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Green Cars in Singapore i

A critical Analysis of the future of Green Cars’ market in Singapore

Acknowledgement

I would like to take this chance for thanking my research facilitator, friends & family for

the support they provided & their belief in me as well as guidance they provided without which I

would have never been able to do this research.



Green Cars in Singapore ii

DECLARATION

I, (Your name), would like to declare that all contents included in this dissertation stand

for my individual work without any aid, & this dissertation has not been submitted for any

examination at academic as well as professional level previously. It is also representing my very

own views & not essentially which are associated with university.

Signed __________________ Date _________________



Green Cars in Singapore iii

Abstract

In this study we try to explore the concept of Green Cars in a holistic context. The main

focus of the research is on alternative fuels and its relation with environmentally friendly devices

and equipment. The research also analyzes many aspects of environmental concerns and tries to

gauge its effect on the future of green cars in Singapore . Finally the research describes various

factors which are responsible for going green and tries to describe the overall consequence on

modern cars.



Green Cars in Singapore 1

Chapter 1: Introduction

Background of the Research

The extensive use of technology distinguishes the activities of humans and their

civilization from other living organisms. Technologies are composed of the tools that human

beings use to transform their environment from those factors that shape their social organization,

like markets and financial instruments, to the products they produce and use, such as

automobiles, and computers. Although technology has improved human living standards over

time (some more than others), it is also implicated in the deterioration of ecosystems, including

many of those on which human civilization is dependent. Throughout history, human beings

have degraded the environment by adding carbon into the atmosphere, damming a major river, or

releasing industrial chemicals into the soil and the evolution of human technologies that raised

the potential for increasingly destructive human relationships to the environment. As the human–

environment relationship evolves toward greener values and practices, technologies can have the

potential to be harnessed to make that relationship more sustainable. Green technology describes

those technologies applied to environmental problems or technologies that are more

environmentally benign than conventional ones. The term itself is very broad, describing an

array of technologies from those dealing with water treatment and purification, to those related to

energy efficiency, renewable energy generation and storage (Room 2004, 90-116)

Green technologies are often referred to as clean technologies that mean technologies that

strive to use or generate renewable energy, reduce resource or raw material use, and eliminate

toxic materials and waste streams and reduce air pollution by means of adopting alternatives to

conventional fuels. In this regard, many countries including Singapore have taken considerable




steps to contain environmental degradation and resource depletion. In an attempt to achieve clean

air standards Singapore has reached a generation that dates back to 1960, with its strong

industrialization and urbanization projects and with this rapid industrialization, environmental

pollution grew as well (Savage & Kong 2003, 37-52).

In addition to this, because of the local sources of pollutants emitted on daily basis

countries like Mexico, Indonesia, and Singapore have addressed to haze pollution to cooperate

with international efforts to solve global problems associated with ozone depletion, greenhouse

gas emissions and global warming due to climate change. After its independence from Malaysia

in the year 1965, Singapore underwent the process of industrialization and urbanization, both in

terms of economic and political survival, while working to provide quality of life to its citizens.

In the context of Singapore's efforts to achieve clean air, it should be noted that in addition to the

evolution of two of Singapore’s largest ports in the world to supply fuel, air pollution is

considerably more to contaminate or potentially polluting the atmosphere but there has been set

up a center for refining which is the third largest in the worldwide, with a total capacity of more

than one million barrels per day. In such circumstances, the trend of going green by adoption of a

lifestyle which would reduce environmental degradation has been largely encouraged in

Singapore and various environmental protection conventions have been developed. Most

importantly technological innovation in terms of manufacturing of zero emission cars sped up in

Singapore which promised a very bright future in terms of environmentally-friendly

technological innovation (Smith 2008, 119-126).




Rationale

In the contemporary world of growing awareness in every aspect of life because of the

effective dissemination of information, people all over the world, especially those in the-

developed countries are trying to adopt to ways of life that are environmentally-friendly. From

food to houses, and from appliances to cars, people are looking for products that do not

contribute to environmental degradation. In this regard, people and companies are concerned

with their cars because the burning of fossil fuels is one of the prime means of polluting the

environment (Wong 2009, 771-787).

Like every other fast developing countries, Singapore too has taken considerable steps

in order to contain the growing problem of air and water pollution. As there is mass awareness

that emission coming from the vehicle exhaust is because of the burning of fossil fuels to the

car’s power. Due to this, there has been much environmental concern lately ever since the

invention of automobile. Despite the alternative availability of fuels such as LPG and propane,

users have limited fuel choices and since there is lesser demand from the consumers’ end for

alternatives, suppliers have a good justification for not offering them. However, the ever-

increasing environmental pressure is leading the regulators to mandate fresh and better types of

fuels (Singapore Customs 2008).

Conventional diesel fuels and gasoline would be in use for many years to come but their

dominance in the fuel market is progressively challenged by alternative sources of energy and

fuels, for instance the electric power. For this reason, the students of Mechanical Engineering

department in the National University of Singapore (NUS) decided to build an environmentally-

friendly, stylish car with low emissions and high fuel efficiency.




This venture was undertaken by the team of students to participate in the esteemed 2008

European Shell Eco-marathon competition to be held in France. Keeping in view the future of

such eco-friendly cars in Singapore, this paper would analyze the implications, need and

awareness of such green innovations (NUS, 2010).

Aims and Objectives

Following are the aims and objectives of the study:

1. To analyze the importance of green technology.

2. To assess the future of green cars in Singapore with special emphasis on NUS-

ECO1.

3. To evaluate green consumerism.

4. To hold a comparison between future of green cars in United States and United

Kingdom with that of Singapore.

Significance of the Study

In efforts to develop talent and to identify products and services for the renewable energy

sector, the Singapore government has allocated $ S 17 million to test and develop solutions that

seem to join the growing trend of going green.

