green leaves
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Green Leaves__________________________________________AGATHI:
English: AgathiTAMIL: Agathi KeeraiTELUGU: AviseHindi: AgastiKANNADA: AgaseMALAYALAM: Agathi__________________________________________ALTERNANTHERA SESSILIS:
English: Alternanthera sessilisTamil: PonnanganniTelugu: PonnagantikuraHindi: Garundi, GurooKannada: HonagonneMalayalam: Ponnankannikkira__________________________________________AMARANTHUS TRICOLOR :
English: Amaranthus tricolorTamil: ArakkeeraiTelugu: thotakura/ KoyaguraHindi: Chauli/ Chavleri SagKannada:Malayalam: Cheera_________________________________________AMARANTHUS TENDER:
English: Amaranthus TenderTamil: ThandukeeraiTelugu: ThotakooraHindi: Chaulai sagKannada: DantuMalayalam: Cheera___________________________________________AMARANTHUS TROPICAL:
English: Tropical AmaranthTamil: Siru keeraiTelugu:Hindi:Kannada:Malayalam:____________________________________________BALLON VINES:
English: Cardiospermum halicacabum/ Ballon vinesTamil: Mudakathan keeraiTelugu: buddakakara/ ekkudutige/ kasaritigeHindi: KanphataKannada: agniballi/ bekkinatoddinaballi/ erumballiMalayalam: Jyotishmati/ katabhi_______________________________________________BLACK NIGHT SHADE:
English:Black Night Shade/ Makoy/ Deadly NightshadeTamil: Manathakalli KeeraiTelugu: Kamanchi chettuHindi: MokoiKannada:Malayalam:________________________________________________CORIANDER LEAVES:
English: Coriander LeavesTamil: KothamalliTelugu: KothimiriHindi: Hara dhaniaKannada: Kothambari SoppuMalayalam: Kothamalli_______________________________________________CURRY LEAVES:
English: Curry LeavesTamil: KaruveppilaiTelugu: Karepeku/KarivepakuHindi: Kari pattaKannada: KaribevuMalayalam: Kareapela_________________________________________________DRUMSTICK LEAVES:
English:Drumstick LeavesTamil: Murungai KeeraiTelugu: Mulaga akuluHindi: Saijan PattaKannada: Nugge yeleMalayalam: Muringa ela________________________________________________ECLIPTA PROSTRATA:
English: Eclipta prostrataTamil: karisalanganni/karisilanganniTelugu: galagara chettu/ gunta galijeru/ gunta kalagara,Hindi: bhamgra/ bhangra/ bhangraiyaKannada: garagadasappu/ garugalu/ kadiggagaragaMalayalam: kaikeshi, kannuni, kayyunni_____________________________________________FENUGREEK LEAVES :
English: Fenugreek LeavesTamil: Vendaya keerai/ Venthiya keeraiTelugu: MenthkooraHindi: Methi sagKannada: Menthina soppuMalayalam: Uluva ila________________________________________________INDIAN SPINACH:
English: Vine spinach/ Creeping spinach/ Climbing spinach/ MalabarSpinachTamil: Pasalai keerai/ Kodip pasaLiTelugu: BachhaliHindi:Kannada: Basale soppuMalayalam:_________________________________________________MINT LEAVES:
English: MintTamil: PudhinaTelugu:PudinaHindi: PudinaKannada: Merugu/PudinaMalayalam: Putiyina____________________________________________________MUSTARD LEAVES:
English: Mustard leavesTamil: KaduguilaiTelugu: Ava akuluHindi: Sarson-ka-sagKannada: Sasuve yeleMalayalam: Kaduguila
_______________________________________________SPINACH:
English: SpinachTamil:Telugu:Hindi:Kannada:Malayalam:_________________________________________________SORREL LEAVES:
English:Sorrel leavesTamil: Pulicha KeeraiTelugu: GonguraHindi: PitwaKannada: PundiMalayalam:___________________________________________________
KenafFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Kenaf
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
(unranked): Angiosperms
(unranked): Eudicots
(unranked): Rosids
Order: Malvales
Family: Malvaceae
Genus: Hibiscus
Species: H. cannabinus
Binomial name
Hibiscus cannabinus
L.
Kenaf [etymology: Persian],[1] Hibiscus cannabinus, is a plant in
the Malvaceae family. Hibiscus cannabinus is in the genus Hibiscus and is probably native to
southern Asia, though its exact natural origin is unknown. The name also applies to
the fibre obtained from this plant. Kenaf is one of the allied fibres of jute and shows similar
characteristics.
Contents
[hide]
1 Common names
2 Characteristics
o 2.1 Fibre
3 Uses
o 3.1 Kenaf seed oil
o 3.2 Kenaf paper
4 Pesticide and fertilizer use in kenaf
crops
5 See also
6 Notes
7 References and external links
Common names[edit]
Europe:
English : kenaf (Persian origin), Deccan hemp, Java jute...
