915Grivory GV-6H natural and black 9915
UK (WRAS):The following materials have been tested and are "Water Regulations Advi-sory Scheme (WRAS) - approved products" (or WRc). They are approved forapplications in contact with cold drinking water in the UK :
Grivory GV-2H natural and black 9915Grivory GV-4H natural and black 9915Grivory GV-5H natural and black 9915Grivory GV-6H natural and black 9915
USA (NSF):The NSF (National Sanitation Foundation) carries out tests to determinewhether or not materials are suitable for applications in contact with drinkingwater. The following Grivory G grades are certified for cold-water applicati-ons according to NSF Standard 61 ("Health Effects”):
Grivory G21 naturalGrivory GV-2H natural and black 9915Grivory GV-4H natural and black 9915Grivory GV-5H natural and black 9915Grivory GV-6H natural and black 9915Grivory GVN-35H natural and black 9915
Fire behaviour The requirements made of plastics with regard to their fire behaviour are va-ried and follow the regulations of each country and application area. For thefield of electronics, an approval for the plastic material and finished parts fromthe Underwriters Laboratories Inc. (UL approval) is necessary before use in theUSA and some European countries. In the annually issued, so-called yellowbook, the «Recognized Component Directory» types of plastic material aswell as construction components are registered and classified .
The following Grivory GV grades are listed by UL under the reference numberof EMS-CHEMIE E 53898:
Glow wire temperature [°C]0.85 mm 1.6 mm 3.0 mm
Grivory GV-2H 650 650 650Grivory GV-4H 650 650 750Grivory GV-5H 650 650 750Grivory GV-6H 650 750 750Grivory GVN-35H 650 650 750
The products given above are listed in the UL-94 flammability class HB for allcolours.
Its behaviour in plate flaming tests according to FMVSS 302 (ISO 3795, DIN75200) is decisive for use of Grivory GV in the field of automotive construc-tion. Horizontally arranged test plates are flamed on one side using a Bunsenburner and the burning rate determined. The FMVSS 302 regulations, whichrequire a burning rate of less than 100 mm/min, are satisfied by all GrivoryGV grades as well as by Grivory GC-4H for wall thickness of >1 mm.
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Drying and storage
Drying of Grivory is not necessary if it is handled and stored correctly. If bagsbecome damaged through incorrect storage, it will be necessary to dry Gri-vory granules before use. Drying can be carried out in a vacuum oven or de-siccant dryer.
Sealed, undamaged bags can be stored for years sheltered from the weather.A dry room where bags are protected from damage is recommended as sto-rage space. Bags which do become damaged should be hermetically re-sealed or the material placed in an air-tight metal container. It is important thatmaterial to be used is stored for some days at room temperature so that con-densation does not form on the surface of the granules when the bags areopened.
The packaging should be opened shortly before processing begins. Granuleswhich are in contact with the air for any length of time may reach a criticalwater content of ≥ 0,1% in the top layer of granules. During long dwell timeswith granules in the hopper, a hopper heating system or hopper dryer shouldbe used.
Circulating air drying ovens are not recommended as they tend to cause moi-stening of the granules due to a high ambient temperature and high air humi-dity.
Type of dryer Drying temperature Drying time
Desiccant dryer max. 80˚C 4 - 12 hours
Vacuum oven max. 100˚C 4 - 12 hours
The drying time is dependent to a great degree on the moisture content. Incase of doubt, drying should be carried out for about 12 hours. Drying tem-peratures above 80˚C can lead to yellowing of the granules.
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Processing using injection moulding methods
The processing temperature range for reinforced Grivory grades (Grivory GV,Grivory GM) lies between 280˚C and 300˚C. The amorphous Grivory GTRis processed at a melt temperature of between 250˚C and 280˚C. The re-commended processing temperature for each Grivory grade is given in thedata sheets.
It is possible to work at the limit of the recommended melt temperature (max.310˚C) for parts with long flow distances and low wall thickness.
Screw geometryGrivory can be processed without problems using a single-flighted universalthree-zone screw with non-return valve. The effective screw length should bebetween 18 D and 22 D.
The non-return valve is necessary in order to prevent the melt flowing back intothe screw flight during injection and in the holding-pressure phase.
DieAn open die may be used when processing Grivory, such a die allows freeflowing and is very long-lasting due to its simple structure. Needle valve nozz-les have proved useful if the melt tends to flow out of the die.
Mould designDesign rules typical for thermoplastic materials are valid for mould design. Ba-sically, all kinds of sprue system can be used for the processing of Grivory. Aspolyamides set over a relatively narrow temperature range, the sprue must belarge enough to compensate for volume reduction during cooling in the hol-ding pressure phase.
