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8/8/2019 Grassland and dryland poverty of herders in China - paper

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8/8/2019 Grassland and dryland poverty of herders in China - paper

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8/8/2019 Grassland and dryland poverty of herders in China - paper

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8/8/2019 Grassland and dryland poverty of herders in China - paper

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8/8/2019 Grassland and dryland poverty of herders in China - paper

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8/8/2019 Grassland and dryland poverty of herders in China - paper

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8/8/2019 Grassland and dryland poverty of herders in China - paper

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8/8/2019 Grassland and dryland poverty of herders in China - paper

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jfrrmd|. ujm mlh+mdv`whdkmdufn oh}defu`hd ohw jmwe`da `d ujm fwmf| kfp gm rfwu`fnnp

efkfame hw uhufnnp efkfame$

Ujm mujdhawfrj`l cdhqnmeam ho ln`kfum ljfdam fde `u| `krflu| hd ujm jmwemw|

fde ujm`w n`vmn jhhe `d ujm awf||nfde fwmf| ho Dhwuj fde Dhwuj+qm|u Lj`df fwm

lhdo`wkme gp |l`mdu`o`l wm|mfwljm| ho ujm o`mne$

@d ujm rf|u =2 pmfw|. ujm fdd}fn fvmwfam umkrmwfu}wm ho Dhwujqm|u Lj`df jf|

gmmd w`|`da kh|u hgv`h}|np. m|rml`fnnp `d ujm khduj| ho Omgw}fwp fde Hluhgmw. fde `d

Frw`n. Kfp. I}dm fde F}a}|u. uj`| ljfdam | fn|h hgv`h}|$

*Ew$ Yjf` N}z`d9 Ln`kfu`l _fw`fg`n`up fde @krflu hd Jpewhnhap `d Wmlmdu =2 Pmfw| `d Dhwujqm|u Lj`df)

Fllhwe`da uh ujm |u}e`m| hd ln`kfum ljfdam fde awf||nfde emawfefu`hd `d =5

lh}du`m| ho @ddmw Khdahn`f. ujm w`|m ho fdd}fn fvmwfam umkrmwfu}wm jf| gmmd hgv`h}|

fde ujm wf`dofnn jf| wmkf`dme ujm |ufgnm hw nm||3 Fde ujm umkrmwfu}wm w`|m jf| k}lj

uh eh q`uj ujm emawfefu`hd ho awf||nfde$

@o ujm hujmw lhde`u`hd| wmkf`dme }dljfdame. 6 emawmm w`|`da `d umkrmwfu}wm

wm|}nu| `d 2$2= wfu`h ho ujm emawfefu`hd ho awf||nfde. qj`nm j}kfd flu`v`u`m|. |}lj f|

6- `dlwmf|m `d ujm emd|`up ho rhr}nfu`hd `d f v`nnfam fwmf. q`nn wm|}nu `d 2$= wfu`h ho ujm

emawfefu`hd ho awf||nfde$

Ujm ln`kfum ljfdam. m|rml`fnnp ujm umkrmwfu}wm w`|m. lhduw`g}um| 6:- uh ujm

emawfefu`hd qj`nm j}kfd flu`v`u`m| lhduw`g}ume =7- `d @ddmw Khdahn`f awf||nfde owhk

60:5 uh 7222$ Fde ujm `krhwufdlm ho ujm ohwkmw `| `dlwmf|`da `d ujm rf|u 62 pmfw|$

*Ew Qfda P}dz`f9 F Rh|`u`vm \u}ep hd ujm Awf||nfde Emawfefu`hd fde @u| Emumwk dfdu| `d @ddmw

Khdahn`f)

Owhk f amdmwfn v`mq ho ujm ln`kfum ljfdam `d awf||nfde fwmf| ho Dhwuj Lj`df.

ujmwm jf| gmmd f umdemdlp ho ljfdam| ujfu ujm ln`kfum `| gmlhk`da qfwkmw fde ew`mw$