The Singaporean Government believes that this is a promising opportunity to participate

actively in the new industry with a potential of billions of billions of dollars. Under the auspices

of the Clean Energy Research and Test-bedding, or CERT, the government seeks proposals from

suppliers and three ranges: Gardens Bay, Marina dam and Singapore Polytechnic campus. Thus,




the Singapore government spends money and loans from their gardens and green houses to grow

the business. And with this experience, that may contribute to the use of environmentally sound

technologies in Singapore. And at the same time, products and services are developed that are

exported to the international market.

According to a report, an estimated global market for environmental technologies will

grow to about $ 700 billion in 2010. In Singapore, S $ 350 million dollars of public funds was

devoted to green technologies ranging from solar energy, fuel cells and wind energy. Clean

Energy is expected to create S $ 1. 7 billion in value added and 7000 jobs by 2015 (NUS 2009).

The Government hopes to expand the automobile industry even further, especially with

regards to the introduction of green cars which has been considered a breakthrough technology in

Singapore and very sophisticated zero emission cars are hoped to be introduced into the market

for general consumerism and to create increasing awareness on the protection of the

environment.

Research Questions

Q1. What is the future of Green Cars in Singapore?

Q2. How effectively is Singapore executing the function of going green as compared to

the U.S. and U.K. in terms of environmentally friendly cars?

Ethical Concern

Researcher is amply cognizant of the ethical issues compulsory in this work. Obligation

for all operations and ethical issues related to the project rests with the principal investigators.

Research will be acquitted in a manner that the integrity of the research effort will be asseveratedֽ




and damaging after-effects that might belittle the potency for future inquiry were averted. The

selection of research issues will be established on the best scientific assessment and on judgment

of the potential gain to the participants and society in relation to the danger to be acquitted by the

participants. This research will be concerned to significant rational issue.

The researcher is aware of any possible damaging consequences; in such conditionsֽ and

the selected method was used after reference with co-workers and other experts. Full vindication

for the method chosen was given. The research will be comported in an adequate manner ֽ as an

accusative scientific design and without prejudice. The research will be fulfilled in full

conformity withֽ and consciousness of ֽ local customsֽ standardsֽ regulations and laws. The

research worker is intimate with and regards the host culture.




Chapter 2: Literature Review

A review on literature of green technology shows that during the later years of the 20th

century, many pinned their hopes on gaseous hydrocarbon fuels as a solution to the air pollution

caused by vehicle emissions. In order to contain the emission coming from fuel burning which

not only depletes the environment but also cause various health risk among those who are

exposed to such contaminated air. These diseases include chronic lung diseases and even cancer.

With such consequences, the governments all over the world are concerned about the

containment of air and water pollution as well as preventing the depletion of natural resources.

This particularly pertains to the known reserves of natural gas which are longer lasting

than those for oil. LPG, sometimes known as propane, is a by-product of the refining process and

is therefore widely available wherever oil refineries operate. It is a mixture of butane and

propane. Since the late 1950s, LPG has enjoyed a tax advantage in several countries, such as the

Netherlands, with its many oil refineries around Rotterdam. Italy also has had a sizable LPG

fleet, and in countries like Japan and South Korea, as well as Hong Kong, LPG is popular for

taxi use. (Savage & Kong 2003, 37-52)

The emissions advantage of LPG resulting from its simple molecular structure has been

known for many years, yet it was not until the late 1980s that it began to be actively promoted as

a cleaner alternative for gasoline and diesel. In diesel-dominated France, LPG became the

alternative fuel of choice, alongside electric vehicles, during the 1990s. (Sawyer 2006)

LPG is considered particularly attractive for commercial vehicles operating in an urban

environment. Thus, a growing number of buses and local-authority vehicles are being converted.




production. Hydrogen does not occur naturally in its pure form and is usually produced from

water or some hydrocarbon fuel such as methanol (Union of Concerned Scientists 2010).

This process can be quite energy intensive and therefore raises the question of what

energy source to use to make hydrogen. This process can itself be polluting, and currently only

around 4 percent of hydrogen is produced from sustainable energy sources such as hydro.

(Wagner 2003, 78-92).

Hydrogen also presents storage problems. Existing storage solutions such as compressed

hydrogen tanks or metal hydride are quite bulky and are unable to contain the fuel for more than

a few weeks. By the late 1990s, thinking therefore moved more toward generating hydrogen

onboard the vehicle from a hydrocarbon fuel such as methanol, or even gasoline. (Wong 2009,

771-787).

The latter method was promoted by Chrysler, among others, as it allows the retention of

the existing gasoline station infrastructure. However, it does not solve the problem of our

overreliance on scarce oil reserves. Where hydrogen may have a role to play is in fuel cells (Yen

2009, 813-832).

This technology is expected to appear around 2015, although the hydrogen-generation

problem has yet to be solved. (Zapata & Nieuwenhuis 2008, 79-96) Many other alternatives have

been tried in the search for cleaner and more sustainable automotive fuels, and for the

foreseeable future, the monopoly of gasoline and diesel is likely to be further eroded around the

edges by such experiments (Hawke & Hunter 2008, 29-33).

Reliance on a wider range of fuels is probably more prudent in any case, although it will

be some time before gasoline and diesel disappears from the scene. In order to contain the

problem of increasing air pollution, many countries took steps by the incorporation of green




technology to preserve the environment. When it comes to car, the latest technology of green

cars has taken over the industrialized nations of the world as well as China and Singapore.

(McDonough & Michael 2002, 65-68).

Green Consumerism

Green consumer behavior is an area of concern for businesses and marketing consultants,

but it has also come to function as a prism for disputes among environmentalists and social

scientists. One debate, as simple as it is straightforward, pits “liberal consumerists” against

counter-consumerists. For the former, the roots of environmental crisis lie in the nature of mass

consumption.