Mould temperature As a rule, Grivory GV is processed with a mould temperature of 80˚C to120˚C. In order to achieve good surface quality and shaped parts to satisfyrequirements for good hardness and strength, the mould temperature shouldbe 120˚C.
A good heating system combined with the correct temperature in the mould isa prerequisite for the manufacture of high-quality injection-moulded articles.The mould temperature influences the setting behaviour and the degree ofcrystallinity of the article and the surface quality, shrinkage behaviour, war-page, dimensional tolerances and level of internal stressing linked with this.
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Post treatmentBondingGrivory is one of those construction materials which are difficult to bond due to their excellent resistance to chemicals.However, technical bonds can be created with a careful choice of adhesive and the correct process technology.
Solvent adhesives based on phenol (resorcinol, cresol) as well as reaction adhesives (single or two-component systems)are particularly suited for bonding Grivory.
The most common reaction adhesives:
One-component systems:• Cyano acrylate adhesives, methacrylate adhesives, particularly suited for bonding Grivory to metal; shaped parts
with a small surface area; very quick setting.
Two-component systems:• Polyurethane adhesives• Epoxy resin adhesives, long pot life (curing time); gap filling; large bonding areas.A significant improvement in bond quality can be achieved through pre-treatement.
Kinds of pre-treatment:• Degreasing: use of organic solvents such as acetone for example.• Mechanical abrasion: brushing, grinding, sand blasting• Electro-chemical: Corona discharge, low-pressure plasma• Thermal: flaming • Chemical: treatment with caustic substances; adhesive manufacturers offer suitable primer systems.The choice of suitable adhesive must be made separately for every application as apart from the material to be bon-ded, the joint geometry, the bonding gap and the surface quality all have a large effect on the resulting bond. Our cu-stomer advice department will be happy to supply you with further information regarding choice of adhesive and sup-pliers.
WeldingVery good welds can be obtained for shaped parts made of Grivory using heated element welding, ultra-sonic wel-ding, spin welding, laser welding and vibration welding technology.
The best results in the weld zone are achieved using ultra-sonic welding, which makes this method particularly suitablefor use with small components. Ultra-sonic welding can be used for threaded metal inserts, riveting and beading.Vibration welding offers more freedom for the combination of different thermoplastic materials. It also offers the possi-bility of welding amorphous materials to semi-crystalline ones. Bonding of glass-fibre reinforced Grivory with amor-phous, transparent Grivory GTR 45, for example, opens up interesting possibilities for construction engineers.
Screw fasteningParts made of Grivory can be fastened well with self-tapping screws. Metric threads can be integrated directly into com-ponents.
PaintingDue to its excellent resistance to most solvents, Grivory can be painted with one or several coats of different kinds ofpaint to achieve a good cover without impairing the mechanical properties. Single and two-component paints withtheir solvent content adjusted to suit the material to be painted, are most suitable.
Pre-treatment:Special pre-treatment of Grivory is normally not necessary, although some additives, such as lubricants, for example,may make painting difficult. In these cases improved paint adhesion can be achieved following pre-treatment.Methods of pre-treatment are given above under “Bonding”.
25
MetallisationParts made of Grivory may also be metallised galvanically or vacuum metal-lised. Excellent surface finishes can be obtained for both mineral reinforcedand non-reinforced grades.
General informationPlease contact our customer advisory service for further information regardingpost-treatment of Grivory.
Use of reclaimed materialFaulty parts can be reprocessed and recycled.
The following points should be taken into consideration:
• Water uptake: moisture content• Milling: dust content, maximum particle size• Pollution through other polymers, dust, oil etc.• Quantity share: percentage addition to original material• Changes in colour• Changes of the mechanical properties
MachiningIt should be borne in mind that, for economical reasons, the design of a com-ponent should make machining unnecessary. If machining is used to makeprototypes, it should be remembered that the properties are not necessarilyidentical to those of an injection-moulded component.
Method
Unit Turning Milling Sawing Drilling
Clearance angle o 5 - 10 3 -15 15 - 30 5 - 10
Rake angle o 2 - 10 5 - 15 3 - 6 6 - 15
Cutting speed m/min 200 - 400 300 - 800 200 - 500 50 - 120
Rate of f eed mm/U 0,1 - 0,5 0,1 - 0,5 – 0,1 - 0,5
Point angle o – – – 90 - 120
Circular pitch mm – 2 - 8 – –
Due to the high degree of reinforcement of Grivory GV, GM and GC grades,the use of carbide-tipped tools is recommended.