Ln`kfum qfwk `| nmfe`da uh ujm emumw`hwfu`hd ho awf||nfde mlh+|p|umk fde wme}lu`hd

ho rf|u}wm g`he`vmw|`up fde g`hkf|| rwhe}lu`hd fde rnfdu lhvmwfam$ Uj`| q`nn |rmme

}r ujm em|mwu`o`lfu`hd ho ujm fwmf|$ Kmfdqj`nm. ujm wme}lu`hd ho awf||nfde g`hkf||rwhe}lu`hd q`nn wme}lm ujm lfwwp+lfrfl`up ho awf||nfde. qj`lj `d u}wd. q`nn wme}lm ujm

`dlhkm ho jmwemw| ujmwm uh f awmfu mzumdu

*Rwhom||hw Rfd Z}mg`fh9 F nmlu}wm fu ujm Ohw}k hd \}|uf`dfgnm Emvmnhrkmdu ho Awf||nfde ho Dhwuj Lj`df 722:)

Hd fvmwfam. ujmwm qmwm 7$= u`km| ho |mw`h}| ewh}aju e`|f|umw| fde 5$= u`km| ho

amdmwfn ewh}aju e`|f|umw| qj`nm 6$= u`km| ho |mw`h}| |dhq e`|f|umw| `d @ddmw Khdahn`f

owhk 60=6 uh 60:1$ Fde hujmw dfu}wfn| e`|f|umw| qmwm owm}mdunp jfrrmd`da$ Ujmwm

qmwm lhd|ufdu |mw`h}| ewh}aju e`|f|umw| owhk 6000 uh 7226. qj`lj lf}|me awmfu

efkfam| uh ujm awf||nfde mdv`whdkmdu fde jmwemw |hl`mup$ @u `| fn|h dhume ujfu ujm

kh|u |mw`h}| |fde|uhwk| hll}wwme `d ujm awf||nfde$

8/8/2019 Grassland and dryland poverty of herders in China - paper

12/21

*Rwhom||hw Yjfda Z`d|j`9 Fd `dumwv`mq hd Ln`kfum Ljfdam fde Awf||nfde Mdv`whdkmdu)

@@@ Rhvmwup. Awf||nfde Emawfefu hd fde Ln kfum Ljfdam

6 Rhvmwup \ u}fu`hd `d Awf||nfde ho Dhwuj fde Dhwujqm|u Lj`d

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fwmf| `| khwm ujfd ujfu `d hujmw fwmf| ho ujm lh}duwp$ Fde gp ujm mde ho 722:. ujmwm qmwm

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rmwlmdufam ho ujm rhvmwup+|uw`lcmd jh}|mjhne| ufcm| fgh}u 6:-+77- ho ujm qjhnm

d}kgmw ho jh}|mjhne| ho ujm fwmf|$ Ohw mzfkrnm. `d V`dajm Lh}dup ho Z`di`fda. ujm

d}kgmw ho rhhw jmwemw jh}|mjhne| `|

8/8/2019 Grassland and dryland poverty of herders in China - paper

13/21

jmwemw jh}|mjhne| gmlfkm |ufadfume$ Ujm kf`d wmf|hd ohw uj`| `| ujm rwhe}lu`hd

lfrfl`up ho ujm rf|u}wm| gmlhkm| nhqmw fde nhqmw e}m uh ujm emawfefu`hd ho ujm`w

rf|u}wm| fde ujmp eh dhu jfvm fdp hujmw fllm|| uh dfu}wfn wm|h}wlm| ohw khwm

fd`kfn|$ Dh |}wrw |`danp. fgh}u 72- ho ujm jmwemw jh}|mjhne| ujfu qmwm h}u ho

rhvmwup `d 60:2| fde k`e+6002| wmu}wd uh rhvmwup faf`d$ Uj`| `| fn|h ujm |fkm ohw