They emphasize the ability of consumers to make a difference. As the awareness of

environmental crisis spreads, and as individual consumers respond by opting for environmentally

friendly products and services, the purchasing power of the mass market will come to force

businesses to green their products and their manufacturing and distribution processes on pain of

being shunned in the marketplace by green-leaning consumers. In contrast, for ascetically

inclined “deep greens,” the crisis results less from the quality than from the quantity of

consumption. For them, the primary aim should not be consuming discerningly but, rather,

consuming less (Walker 2006, 88).

A more complex and protracted debate concerns the effectiveness of eco-conscious

consumption. An early proponent was the campaign group Friends of the Earth. In a 1989

pamphlet, it expressed the hope (albeit with reservations) that green consumer issues would

inspire a growing number of people to critically examine their own lifestyles and the social

system (Williams 2007, 99-110).




Green consumerism would provide an incentive to businesses to clean up their act,

empower individuals to accept personal responsibility for their own choices, and add an

important dimension to the work of campaigning organizations. Both the condition of the

environment and our quality of life, the pamphlet concluded, could be significantly improved

through the cumulative effect of discerning consumer choices (Zapata & Nieuwenhuis 2008, 79-

96).

Environmental activists view responsible consumption as a catalyst, not a substitute, for

environmental campaigning. The act of consumer choice establishes an entry point into the green

arena, awakening individuals to the opportunities and imperatives of political engagement. For

example, after a consumer buys energy-saving fluorescent bulbs, he or she may then move on to

more radical goals, such as organizing with others to shut down a coal-fired power plant.

There is evidence to suggest the existence of synergies between ethical consumption and

green activism. One market researcher, for example, reports that focus group participants spoke

of their purchases at “Eco Options” aisles as a beginning, not an end point. (Williams 2007, 99-

110).

The scenario in Singapore

Singapore is an eco-friendly country and over the years considerable steps have been

taken by the country to help eliminate environmental pollution and prevent resource depletion.

Singaporean people are increasingly aware of the consequences of pollution and environmental

degradation therefore people are considering adopting a green way of life. Since air pollution is a

grave problem the world over and the prime cause of air pollution is therefore the concept of

green cars has taken over Singapore recently. In this regard, students of Mechanical Engineering




and Design Incubation Centre at the National University of Singapore (NUS) designed a new

sophisticated and fuel efficient car that would be the only Southeast Asian eco-car applying GTL

fuel technology (Singapore Customs 2008).

The car is a futuristic-looking and compact that works on Gas-to-Liquids fuel (GTL fuel),

that is clean and inodorous, comprising almost no aromatics and sculpture, and extends cleaner

quality of air quality for cities (NUS 2010).

This car is capable of covering 100km per liter of fuel that renders it to be the first ever

eco-friendly city construct car to be built and designed in Singapore. Six students from

Mechanical Engineering spent 10 months figuring out intimately with the Design Incubation

Centre to invent and build this environmentally- friendly car from scratch. The car was presented

at the prestigious event of Shell Eco-marathon Europe in the year 2008. The competition was

held on 22 to 24 May at the Ngoro Motor Circuit, France (Singapore Customs 2008).

The team of NUS students was the only one representing Singapore from the entire

South Asian region. This car was ranked 5th at the eco-marathon that was considered a very big

achievement for the future development of environmentally-friendly equipment and the

consequent adaptation to a green way of life (NUS 2010).

This breakthrough in technology of environmentally-friendly urban concept car that is

known for emitting zero carbon in Singapore was powered by hydrogen fuel cell and with a

splendid notice damping installation. This eco-car served as an initiation for Singapore to work

for the betterment of the said technology and bring the car into the market so that more and more

people could assure compliance to a green way of life and help save the environment (Sutter

2006, 305-306).




The car’s aerodynamic system, structure and its source of power and the body of the

eco-car was fabricated and designed by the final year students themselves that turned out to be a

really commendable job. The car has a customized power plant working on the principle of

hydrogen fuel cell power plant and had electric wheel hub motor for the functioning. The car,

though initially designed to be a single-seat was claimed to be twice as energy efficient as

compared to the conventionally designed internal combustion engines.

The car was designed cell like in structure and has a lower aerodynamic drag that greatly

helped to trouble shoot any mechanical components and allow easy access. The car was designed

by the NUS students in collaboration with Singapore’s Gashub Technologies. The car surely

turned out to be a milestone achievement in the history of automobile technology in Singapore

(NUS 2010).

Design for High Fuel Efficiency

The car designed and fabricated in Singapore is made via digital prototyping; the car was

created by the optimization and validation of the car’s design. For this a digital model was

incorporated in order to assume real-world operation. This hastens up the process of design and

helps in the reduction of costs for having less dependence on the physical prototypes.

The exterior portion of Singapore’s NUS-ECO1 is evocative of futuristic pods from

science-fiction movies. To cut down aerodynamic drag the car has a front that matches a spear-

point to ceaselessly run throughout the car’s side body assembling at an edge towards the back

side. The back wheels are hidden in order to reserve an aerodynamic visibility that understates

turbulence rendered from the rotating wheels when on the move. To enhance the efficiency fuel,




NUS-ECO1 is formulated with a low rolling resistor, appropriating it to sail when exhausting

scarcely any fuel whenever the car arrives at a particular speed (Paustenbach 2002, 122-126).

Operating as a functional epitome for city eco-cars, NUS-ECO1 is capable of becoming a

road-going car with modification, for example by altering the capacity of fuel and room for

seating. More significantly, the technological concept formulated in this project can be employed

to current road-going vehicles pronto, for instance the utilization of GTL fuel and the espousal of

certain elements of design as well as mechanical rationales to heighten the efficiency of fuel

(Sutter 2006, 305-306).

Hydrogen cars

Not long ago, car manufacturers were boasting hydrogen to be the silver bullet for the

independence of energy and redemption of the environment. However, the monolithic

roadblocks that have come in the way of creating a hydrogen highway coerced automobile

manufacturers to comply roundabout ways to other environmentally-friendly technologies. Even

as no individual resolution will make the fleet of the manufacturer green, no single green car will

work for everyone, clean diesels are good for driving on long-distance highway, however, if one

has a long exchange in bumper-to-bumper situation of traffic, hybrid cars serve the purpose

(Paustenbach 2002, 122-126).