Laser marking Grivory GV and GM grades can be modified to be suitable for laser mar-king.
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Customer services and technical adviceWe advise and support our customers with know-how, starting from the de-velopment right through to serial production of a part. We also offer quality,reliability and technical support as part of our customer services
· We create an optimal material recommendation for your application.· Our customer service centre is equipped with modern injection-moulding
machinery and extruders to find solutions to problems with your parts.· The high quality of our materials is constantly subjected to tests and quali-
ty assurance in order to provide you with high-performance products.· Our up-to-date, testing laboratories are at your disposal for testing of me-
chanical, thermal, electical and chemical properties.
CAEUsing computer-aided calculation systems, the customer services of EMS-GRI-VORY are capable of offering experienced design support in this sector. TheCAE systems used are simulation of injection-moulding processes with theMoldflow programme modules MF/Flow, MF/Cool, MF/Fiber andMF/Warp on the one hand and mechanical part design using the Finite Ele-ment (FE) programmes I-DEAS und ANSYS on the other hand. Rheological si-mulation allows determination of the optimum gate position(s) for a mouldeven before work on its construction has begun. These programmes can alsohelp when changes to existing moulds become necessary, by indicating themost focussed way of arriving at a solution. The scope of calculations coverssimple filling simulation with the possibility of taking the influence of the coo-ling system into account, right through to qualitative statements about shrinka-ge and warpage of shaped parts. During part design FE methods provide in-formation about the most greatly stressed areas of a component. This can in-dicate possible weak points and allow suitable modifications to be carriedout. Use of the two 3D-CAD systems I-DEAS and CATIA in combination withthe VDA, IGES and STEP interfaces, allows EMS-GRIVORY to use the custo-mer’s own 3D-CAD data as basis for the simulation calculations.
Prototype mouldsQuick realisation and rapid implementation of a good idea is the key to suc-cess. With construction of prototype moulds, EMS-GRIVORY helps minimisethe risk, save valuable time and reduce costs. As with manufacturing moulds,MOLDFLOW and FEM simulations can be carried out for mould design.Using prototype moulds, a small series of moulded parts can be manufactu-red at minimum expense, thus allowing practical tests to be carried out befo-re starting serial production. This preparation work reduces outlay and helpsavoid expensive modifications to a manufacturing mould before the start of se-rial production.
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Testing
The Business Unit EMS-GRIVORY has at its disposal state of the art equippedlaboratories in our material testing and quality control departments.
Our equipment infrastructure not only allows us to determine conventional me-chanical, thermal and electrical properties of our construction materials fordata sheets and homologisation, but also to carry out research and develop-ment work and to support application development work with practical tests.
· The rheology laboratory of the material testing department is capable ofproviding key material data necessary for the simulation of injection-moul-ding processes.
· Tests to determine the resistance to chemicals, heat and weathering provi-de us with indications of application possibilities for our materials underexteme conditions.
· Chemical, mechanical, rheological and processing tests allow us to checkthe quality of our products and to ensure consistency of quality levels.
We can also help customers with specific questions. We have developed amethod for determining the permeability of plastic materials to circulating fuelto assist in the reduction of hydrocarbon emissions from vehicles. The EMS P-Tester (P as in permeation) is now available to the automotive industry for mea-surment the permeation behaviour of fuel system components under practicalconditions.
In addition, our material testing department contains specialised equipment.This includes a fuel circulation plant to test the working life of plastic fuel linesunder extreme conditions and a hot-air swelling test apparatus for testing ex-trusion blow-moulded parts.
With these services we offer our customers active support in the choice of ma-terial and material development as well as with design and testing.
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CAMPUSEMS-GRIVORY has worked actively on the formation of the CAMPUS database since 1989. At the moment, our test laboratories have characterisedaround 150 construction materials according to the CAMPUS profile with re-gard to physical and process-related properties. These are available both intable form (primary properties) and in graph form (functions). Material de-scriptions, typical applications and processing notes supplement the productprofile.
CAMPUS stands for Computer Aided Material Preselection by Uniform Stan-dards.The data bank contains a chosen selection of test results which accurately de-scribe the property profile of the material. Test bars on which the test data isobtained, are manufactured according to standardised injection conditions.Determination of the characteristic figures is also carried out according to uni-form ISO standards.The particular advantage of this data bank is that customers can make a di-rect comparison of the properties of construction materials from more than 40manufacturers. Following the distribution of CAMPUS, it was possible to avo-id uneconomical duplication of specifications and measuring methods.We will be pleased to provide you with a CAMPUS disk or CD on request.The CAMPUS data, together with the data bank programme, can be down-loaded from our homepage - www.emsgrivory.com - at any time and at nocost.