ujm hujmw awf||nfde fwmf|$ Wmu}wd`da uh rhvmwup e}m uh ujm mdv`whdkmdufn lf}|m| jf|

gmmd f lhkkhd rjmdhkmdhd `d ujm awf||nfde fwmf|$ $

Lf|m @@@+69 Jmwemw| Wmu}wd`da Rhvmwup `d @ddmw Khdahn`f

@d 60:< qjmd ujm wm|rhd|`g`n up |p|umk qf| `krnmkmdume `d @ddmw Khdahn`fd

awf||nfde fwmf|. ujmwm qmwm dh rhhw jmwemw jh}|mjhne| `d ujm fwmf$ Jhqmvmw. ujm

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@ddmw Khahn`f. f| fd mzfkrnm9

Ufgnm @@@+69 Rhvmwup @dlwmf|m fu P`dau} Afljf ho Yjmdaz`fdagf` V`6 *60:

8/8/2019 Grassland and dryland poverty of herders in China - paper

14/21

wm|h}wlm| fde rwhv`eme q`uj uwf`d`da ohw ofwk`da foumw ujmp qmwm |muunme$ Gmohwm 600:

qjmd ujmp qmwm dhkfe`l jmwemw|. ujmwm qmwm hdnp < rhhw jh}|mjhne| ujfu dmmeme

ujm rhvmwup+f`e| owhk ujm nhlfn ahvmwdkmdu$ @d 7221. 57- |muunme jmwemw jh}|mjhne|

qmwm `d rhvmwup$

I`fkfn`. jmfe ho ujm v`nnfam9

Ujm fkh}du ho nfde ujm v nnfamw| flu}fnnp l}nu`vfum `| hdnp fgh}u ?

8/8/2019 Grassland and dryland poverty of herders in China - paper

15/21

fde Wm|uhwm ujm Efkfame Awf||nfde Mlh+|p|umk

\`dlm 6002|. Lj`df jf| ufcmd `dumawfume kmf|}wm|f uh `krwhvm fde wm|uhwm ujm

emawfefume awf||nfde mlh+|p|umk fde uh wme}lm ujm rhvmwup ho jmwemw jh}|mjhne| `d

ujm awf||nfde fwmf| ho Dhwuj fde Dhwujqm|u Lj`df$ Ujm Lj`dm|m ahvmwdkmdu jf|

kfem kfdp rhn`l`m| ohw uj`| r}wrh|m|9

+ Qm|u Lj`df Emvmnhrkmdu \uwfumap*600=). `d qj`lj ujm rwhumlu`hd fde wm|uhwm

efkfame mdv`whdkmdu ho awf||nfde `| eml`eme f| ujm o`w|u ufwamu ho ujm

|uwfumap. fde fgh}u umd g`nn`hd p}fd jf| gmmd rnfddme ohw uj`| ufwamu fde ujm

|uwfumap lfnn| ohw wmg}`ne`da f awmmd mdv`whdkmdu Qm|u Lj`df$

+ Wma}nfu`hd ohw Lhdvmwu`da ujm Ofwknfde ohw Ohwm|uwp fde Rf|u}wm* @||}me gp

ujm \ufum Lh}dl`n `d 7227). qj`lj |rml`o`m| ujm rhn`l`m| fde kmf|}wm|. fde

rnfd| uh r}u

8/8/2019 Grassland and dryland poverty of herders in China - paper

16/21

Fnn ujm|m rhn l`m| fde kmf|}wm| jfvm rwhvme moomlu`vm `d wme}l`da rhvmwup

lhde`u hd| ho ujm fwmf| f| ujm ujmp jfvm hgv`h}|np `krwhvm ujm awf||nfde

mdv`whdkmdu$ Ohw `d|ufdlm. q`uj ujm `krnmkmdufu`hd ho ujm Wma}nfu`hd ohw Lhdvmwu`da

ujm Ofwknfde ohw Ohwm|uwp fde Rf|u}wm. fgh}u jfno f k`nn`hd jmwemw| jfvm khvme uh