Electric cars that boast zero-emissions often end up in a dead battery if one has to drive

more than 100 miles in a single stretch. In the meantime, auto manufacturers are fine-tuning

gasoline engines to accomplish better and better fuel economy (Callow 2008, 89-95).




In addition to the usage of one’s car, there is a fiscal angle to it as well. Monetary value

is the largest restraint for purchasers dealing a green car. New government mandates are forcing

car manufacturers farther on fuel economy (Williams 2007, 99-110).

The conventions will necessitate all the non-commercial vehicles they trade to mean 34.1

miles per gallon by 2016. Cars will have to average 37.8 mpg, and light trucks and SUVs 28.8

mpg, versus 27.5 mpg and 23.5 mpg presently. As carmakers clamber to cope with the more

hard-and-fast standards, they will empower much of the surplus price to a user (Batty & Jarvis

2010, 96-103).

Hybrid Cars-- Most Beneficial For Traffic Jams

Hybrid cars have come a long way since the introduction of Honda’s original two-seater

in 1999. Hybrids started out as rolling science designs that attracted exclusively to devoted eco-

warriors and early adopters. These cars were opposing against the surge of the SUV

development, when cup-bearers were reckoned more significant than fuel efficiency (Bishop

2004, 200-206). After a decennium of advancements in batteries, hybrid cars are no longer

viewed as experimental despite their fuel efficiency being a badge of honor for proprietors.

(Williams 2007, 99-110).

They are obtainable in every size and type of vehicle and, because they use a gasoline

engine and an electric motor, one can drive them on long road travels and do not have to vex

over running out of fuel. However, the most beneficial employment of the technology is driving

in the city driving. Hybrid cars captivate energy when halting, that reloads the battery and

appropriates the driver to make use of less gas and more electricity (Walker 2006, 88).

As the US and Japanese auto manufacturer stake hybrid cars, European car manufacturers

put their selling sinew behind vehicles working on diesel. These new innovative cars do not




produce the conventional smoke and tashe noise unlike the way it used to be in the 80’s but a

vanguard of diesels that are as clean as the gasoline engines have come into the market with 30%

improved fuel economy and 20% lesser emission if greenhouse gases has also made its way to

the consumer market.

Fresh standards of clean air that was undertaken back in the year 2007 and consequently

coerced the car manufacturers to work on the reduction of particulate matter or soot, and nitrous

oxides, that put up to smog in the US (McDonough & Michael 2002, 65-68).

The idea of achieving a better mileage is something that everyone appreciates given that

they do not have to make the sacrifice of power and in this situation the best option is to go for

diesel. These engines have a lot of torque and if one is looking for good acceleration they have to

pay attention to them (Hawke & Hunter 2008, 29-33).

Air pollution in Singapore

Emissions from mobile sources contribute to air pollution. In Singapore Multi-fronts

measures have been taken to combat air pollution from vehicles and direct and indirect controls

are imposed. Indirect measures include a combination of traffic management, such as the

creation of mass rapid transport, encouraging car pools, roads, restricting car ownership, which

limits the number of vehicles at certain times, encouraging use of alternative fuels and the

phasing out of old cars. In addition, the reduction of pollutants from vehicles, this

decentralization strategy for people to live closer to their place of work is very wide (Zapata &

Nieuwenhuis 2008, 79-96).

Along with this controls and standards for the emissions standards of cars were

introduced in 1991. In the case of motor vehicles caused by diesel, emissions standards for cars




was first registered on 1 January 1991 which complied with exhaust emissions in the ECE

Regulation 24.03 in an extension to this agreement, the United Nations Article 41 provides that

vehicles (except motorcycles with four-stroke petrol engine), registered on March 1, 1972 must

be built or available on devices to prevent the emission of gases from car exhausts (Wong 2009,

771-787).

The ratio of emission of exhaust gases have gradually been adjusted since the year 1986.

In the Road Traffic (Construction and Use of Vehicles) clause and 35 (as amended by N. S

316/92), provided that all petrol vehicles first registered on July 1, 1992 must meet the level of

exhaust emission standards specified in 83, Annex to the Agreement on the United Nations

Convention on the Adoption of Uniform Conditions of Approval and Reciprocal Recognition of

Approval for Motor Vehicle or vehicle safety regulations in Japan, Article 31. For many years,

emission standards have been strengthened to keep pace with new technology vehicle. As of

January 1, 2001 emission standards for gasoline and diesel fuel must meet the standards of Euro

II (2009 Yen, 813-832).

There is also a mandatory periodic inspection of vehicle emission standards will be

implemented and the efficiency of catalysts. The concentration of lead in gasoline has fallen

gradually since 1980 to its current level of 0.15 grams per liter of gasoline, gasoline, and lead

was removed on July 1, 1998. From 1 July 1991 all vehicles registered petrol-driven must first be

able to run on unleaded petrol. On March 1, 1999, the sulfur content in diesel was reduced from

a weight of 0.3%. Subsequently, the Euro emissions have been introduced from 1 January 2001.

In 1999, rebates to encourage the use of natural gas (CHG) vehicles were introduced.

LNG is cleaner than fossil fuels. These discounts from 5% to 20% of the market value of the

vehicle (OMV) for buses and cars (including taxis) may be used to cover registration fees and




taxes. There will be a 20% reduction in road tax. The first CNG station opens April 22, 2002.

These discounts come into effect from 1 October 2001 and revised December 31, 2003 (Wong

2009, 771-787).