French : chanvre de Bombay, chanvre du Deccan, chanvre de Guinée, chanvre de
Gambo, chanvre de roselle, jute de Java, jute de Siam, kénaf, ketmie à feuilles de
chanvre (Belgium), roselle
German : Ambari, Dekkanhanf, Gambohanf, Hanfeibisch, Javajute, Kenaf,
Rosellahanf, Roselle, Siamjute
Portuguese : cânhamo rosella, juta-de-java, juta-do-sião, quenafe
Spanish : cáñamo de la India, cáñamo de gambo, cáñamo Rosella, pavona
encendida, yute de Java, yute de Siam
Americas:
Brazilian Portuguese: papoula-de-são-francisco, cânhamo-brasileiro, quenafe
Africa:
Afrikaans : stokroos
Egypt & Northern Africa: til, teel, or teal
West Africa: dah, gambo, and rama[verification needed]
Asia
Himachal(Pangolu) fiber known as sunn used to make rope used for beds and to
tie cattle and all other possible uses.
Lao : ປໍ�ແກ້�ວ [p ɔ ː k ɛ̂N ː w]
India (Manipur): Shougri
India (Bengal): mesta[verification needed]
India (Marathi): Ambaadi [2]
India (Madras): pulicha keerai'palungi[verification needed]
India (Telugu): Gongura [3] Punti Kura[verification needed]
Iran (Persian): Hanf guttural H
Taiwan: ambari[verification needed]
Other names include Bimli, Ambary, Ambari Hemp, Deccan Hemp, and Bimlipatum Jute.
According to Miyake and Suzuta (1937), there are more than 129 names for kenaf worldwide.
Characteristics[edit]
Dried Kenaf stems
It is an annual or biennial herbaceous plant (rarely a short-lived perennial) growing to 1.5-3.5 m
tall with a woody base. The stems are 1–2 cm diameter, often but not always branched.
The leaves are 10–15 cm long, variable in shape, with leaves near the base of the stems being
deeply lobed with 3-7 lobes, while leaves near the top of the stem are shallowly lobed or unlobed
lanceolate. The flowers are 8–15 cm diameter, white, yellow, or purple; when white or yellow,
the centre is still dark purple. The fruit is a capsule 2 cm diameter, containing several seeds.
Fibre[edit]
The fibres in kenaf are found in the bast (bark) and core (wood). The bast constitutes 40% of the
plant. These fibres are long (2 – 6 mm) and slender. The cell wall is thick (6.3 µm). The core is
about 60% of the plant and has thick (ø 38 µm) but short (0.5 mm) and thin walled (3 µm) fibres.[4] Since thepaper pulp is produced from the whole stem, the fibre distribution is bimodal. The
pulp quality is similar to hardwood.
Uses[edit]
Kenaf is cultivated for its fibre in India, Bangladesh, United States of
America, Indonesia, Malaysia, South Africa, Viet Nam, Thailand, parts of Africa, and to a small
extent in southeast Europe. The stems produce two types of fibre, a coarser fibre in the outer
layer (bast fibre), and a finer fibre in the core. It matures in 100 to 200 days. Kenaf was grown
in Egypt over 3000 years ago. The kenaf leaves were consumed in human and animal diets, the
bast fibre was used for bags, cordage, and the sails for Egyptian boats. This crop was not
introduced into southern Europe until the early 1900s. Today, principal farming areas
are China, India, and it is also grown in many other countries such as the US, Mexico and
Senegal.
The main uses of kenaf fibre have been rope, twine, coarse cloth (similar to that made from jute),
and paper. In California, Texas, Louisiana and Mississippi 3,200 acres (13 km²) of kenaf were
grown in 1992, most of which was used for animal bedding and feed.
Uses of kenaf fibre include engineered wood, insulation, clothing-grade cloth, soil-less potting
mixes, animal bedding, packing material, and material that absorbs oil and liquids. It is also
useful as cut bast fibre for blending with resins for plastic composites, as a drilling fluid loss
preventative for oil drilling muds, for a seeded hydromulch for erosion control. Kenaf can be
made into various types of environmental mats, such as seeded grass mats for instant lawns and
moldable mats for manufactured parts and containers. Panasonic has set up a plant in Malaysia to
manufacture kenaf fibre boards and export them to Japan.
Additionally, as part of its overall effort to make vehicles more sustainable, Ford is making the
material inside the door – known as the bolster – in part from kenaf. The first implementation of
kenaf within a Ford vehicle will be in the 2013 Ford Escape.[5]
The use of kenaf is anticipated to offset 300,000 pounds of oil-based resin per year in North
America and reduces the weight of the door bolsters by 25 percent. Weight savings translate into
fuel savings for drivers.
Kenaf seed oil[edit]
Kenaf seeds yield an edible vegetable oil. The kenaf seed oil is also used for cosmetics,
industrial lubricants and for biofuel production. Kenaf oil is high in omega polyunsaturated fatty
acids(PUFAs) which are now known to help in keeping humans healthy. Kenaf seed oil contains
a high percentage of linoleic acid (Omega-6) a polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA). Linoleic acid
(C18:2) is the dominant PUFA, followed by oleic acid (C18:1). Alpha-linolenic acid (C18:3) is
present in 2 to 4 percent. The PUFAs are essential fatty acids for normal growth and health.