gmuumw mdv`whdkmdu ho ujm awf||nfde `d Z`di`fda. fde ujm`w n`v`da lhde`u hd jf|

`krwhvme f| ujm nhlfn `dowf|uw}lu}wm jf| `krwhvme fde awf||nfde mdv`whdkmdu `|

gmuumw ujfd ujfu 62 pmfw| fah `d |hkm fwmf|$

Jhqmvmw. f| `u q`nn ufcm }`um f nhda u`km uh lhkrnmum ujm ufwamu| ho ujm fghvm

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em|`adme ohw fde uh qjfu mzumdu ujmp q`nn `krwhvm ujm awf||nfde mdv`whdkmdu |h ujfu

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mdv`whdkmdufn lhde`u`hd|. Lj`df dmme| uh `dr}u khwm j}kfd. rhn`lp. o`dfdl`fn fde

umljdhnha`lfn wm|h}wlm `d fd `dumawfume qfp uh wm|uhwm ujm efkfame mlh+|p|umk fde

awf||nfde mdv`whdkmdu$ Uj`| `| v`ufnnp `krhwufdu `d ujm lhdumzu ho ln`kfum ljfdam ujfujf|. f| kmdu`hdme mfwn`mw `d uj`| rfrmw. jfe `u| `dlwmf|`da `krflu| hd ujm awf||nfde

mdv`whdkmdu ho ujm fwmf|. fde ujm `krflu| fwm fde q nn gm hvmwfnn fde k}nu +

e`kmd|`hd| `d ujm awf||nfde ho ujm fwmf| ho Lj`df$

$

_ Ln`kfum Ljfdam @de}lme Ljfnnmdam| `d Rhvmwup Wme}lu`hd ho Jmwemw| `d

Dhwuj fde Dhwujqm|u Lj`df

@d ujm pmfw ho 722:. Fnufp \umrrm fwmf ho Z`di`fda qf| j`u gp f |mw`h}| ewh}aju

e`|f|umw qj`lj. f| |hkm nhlfn fame jmwemw| |f`e. jfe dmvmw gmmd |mmd `d uj`| fwmf|

`d

ujm rf|u pmfw|$ Ujm e`|f|umw. lfnnme f| gnflc e`|f|umw gp ujm nhlfn Cfyfc fde

Khdahn fd jmwemw|. lf}|me awmfu efkfam| uh ghuj rf|u}wm| fde n`vmn jhhe ho

jmwemw|$ Fllhwe`da uh ujm nhlfn |ufu`|u`l|. fvmwfamnp. ujmwm qf| fgh}u 6=-+72-

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ewh}aju qf| ujfu kfdp jmwemw |rmdu khwm khdmp hd oheemw fde jfp ohw ujm`w fd`kfn|

`d nhda q`dumw *fgh}u = khduj|)$

@d ujm q`dumw ho 7220. ujm |fkm fwmf qf| j`u gp fd }dmzrmlume |dhq|uhwk.

qj`lj. f g`a qj`um e`|f|umw lfnnme gp nhlfn Cfyfc fde Khdahn`fd jmwemw|. gwh}aju

fgh}u mvmd awmfumw efkfam| uh ujm n`vm|uhlc rwhe}lu`hd ujfd ujm ewh}aju `d 722:.

fde khwm ujfd 67222 fd`kfn| e`me fde khwm qmwm `di}wme$ @d ujm |rw`da u`km ho ujmdmzu pmfw. Z`di`fda Fnufp \umrrm fwmf qf| j`u gp onhhe| owhk kmnume |dhq. qj`lj

nf|ume ohw dmfwnp fgh}u uqh khduj|$ Ujm onhhe| rh|urhdme ujm |ufwu`da u`km ho

|mf|hdfn k`awfu da ho jmwemw| fde ujm`w fd`kfn|. uj}| ujmp wmfljme ujm |rw da

rf|u}wm| fgh}u hdm khduj nfumw ujfd }|}fn$ \h ujm jmwemw jh}|mjhne| jfe uh g}p

oheemw fde jfp ohw ujm`w fd`kfn|$ Uh ujh|m |muunme jmwemw jh}|mjhne|. ujm`w ofwknfde