Haze Pollution

In recent years, Singapore has to deal with pollution not only associated with the process

of industrialization and urbanization, regional and global pollutants - greenhouse gases, ozone

depletion and chlorofluorocarbons. These pollutants know no boundaries, and Singapore has

adopted or ratified its emission prevention strategies by the regional and international agreements

related to clean air. Forest fires in Indonesia occurred in 1980, but it was not until the second half

of the1990s, which were very serious and the 1997 and 1998 were disastrous, spilling into

neighboring countries like Malaysia, Singapore, Philippines and even Thailand. It is estimated

that in 1997 Singapore and Malaysia Fire, $ S 1.4 trillion was spent on health care and loss of

tourist industry (Singapore Facts and Pictures 2010).

During fog, Singapore PSI dropped below the level of health. After the fog in Indonesia

led to ASEAN to develop outside the ASEAN Agreement on Trans-boundary Haze Pollution,

which was adopted by ASEAN on 10 June 2002 in Kuala Lumpur. This agreement gives the

effect of mist 1997 Plan of Action of ASEAN and cross-border action plan 1995 (Walker, 2006,

88).

The preamble of the Agreement provides that the parties to the Agreement which relates

to increased emissions of air pollutants in the region, and there is need to strengthen international

cooperation to develop national policies for prevention and control of fog. The so-called "fog"

from the word euphemism for fires, defined in the agreement as "the smoke of the land and / or

forest fires that cause side effects, such as to endanger human health, harm living resources and




ecosystems, as well as respond to other legitimate uses of the environment. Goal is indicated for

the prevention and control of trans-boundary pollution haze caused by land and / or forest fires,

which have to be cut as part of national efforts and regional and international cooperation.

Article 9 provides that each party to prevent and control activities related to land and / or forest

fires, which can lead to trans-boundary haze pollution. These measures include the development

and implementation of control measures and programs and strategies to promote zero burning.

ASEAN Coordinating Centre for Trans-boundary Haze Pollution Control is designed to promote

cooperation between its members. Mexico has played an active role in ASEAN in the fight

against the scene (Hawke and Hunter 2008, 29-33).

Green Cars- The future

The year 2011 has brought many exciting promises in the green automobile technology.

There are more and more choices than there have ever been before because many major car

manufacturing firms have launched fully electric and high quality models of cars in the consumer

market.

Nevertheless, manufacturers would not be turning their entire focus on pure electric

vehicles, because many of the manufacturers will be making their way to hybrid models as well

and eventually take them to the showrooms. While hybrid cars that run on petrol are there in the

market for over a decade now, the year 2011 will see the world’s first diesel hybrid come to

market, that offer even better fuel economy than existing petrol hybrid technologies (Sutter 2006,

305-306).

It has been assumed that green cars would not only be high in quality as well as fully

electric, but they would not be confined to the display in showrooms as consumers would be able




to have a real option for them. With this, even more drivers will find their motoring needs met by

a hybrid, or by a plug-in hybrid that offers the ultimate combination of conventional and electric

drive-trains. The best news is that all these options improve the driving experience, reduce

running costs and lower emissions (Walker 2006, 88).

To mark a year that will bring many technologically ground breaking models to the

showrooms, the following 'Top 10' list highlights some of the most important models across all

vehicle classes due for launch in 2011 (McDonough & Michael 2002, 65-68).

While we usually provide a Green Car Rating for all models listed, as most of the cars

listed have yet to be launched, only published CO2 emissions are available. Models are therefore

rated using tailpipe CO2 and are listed in order of increasing CO2 emissions. Here are some

examples of green cars.

Peugeot ion & Citroen C-Zero - CO2: 0 g/km - Green Car Rating 10

PSA Peugeot-Citroen has partnered with Mitsubishi to produce two French incarnations

of the all-electric Mitsubishi i-MiEV. Like other battery electric models to be released this year,

these will be proper 4-seater cars, as opposed to quadricycles (like the G-Wiz). The ion and C-

Zero use a 64 bop electric motor that enables the vehicle to accelerate to 62mph in 16 seconds

and reach a top speed of 80mph. Using a three pin domestic plug, a full recharge will take 7

hours, or a rapid charger can be used to recharge by 80% capacity in just 30 minutes; the full

battery range is 93 miles. Both models are initially for lease only, but aimed at both the private

market and business fleets (Wong 2009, 771-787).

Nissan LEAF electric - CO2: 0 g/km - Green Car Rating 14




The much talked about Nissan LEAF is the world's first zero-emission medium-size

hatchback that comfortably seats five adults and has a range of 80-100 miles. The car is powered

by lithium-ion batteries that via its electric motor deliver over 80kW to the drive wheels. The

LEAF can be charged up to 80% of its full capacity in just under 30 minutes with a quick

charger, or at home with a standard socket takes 8 hours. (Batty & Jarvis 2010, 96-103)

Having already received huge media attention, and being awarded the 2011 European Car

of the Year, almost 30,000 have been pre-ordered, and pre-registration for the LEAF has been

popular in the UK. And yes, the LEAF qualifies for the Plug-in Car Grant.

Renault Clio eco-champion – CO2: 90 g/km

In addition to Renault’s existing eco2 range, 2011 will see the lowest CO2 models

awarded as ‘eco-champions’ - these include the Twinge (90g CO2/km), Clio (90g CO2/km),

Meganne (106g CO2/km), Laguna (120g CO2/km) and the Scenic (130g CO2/km). The Clio,

that has the most impressive emissions given its size, uses a Dice 90PS diesel engine with

particulate filter and, along with the rest of the eco-champion models, incorporates Renault’s

new EDC (Efficient Dual Clutch) gearbox. (Batty & Jarvis 2010, 96-103)

Lexus CT 200h hybrid - CO2: 96 g/km

Lexus’ launch of the CT 200h petrol-electric hybrid into the prestige small-family car

segment is a significant first (most hybrids have tended to be larger models). The all-new

hatchback will be among the best in its class, with ultra-low Knox and particulate emissions, and

CO2 emissions of only 96g/km. The drive-train used by the CT 200h is essentially the same as

that used in Toyota’s Prius - one that has proven to be highly reliable. Low emissions and a high




combined fuel economy figure of 68.9mpg mean that the car is zero-rated for road tax and has a

company car BIK rate of just 10% (Batty & Jarvis 2010, 96-103).