Furthermore, they are important for reducing cholesterol and heart diseases.
Kenaf Seed oil is 20.4% of the total seed weight which is similar to cotton seed.[citation needed] Kenaf
Edible Seed Oil Contains:
Palmitic acid : 19.1%
Oleic acid : 28.0% (Omega-9)
Linoleic acid : 45% (Omega-6)
Stearic acid : 3.0%
Alpha-linolenic acid : 3% (Omega-3)
Kenaf paper[edit]
The most common process to make kenaf paper is using soda pulping before processing the
obtained pulp in a paper machine.
The use of kenaf in paper production offers various environmental advantages over producing
paper from trees. In 1960, the USDA surveyed more than 500 plants and selected kenaf as the
most promising source of tree-free newsprint. In 1970, kenaf newsprint produced in
the International Paper Company's mill in Pine Bluff, Arkansas, was successfully used by six
U.S. newspapers. Printing and writing paper made from the fibrous kenaf plant has been offered
in the United States since 1992. Again in 1987, a Canadian mill produced 13 rolls of kenaf
newsprint which were used by four U.S. newspapers to print experimental issues. They found
that kenaf newsprint[6] made for stronger, brighter and cleaner pages than standard pine paper
with less detriment to the environment. Due partly to kenaf fibres being naturally whiter than tree
pulp, less bleaching is required to create a brighter sheet of paper. Hydrogen peroxide, an
environmentally-safe bleaching agent that does not create dioxin, has been used with much
success in the bleaching of kenaf.
Various reports suggest that the energy requirements for producing pulp from kenaf are about 20
percent less than those for wood pulp, mostly due to the lower lignin content of kenaf. Many of
the facilities that now process Southern pine for paper use can be converted to accommodate
kenaf.[citation needed]
An area of 1-acre (4,000 m2) of kenaf produces 5 to 8 tons of raw plant bast and core fibre in a
single growing season. In contrast, 1-acre (4,000 m2) of forest (in the US) produces
approximately 1.5 to 3.5 tons of usable fibre per year. It is estimated that growing kenaf on 5,000
acres (20 km²) can produce enough pulp to supply a paper plant having a capacity of 200 tons
per day. Over 20 years, 1-acre (4,000 m2) of farmland can produce 10 to 20 times the amount of
fiber that 1-acre (4,000 m2) of Southern pine can produce.[7]
As one of the world's important natural fibres, kenaf is covered by the International Year of
Natural Fibres 2009. The first novel to be published using 100% kenaf paper was The Land of
Debris and the Home of Alfredo by Kenn Amdahl (1997, Clearwater Publishing Company).
David Brower, former Executive Director of the Sierra Club, in chapter 8 of his semi-
autobiographical environmental book "Let the Mountains Talk, Let the Rivers Run: A Call to
Save the Earth" (1995, Harper Collins), titled "Forest Revolution," advocated for kenaf paper use
and explained its many advantages over wood pulp. The first edition of the book was printed on
kenaf paper.
Pesticide and fertilizer use in kenaf crops[edit]
Kenaf is considered a hardy plant that requires a minimum of fertilizers, pesticides and water in
comparison to conventional row crops.[citation needed]
See also[edit]
International Jute Study Group
Notes[edit]
1. ̂ "kenaf." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-
Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
2. ̂ www.gardentia.net
3. ̂ www.gardentia.net
4. ̂ Nanko, Hirko; Button, Allan; Hillman, Dave (2005). The World of Market Pulp.
Appleton, WI, USA: WOMP, LLC. p. 258. ISBN 0-615-13013-5.
5. ̂ [1]
6. ̂ www.treehugger.com
7. ̂ usda kenaf uses
References and external links[edit]
KenafUSA , Website of Dr. Gerald Feaster (PhD), a Kenaf researcher.
Greenfiber Net , A B2B platform to promote the use of natural fibres like kenaf and jute.
American Kenaf Society (AKS) , Founded in 1997 with individuals and organizations
working directly or indirectly with kenaf and kenaf-based products, plus those with
environmental concerns.
CCG International (CCG) , Leading International efforts to promote the use of kenaf and
allied natural plant fibres.
International Jute Study Group , An UN collaboration for learning various aspects
of jute and kenaf. Its headquarter is located in Dhaka, Bangladesh. It targets business
societies in India, Bangladesh, and Thailand.
About the Kenaf Plant , Vision Paper - Gives detailed description of kenaf plant and
provides many links to kenaf industry. Pioneers in the kenaf paper industry.Produced first
ever chlorine free 100% tree-free kenaf paper in 1992.
Information about Kenaf in German language , Provides information on Market Place,
News, and Links about Kenaf in German language.
Nachwachsende-Rohstoffe , A German site for Kenaf and other agricultural commodities
related articles (Also available in English).
Alternative Field Crops Manual
Kenaf: Taking Root? 1995 article by Brooke Wurst
Mabberley, D.J. 1987. The Plant Book. A portable dictionary of the higher
plants. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 706 pp. ISBN 0-521-34060-8.
Hibiscus cannabinus in West African plants - A Photo Guide.