Quality standardsOur quality management system is based on the standards ISO 9001 andQS-9000. It is certified by the “Schweizerischen Vereinigung für Qualitäts-und Management-Systeme” (SQS). The new regulation QS-9000 was crea-ted by the American automotive industry. In contrast to ISO 9001, validthroughout the world, QS-9000 contains more far-reaching and stricter regu-lations.Our management system is process-oriented. Top priority is customer satisfac-tion. Our efforts are concentrated on conformity with quality requirements andappropriate use of resources.The quality planing cycle begins with market research and ends with customerservice. In the intermediate development phase, research and manufacturingare both involved in-depth.Development projects are handled by interdepartmental teams. These teamswork on the principle of "Simultaneous Engineering": The team members donot think and act solely in the categories of their respective working areas, butall work towards a mutual goal. Modern technology (such as statistical testplanning) and preventive methods (such as Failure Mode and Effect Analyses)play a central role. The guiding principle of project management is “Preven-tion before Correction”.
Following the wishes of our automotive customers we will use the product re-lease process (PPAP) according to Daimler-Chrysler, GM and Ford for new oradapted products.Statistical process control is used for monitoring and improving our manufac-turing processes. The accuracy of our testing and measuring methods is de-termined in measuring and test equipment inspections.Continual improvement of products, services and productivity is the subject ofofficial improvement programmes to which all employees are committed.In the first place, our quality management system serves our customers, whichis why we always focus on their actual requirements and not on bureaucracy.
29
Grivory-Link
Further information can be found on our homepage:
www.emsgrivory.com
or from the following brochures which can be ordered directly from our publicrelations department quoting the corresponding code number:
Product data:
- Comparison Table Grilamid, Grivory, GrilonCode: 2.002
- Product Review Technical ThermoplasticsCode: 2.001
- Grivory GV - The Economical Alternative to Aluminium, Magnesium andZinc Alloy Die-Cast componentsCode: 5.009
- Grivory GV – Part-costs halved - Strong polyamides replace metal- Code: 5.003
- Grivory GV – Helps smart thinkers cut costsCode: 5.005
Technical data
- Notes concerning injection moulding of Grilamid, Grivory und GrilonCode: 7.001
- Injection moulding machine, moulds, processingCode: 7.005
- Extrusion Blow Moulding of Grilamid and GrilonCode: 7.003
- Resistance to chemicalsCode: 2.006
- UL and CSA registration in the USA and Canada for Grilamid, Grivoryand GrilonCode: 2.007
- Tube Extrusion Code: 7.002
- ISO nomenclature for Thermoplastic Polyamides and Designation of EMS-thermoplastic materialsCode: 2.003
- Campus CD-RomCode: 11.002
Market segments
Automotive- Innovative system solutions for automotive construction
Code: 10.001
Packaging- Specialty Nylon Partner to the Packaging Industry
Code: 10.003
30
Delivery form
Grivory is delivered as dry, cylindrical granules packed in moisture-tight bags.
Pre-drying is not necessary if the bags remain unopened and undamaged. Awide variety of Grivory grades are available from stock in natural and black.
Special colours or bulk deliveries are available on request. Our sales en-gineers will be happy to advise you further.
Recycling of packaging materialThe disposal markings on our packaging materials are a criterion for sortingand ensure segregated disposal.
In some European countries EMS-GRIVORY pays a disposal charge e.g. withRIGK for the return of empty containers free of charge.
The data and recommendations given here correspond to our current know-ledge. Liability with regard to application and processing cannot be accep-ted.