Peugeot 3008 HYbrid4 - CO2: 99 g/km

The Peugeot 3008 HYbrid4, the world’s first diesel-electric hybrid, offers a fusion of

vehicle classes, with SUV, MPV and hatchback attributes. The 2.0 Hid diesel engine produces an

output of 163bhp; 200bhp combined with the electric motor. Considering the size and weight of

the vehicle, fuel economy figures of 74.4mpg and CO2 emissions of just 99g/km are impressive.

The two power sources can operate alternately or simultaneously, allowing electric-only mode.

The electric motor powers the rear wheels, and the diesel engine powers the front; both function

together in 4WD if required (Williams 2007, 99-110).

Honda Jazz hybrid - CO2: 104 g/km

The existing Jazz model is to be fitted with the 1.3 petrol-electric IMA hybrid power-

trains that currently feature in Honda’s CR-Z and Insight hybrid models. The popular super-mini

will then be equipped with a 4-cylinder engine and an electric motor that will together produce

87bhp and allow acceleration from 0-60mph in 12.1 seconds with a top speed of 109mph.

Bettering the cleanest existing Jazz by 21g/km, the hybrid version will emit only 104g CO2/km,

and fuel consumption will be around 62mpg. Perhaps Honda could have done a bit better as the

CO2 figure does not reach the ‘magic’ sub-100g/km level (Williams 2007, 99-110).

Ford Focus - CO2: 109 g/km

Although electric and hybrid options feature highly in this year’s list, greener

conventional models continue to be available and include all-new version of Ford’s most popular




UK car, the Ford Focus. The new Focus line-up includes a wide range of engine and model

variants, including three petrol and four diesel engines, with the inclusion of impressive

technological equipment on some models. The 1.6 150PS Eco-Boost engine and 1.6 115PS Tacit

engines both include start-stop as standard, and are the greenest versions of petrol and diesel

engines respectively - the latter is the lowest CO2 emitting in the entire range with a figure of

only 109g/km, and the one to watch. However, all power-trains achieve less than 140g/km

(Hawke & Hunter 2008, 29-33).

Volkswagen Jetty - CO2: 109 g/km

Volkswagen is to bring an all-new Jetty saloon to the UK; a model that is currently

available in the US but will be tweaked for the UK market. There will be a choice from a total of

six turbocharged engines, four petrol and two diesel options. Blue Motion technology will be

introduced for two of the engine options, the 1.2 liter petrol and 1.6 liter diesel - both of that use

stop-start technology. The Jetty with the greenest credentials is the Blue Motion 1.6 TDI

(103bhp) liter diesel variant that delivers 68.9mpg and just 109g CO2/km - impressive for a car

of its size.

Audi A6 - CO2: 129 g/km

An all-new Audi A6 will be available in the UK in 2011, having received a number of

improvements to increase efficiency. The most outstanding is the degree of weight reduction that

Audi has achieved - composite aluminum and steel construction mean that the 2.0 TDI model

weighs just 1,575kg, a 15% reduction from the original model. The new range will offer choice

of one petrol and three diesel engines - the 2.0 TDI (177 PS) manual is the most efficient,




capable of 0-62mph in 8.7 seconds and a top speed of 142mph whilst emitting just 129

gCO2/km. Other than the impressive light-weighting, electric power steering and wider gear

ratio spreading has been applied across the range. For its executive image and vehicle class, the

new A6 is likely to be popular in both the private and business fleet markets.

Green Cars in U.K

In October, 2010, the tax income imposed on fuel in the UK changed by 1p to 58.19p per

liter for diesel and petrol, forcing the prices of fuel similar to the ones back in 2008. Although

such a cost hiking may have negative effects on both the sales of cars working on petrol and

diesel as well as the motorists, it could establish to be beneficial to manufacturers of hybrid-

electric vehicles. Throughout the same period of time, sales of fuel-hungry vehicles declined, as

subsisting proprietors merchandised them in for more effective and smaller vehicles, and

potential buyers preferred to see elsewhere, with many conceiving hybrid-electric vehicles.

Opposed to this, as the prices of oil fell acutely during 2008, sales started out to retrieve, to the

disadvantage of hybrid and economy-oriented vehicles (Sawyer 2006).

With record prices forecast within the next six months, this scenario appears to be

returning; however, this time round, the drop-off in hybrid-electric and economical vehicle sales

may not be as pronounced. Since 2008, the automotive industry has become savvy to the travails

of the European motorist, especially those in the UK, who have had to deal with CO2-indexed

vehicle excise duty and the aforementioned increases in the price of fuel. Therefore, many

manufacturers have introduced vehicle ranges that are specifically targeted at drivers who hold

fuel efficiency as a key consideration (Sawyer 2006).




Volkswagen was one of the first to explore this avenue with its Blue Motion range of

vehicles, and has now been joined by a plethora of other manufacturers, such as GM, BMW,

Mercedes-Benz and Volvo. The technology included in these cars comprises features such as:

engines that possess stop-start technology; direct injection and 'intelligent' fluid management

systems in order to improve fuel efficiency and conserve energy; and improved aerodynamics to

lower the vehicles' drag coefficients via the redesign of external parts (such as wing mirrors,

radiator grills, wheel rims and bodywork). Low rolling resistance tires, regenerative braking

systems and weight reduction are all also common among these vehicles (Smith 2008, 119-126).

In the short term, the most significant change will be in the habits of motorists

themselves, as significant fuel savings can be achieved through the adaptation of driving styles,

such as reduced motorway speed, smoother and more progressive driving, and diligent vehicle

maintenance (such as ensuring that tires are correctly inflated). All of these are easily applied,

and can reap literally hundreds of pounds worth of savings in reduced fuel consumption.