qmwm onhheme fde `ww`afu`hd ljfddmn| fde e`uljm| qmwm efkfame$ Ujm jh}|m| ho

|hkm ho ujm jmwemw jh}|mjhne| qjh|m |muunmkmdu| qmwm `d nhqnfde hw w`vmw vfnnmp|

qmwm awmfunp efkfame$ Fde ujm |mmeu`km jfe uh gm rh|urhdme ohw khduj fde khwm.

qj`lj jfe f gfe `krflu| hd ujm`w `dlhkm `d 7262$

@u `| dhu lnmfw qjmujmw ujm |}llm||`vm e`|f|umw| qmwm wmnfume uh ujm `krflu| ho

8/8/2019 Grassland and dryland poverty of herders in China - paper

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ln`kfum ljfdam hw dhu |u`nn dmme| khwm kmumhwhnha`lfn wm|mfwljm|$ G}u `u `| dh eh}gu

ujfu ujmp gwh}aju fgh}u rwhoh}de `krflu| hd n`vm|uhlc rwhe}lu`hd fde n`vmn`jhhe ho

ujm nhlfn jmwemw|. emmrmd`da ujm rhvmwup lhde`u`hd ujfu fnwmfep mz`ume `d ujm fwmf$

@d oflu. ujm ln`kfum ho ujm awf||nfde fwmf| ho Dhwuj fde Dhwujqm|u Lj`df `|

gmlhk`da khwm ljfda`da. qj`lj `| khwm e`oo`l}nu uh gm rwme`lume ujfd gmohwm. n`cm ujfu

ho Z`di`fda Fnufp \umrrm fwmf$ F| ujm lf|m ho Fnufp \umrrm fwmf `d ghuj 722: fde

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hujmw fwmf|. ujmwm jfvm gmmd khwm owm}mdu ewh}aju| fde |fde|uhwk| ujfd 52 pmfw|

fah$

Fllhwe`da uh ujm wm|mfwljm| ho Lj`dm|m |l`mdu`|u| ho ujm o`mne fde ujm

mujdhawfrj`l efuf qm lhnnmlume owhk ujm o`mne |}wvmp|. ujm `krflu| ho ln`kfum ljfdam

hd ujm awf||nfde mdv`whdkmdu fwm kf`dnp f| ujm ohnnhq`da9

+ _`|`gnm `dlwmf|m `d ujm u`km| fde `don}mdlm| ho ewh}aju|. qj`lj gw`da fgh}u

lhkrnmz `krflu| hd ujm mlh+|p|umk ho rf|u}wm| q`uj wme}lu`hd fde e`|frrmfwfdlm ho

|rml`m| ho o`dm }fn up ohwfam awf|| fde `dlwmf|m `d fg}defdlm ho |rml`m| horh`|hdh}| awf|| fde hujmw }dmfufgnm jmwgfam awf|| ohw fd`kfn$ Ujm wm|}nu `| lnmfw9

q`uj uj`| ljfdam. ujm rnfdu lhkk}d`up |uw}lu}wm `| |`krnm fde ujm rwhe}lu`v`up ho

rf|u}wm| | awmfunp wme}lme$

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fw`e awf||nfde mdv`whdkmdu. fde k`aju mdefdamw ujm qjhnm mlh+|p|umk uh mzumdu ujfu

em|mwu`o`lfu`hd q`nn |rmme }r$

+ $Owfakmdufu`hd ho rf|u}wm| q`uj khwm fde khwm jmwemw| u}wd`da uh ofwk`da

ujwh}aj wmlnf`k`da awf||nfde

+ @dlwmf|m `d ujm owm}mdlp ho dfu}wfn e`|f|umw|. |}lj f| ewh}aju|. |fde|uhwk|.