Domat/Ems, March 2002
Index
Accelerated weathering ......................16Acids ...............................................18Adhesive bonding ..............................24Applications...................................5,6,7Approvals .........................................20Arrhenius curve...................................17
Barrier properties..................................5
CAE.................................................26CAMPUS data bank ...........................28Carbon fibres.......................................4Characteristics, properties ......................5Chemical resistance ............................18Condensation ....................................22Contact to foodstuffs............................20 Contact with drinking water ..................21Customer services ...............................26Creep curves......................................14
Delivery form .....................................30Density...................................8,9,10,11Design data .......................12,13,14,15Designation as per ISO1874.....8,9,10,11Die, injection moulding........................23Die-cast alloys....................................19Dielectric strength....................8, 9,10,11Drying..............................................22
EEC directives....................................20
FDA.................................................20Federal health authorities......................21Flammability............................8,9,10,11Flexural bending strength .....................15Flexural fatigue strength........................15
General properties ...................8,9,10,11Glass fibres .........................................4Gloss ...............................................16
Hardness ...............................8,9,10,11Heat stabilised.....................................4Homepage........................................29
Impact strength .....................4,8,9,10,11Injection moulding...............................23Injection-moulding grade, transparent...4,11Injection-moulding, extrusion grade......4,11Isotropic properties ...............................5
Laser printing .....................................25Long-term behaviour.......................14,15
Machining ........................................25Material testing ..................................27Max. working temperature.........8,9,10,11Melting temperature .................8,9,10,11Metal replacement..............................19Metallisation......................................25Mineral ..............................................4Moldflow..........................................26Mould design.....................................23Mould shrinkage......................8,9,10,11Mould temperature..............................23Nomenclature......................................4
Non-reinforced...........................5,10,11Notched impact strength ..........8, 9,10,11
Organic solvents.................................18
Painting ............................................24Polyamide 66 & 6..............................19Positioning.........................................19Post-processing...................................19Post-treatment.....................................24Processing, injection-moulding...............23Properties,- electrical...............................8,9,10,11- general ................................8,9,10,11- mechanical ..........................8, 9,10,11- processing........................22,23,24,25- thermal.................................8,9,10,11Prototype moulds ................................26
QS 9000.........................................28Quality control...................................27
Recycling, packaging ..........................30Resistance, chemicals ..........................18Resistance, corrosion...........................19Resistance, heat ageing.......................17Resistance, weathering ........................16
Screw fastening .................................24Screw geometry .................................23Short-term behaviour.......................12,13Static stressing....................................14Storage............................................ 22Stress at break.........................8,9,10,11
Technical advice.................................26Temperature-time limits.........................17Tensile stress at yield.................8,9,10,11Tensile-E modulus, as a function of temperature........................................13Tensile-E modulus .....................8,9,10,11Testing..............................................27Thermal expansion...................8,9,10,11Thermoplastics....................................19Thermosets.........................................19Tracking index ......... ...............8,9,10,11Trade mark..........................................3Transparency................................3,5,19
UL approvals......................................21Uptake of moisture ...................8,9,10,11Uptake of water.......................8,9,10,11UV-radiation.......................................16UV-stabilised........................................4
Varieties of Grivory................................3Volume resistance.....................8,9,10,11Weathering.......................................16Welding...........................................24Wöhler graphs ..................................15
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Switzerland
EMS-GRIVORYReichenauerstrasseCH-7013 Domat/EmsTel. +41 81 632 78 88Fax +41 81 632 74 01a unit of EMS-CHEMIE AGE-Mail: [email protected]
Germany
EMS - CHEMIE (Deutschland) GmbHBusiness Unit EMS-GRIVORYWarthweg 14D-64823 Gross-UmstadtTel. +49 6078 783 0Fax +49 6078 783 416E-Mail: [email protected]
EMS-GRIVORY worldwidewww.emsgrivory.com
France
EMS - CHEMIE (France) S.A.Division EMS-GRIVORY73-77, rue de SèvresBoite postale 52F-92105 Boulogne-BillancourtTel. +33 1 41 10 06 10Fax +33 1 48 25 56 07E-Mail: [email protected]
Great Britain
EMS - CHEMIE (UK) Ltd.Business Unit EMS-GRIVORYDrummond RoadAstonfields Industrial EstateGB-Stafford ST16 3HJTel. +44 1785 607 580Fax +44 1785 607 570E-Mail: [email protected]
United States
EMS-CHEMIE (North America) Inc.Business Unit EMS-GRIVORY2060, Corporate WayP.O. Box 1717Sumter, SC 29151, USA Tel. +1 803 481 91 73Fax +1 803 481 38 20E-Mail: [email protected]
Taiwan
EMS-CHEMIE (Asia) Ltd.Business Unit EMS-GRIVORY36, Kwang Fu South RoadHsin Chu Industrial ParkFu Kou Hsiang, Hsin Chu HsienTaiwan, R.O.C.Tel. +886 35 985 335Fax +886 35 985 345E-Mail: [email protected]
Japan
EC-SHOWA DENKO K.K.Business Unit EMS-GRIVORYYutaka Bldg.4-9-3 TaitoTaito-ku110-0016, Tokyo, JapanTel. +81 3 3832 1501Fax +81 3 3832 1503E-Mail: [email protected]