In the longer term, if fuel prices are to stay at current levels or increase, that appears

inevitable considering the numerous duty increases planned until 2014 and that the price of crude

oil is trading at half of its 2008 value, the likelihood of motorists choosing a new vehicle based

on fuel efficiency will become their primary consideration.

However, there may be a silver lining. The manufacturers of hybrid-electric vehicles will

be viewing this inexorable rise in fuel costs as a potential blessing in disguise, as the increase in

fuel prices experienced in 2008 resulted in a surge of buyer interest (albeit interest that

subsequently evaporated once the price of fuel dropped). This time, however, price increases are

expected to be more sustained, and are poised to climb to levels higher than previously seen

(Callow 2008, 89-95).




Therefore, it is highly likely that alternative fuel vehicles will once again become in

vogue and experience a growth in consumer interest. Additionally, if one considers the slew of

hybrid-electric and electric vehicles that are poised to enter the market over the next few years,

the mass acceptance of hybrid-electric vehicles, that still only account for approximately 2% of

Europe's car park, may not be as far away as once thought.

Challenges Facing Green Technology

As with any technology, green technology often becomes entangled with issues of policy

and politics. In the social sciences, the push for green technology is characterized as the central

motivation of ecological modernization. Taken literally, the term can basically be defined as

making modern industrial society more ecologically minded. However, the term is more

commonly used to describe an approach with no inherent conflicts between industry interests and

the environment. Because ecological modernization sees cooperation with industry as the best

approach, it is often associated with voluntary or market-based environmental policy approaches.

(Batty & Jarvis 2010, 96-103).

The main criticism of ecological modernization is that is fails to effectively deal with the

concept of sustainable growth that according to some is an oxymoron. A second criticism is that

it does not effectively deal with the power of industrial interests. These critics assume the

impulses of capitalism overwhelm any fundamental transformations towards a sustainable

society, and instead only offer reformist, marginal solutions to environmental problems.

A major challenge as we embrace green technology will be gaining knowledge of exactly

how “green” touted technologies are, that will involve relying on the emerging practitioner of

green design, chemistry, engineering, life cycle analysis, environmental justice, environmental

policy, and other allied interests. (Walker 2006, 88)




The cost of going green

Hybrids are more costly than the conventional cars since the technology incorporated in

them are more sophisticated. However, considering the higher rebate, lower rate of yen,

decreasing enrolment taxes and COE exchange premium, the costs of hybrid cars have

descended to a more competitive level ever since their introduction in the year 2001.

It had been reported that an unexampled Civic Hybrid costs more or less $78,000 and the

cost of Toyota Prius is $84,888. When a comparison is held between the first generation of Civic

priced at $120,000 in 2002 to that of Prius that cost $106,000 in 2001. The luxury hybrid the

Lexus RX400h was priced $169,000 subsequently to the green discount; the standard RX350

costs $150,888. Illogically, those hybrid cars that were smaller in size require more compendious

technology and require more development cost (Bishop 2004, 200-206).

As a consequence, it is easy to bring in electric-petrol hybrid technology in more

prominent models. More than 100 new hybrids have been delivered in the market. Both Honda

agent Kahn Motor and Toyota distributor Borneo Motors have accounted many more

reservations in hand. These automobiles charm primarily to those who are conscious about the

environment, so they are still conceptualized a comparatively new function market (McDonough

& Michael 2002, 65-68).

It may not be easily gotten less environmentally-savvy to common public to alter its

outlook about paying more for what appears like the same car, but an initiative has to be taken in

any case and attempt to mould the opinion of people and convince them to go green would take

more time and concentration.




Reasons for the unpopularity of Green Cars

The question whether motorists in Singapore could easily be enticed to fall for Green

Vehicle Rebate and make a switch toward hybrid cars is a million dollar question. Considering

the contemporary price of Honda (1.3) hybrid, it is altering from more or less $72,000 as equated

to the normal Civic 1.6 that is available at a cheaper rate that is more or less $66,000 or high.

With $72,000, one can decide to purchase a 1.8 Honda stream or 1.8 Honda Civic. Hence, a

smaller 1.3 hybrid car, notwithstanding the discount, is going at the 1.8 car price scope (Walker

2006, 88).

It still is more valuable and expensive to possess a hybrid, all among the Honda basket of

comparison. That is in addition to major problems associated with the preoccupation of hybrid

cars which are not only its high cost, but lack of knowledge about hybrid cars and uncertainty

about its contents are also important factors. This figure is a sad testament to the efforts of

Singapore that forces people to choose green cars twice at best (Batty & Jarvis 2010, 96-103).

The government is just more concerned about maintaining strict control on the number of

cars on the road, including hybrid cars. The Council of Europe is already in place to control the

car population in Singapore. Nevertheless, the Council of Europe in its present form does not

influence people to drive cleaner cars. Thus, while the control of the vehicle population is

sensitive in terms of congestion, the focus should be on regular people, and there must be

insistence on more green cars on the road. Unfortunately, current measures to ensure that car

owners consider switching to hybrid cars are limited to rhetoric and are relatively ineffective

(Tianjin 2003, 55).




Using the Carrot and Stick: Green Subsidies and Taxes

The population of private cars in 2005 was 401,000, and since there are only 200 private

green cars on the road, that clearly means that the premium, 40% open market value is not

attractive enough. How much time is sufficient to return? The qualitative answer is that "enough"

when we see more and more hybrid vehicles on the road, and it becomes as common as the

workhorse of economic Altos or Sunny (Spelling 2009, 61).

As the population is deprived of hybrid cars is less than 1% of the total population of

cars, it's time to review the 40% and may increase it to 60%. This subsidy to stimulate demand

for green cars are unprecedented - green discount car was re-connected from 20% to the current

40% of OMV in 2005. At that time there were only 79 green cars, so that a jump of 20% points

in the GVR probably contributed to the current 200 green cars on the roads now (Singapore

Customs 2008).