`d|mlu rnfa}m|. nhl}|u rnfa}m| fde kh}|m rnfa}m| fde |dhq|uhwk$

Fde ujm mujdhawfrj`l efuf fn|h wmvmfn ujfu ujm fghvm `krflu| ho ln`kfum ljfdam

hd ujm mdv`whdkmdu ho awf||nfde jfvm `d u}wd `de}lme ujm ljfnnmdam| `d rhvmwup

wme}lu`hd ho ujm fwmf|$

6$ Ujm kmf|}wm| uh wme}lm rhvmwup ho jmwemw| ufcmd gp ujm ahvmwdkmdu

jfvm nh|u moo`lflp uh |hkm mzumdu e}m uh o}wujmw awf||nfde

emawfefu`hd f| ujm efkfame rf|u}wm mdv`whdkmdu | wwmvmw|`gnm$

7$ Ujm jmwemw jh}|mjhne| moohwu| uh lhdvmwu ofwknfde uh ohwm|uwp fderf|u}wm gmlhkm khwm e oo`l}nu. mvmd `krh||`gnm e}m uh ujm

lhd|m}mdlm| ho ln`kfum ljfdam. |}lj f| nflc ho qfumw.

em|mwu`o`lfu`hd fde lhd|ufdu w`|m ho umkrmwfu}wm$

8/8/2019 Grassland and dryland poverty of herders in China - paper

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rhhw Jh}|mjhne|

Ujm awf||nfde fwmf| fwm nhlfume `d hdm ho Lj`df| j`aj mlh+|md|`u`v`up fde mlh+

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rhvmwup+|uw`lcmd lh}du`m| `d ujm awf||nfde fwmf| ho Dhwuj fde Dhwujqm|u Lj`df `|

nfwamw$

J} Fdafda rh`du| h}u. `u `| lhkrfwfu`vmnp mf|`mw uh wme}lm ujm rhhw rhr}nfu`hd ho

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rwhvme gp ujm mujdhawfrj`l efuf qm hguf`dme owhk awf||nfde fwmf| ho Dhwuj fde

Dhwujqm|u Lj`df$ @d ujm rf|u

8/8/2019 Grassland and dryland poverty of herders in China - paper

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emvmnhrkmdu fde rhvmwup wme}lu`hd `d awf||nfde fde uh emvmnhr dmq `dumawfume

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fwm uh gm r}u `duh ujm lhdumzu ho ln`kfum ljfdam| fde `u| lhkrnmz `krflu| hd ujm

fwmf|$ Ujm ohnnhq`da kfp gm `krhwufdu9

+ Wmlhd|`emwfu`hd fde wmfei}|ukmdu ho emvmnhrkmdu |uwfuma`m| ohw awf||nfde.

owhk ohl}| hd mlhdhk`l awhquj uh ohl}| hd |}|uf`dfgnm emvmnhrkmdu

+ Ljfdam ho ujm rhn`lp+kfc`da ohw rhvmwup wme}lu hd. owhk ujm ahvmwdkmdu+

hw`mdufume uh ujm `dumwflu`hd gmuqmmd ujm ahvmwdkmdu fde nhlfn rfwu`l`rfu`hd

+ Lhhrmwfu hd gmuqmmd khemwd umljdhnha`m| fde ujm nhlfn cdhqnmeam `d

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+ Emvmnhrkmdu ho vfw`h}| `dumawfume awmmd mlhdhkp khemn| uh kmmu dmme| ho

e`oomwmdu jmwemw lhkk}d`u`m| `d e`oomwmdu mlh+mdv`whdkmdu fwmf| fde e`oomwmdu

l}nu}wfn |muu`da|

+ Ljfdam ho ujm |uwfuma`m| ohw `dr}u hd rhvmwup wme}lu`hd. owhk `dlhkm rhvmwup

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