However, despite the changes in compensation in 2005, there was no huge rush to buy

hybrids of Borneo or Ka Motor. Therefore, carrot approach is not in itself enough to change the

demand.

It is already in forced in many countries like U.K. A carbon tax would supplement the

existing tax system of punishment cars with big monster CC, gas-guzzling, as more and more

ubiquitous SUV to be addressed in the package to exhaust non-renewable resources in the world.

Taxes on cars without discrimination green are not necessarily a bad thing, if it returns in the

form of discounts on the green cars. In London, green vegetables in the city, are also exempt




from the strong British version of the ERP of 8 pounds a day of loss is much more expensive

than our ERP (Williams 2007, 99-110).

It is a source of inspiration for the import regime here in Singapore and one tool that can

be a good incentive for people to switch to green cars. If public education about green takes too

much time, dollars and cents may be more compelling trends in the pragmatics of Singapore

(Singapore Customs 2008).

More than a Lifestyle Choice

Minister Yaakov quipped that driving a hybrid car in Singapore is becoming a way of

life. If the government genuinely promotes the use of green cars and makes the relationship that

the hybrid car is no longer being experienced, there's not much one can do besides simply extend

to GVR 2009. The Singapore Government has announced a joint project with German automaker

Daimler-Chrysler, for the development of environmentally friendly hydrogen vehicle (NUS

2010).

Known as the fuel cell cars, in this car hydrogen and oxygen together produce electricity,

and only the waste of clean water - that should also be more efficient than conventional cars.

Care is also being taken in Europe, USA and Japan and the car to be made in Singapore that has

no internal combustion engine made its debut in Asia as a good step toward the future of green

cars (Singapore Customs 2008).

The Singapore Government expressed that it would abandon the normal tax on cars of the

experimental fuel cells. Daimler-Chrysler announced that it would be up to twenty cars on the

roads of Singapore, and could be ready for wider distribution in 2004. (NUS 2010)




Comparison with the United Stated

If more than ten years of dull sales of hybrid cars are any prediction, a new generation of

even more expensive plug-in electric models is already on the market, such as General Motors

Chevy Volt, Nissan sheet will be a hard sell with consumers. U.S. sales of hybrids is expected to

decline for the third consecutive year in 2010, representing less than 3 percent of all car sales.

For U.S. automakers, the news is even worse: more than half of all sales of Toyota Prius,

and Uncle Sam had bought almost a quarter of GM hybrids and Ford Motor, according to

government figures obtained by Bloomberg News. They are not yet near the point where costs

are competitive in the market. President Barrack Osama has pledged more than $ 11 billion in

funding for technical support and set a goal of 1 million electric cars on roads by 2015.

With the hybrid fight for market share that goal looks complicated. Traditional hybrid

like Prius, that starts at $ 21,650, uses electric motors and batteries in addition to a gasoline

engine and must be connected Rather, Chevy Volt, expected to find $ 41,000, can lead full power

for 35 miles on about $ 1, 50 per day. GM says it expects to sell about 10.000 vehicles by 2011

and 45,000 in 2012. Nissan sheet with a sticker price of $ 32,780 will run about 73 miles on one

charge, and the company expects to sell up to 25.000 to the U.S. in the first year.

Ford will join the fight next year with its first fully electric car, the compact Focus. U.S.

sales of hybrid and electric cars expected to be 2.2 percent of passenger cars sold worldwide this

year, JD Power Associates in Troy, Mich., said in a report dated October 27. This could rise to

5.2 million units in 2020, the report said. As Honda Motor introduced the first model in 1999,

U.S. sales of hybrids that will be around 1.8 million people, or about 1 percent of the 175 million




cars sold in that period. Bonus of $ 10.000 to $ 20.000 for plug-ins like V and sheet says.

General Services Administration, i.e. Government fleet, bought at least 14,584 hybrid cars in the

last two financial years, or 10 percent of total purchases, according to data Bloomberg. (Walker

2006, 88)

Around 3100 of hybrids will be placed on the government through an economic stimulus

package of 2009. The federal government buys almost exclusively hybrid of American

companies, and Merriam said that the government purchases will increase.

Chevy Volt

Chevrolet will supply a compact V gas and electricity in December in some cities, like

San Francisco, New York and Washington. Environmental Protection Agency estimates of the

electric range are only 35 miles Volt, after gasoline engine provides power for 344 additional

miles. EPA says the plug-in that General Motors will sell for about $ 41,000, will receive the

equivalent of 93 miles per gallon in the electric-only mode, and 60 miles per gallon in mixed gas

and electricity (with a 33.7 kilowatt-hours of energy equal to a gallon of gasoline. (Walker 2006,

88)

Nissan Leaf

Nissan will start selling electric-gate leaf in Arizona, California, Oregon, Tennessee, and

Washington State in December. $ 32,780 from the sheet, that will extend about 73 miles on one

charge, EPA says. It takes seven hours to fully charge. Window sticker estimates Road will

receive the equivalent of 99 miles per gallon in combined highway and city driving. U.S. offers




up to $ 7.500 in tax credits for the purchase of electric vehicles, and about a dozen states offer

additional incentives.

Ford Focus

Ford said that in late 2011 will provide a compact battery approach, its first all-electric

cars in 19 U.S. cities, including Atlanta, Chicago, Los Angeles, New York and Washington. Ford

focuses on a range of 100 miles, has not released detailed information about prices. Ford also

plans to introduce three hybrid vehicles in 2012 and another at the end of this year sold Transit

Connect, a small van, and commercial batteries.

With the invention of the green cars in Singapore, the future of green cars seems to be bright

despite the fact that the consumerism is still not much, but there are hopes that green car

manufacturing companies would reduce the price of these sophisticated and modern looking

green cars in future so that people can lead a healthy green lifestyle and at the same time the

technological sector in Singapore can boast of a bright future.




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