graphs & data
DESCRIPTION
Graphs & Data. Data--Types of Variables. Categorical or Quantitative?. Heights of people Level of education Favorite brand of food Distance traveled Zip code. Q C C Q C. Categorical Bar graph Segmented Bar Graph Pie chart. Quantitative Line graph Dotplot Stemplot (Stem & leaf) - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Graphs & DataGraphs & Data
Describing DataDescribing DataThe The distributiondistribution of a variable tells us of a variable tells us what what
valuesvalues the variable takes, the variable takes, how oftenhow often it takes it takes those values, and shows the those values, and shows the patternpattern of of
variationvariation CategoricalCategorical
– Bar graphBar graph– Segmented Bar Segmented Bar
GraphGraph– Pie chartPie chart
QuantitativeQuantitative– Line graphLine graph– DotplotDotplot– Stemplot (Stem & leaf)Stemplot (Stem & leaf)– Histogram (Frequency Histogram (Frequency
distribution)distribution)– BoxplotBoxplot
What type of graph would display the following data?
Bar, Segmented Bar, & Pie Bar, Segmented Bar, & Pie ChartsCharts
0.52293580.7363184
0.1813665
0.47706420.2636816
0.8186335
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Children Women Men
Lost
Saved
0
500
1000
1500
Men Women Children
Line Graphs: Line Graphs: showing change over timeshowing change over time
Time on the horizontal axisTime on the horizontal axis Connect points to show Connect points to show
change over timechange over time Look for an overall pattern Look for an overall pattern
or trend (increasing, or trend (increasing, decreasing, or steady)decreasing, or steady)
Look for striking deviations Look for striking deviations (big dips or spikes)(big dips or spikes)
Look for seasonal variation Look for seasonal variation –repetitions that occur –repetitions that occur every yearevery year
Price of Gasoline
Misleading GraphsMisleading Graphs
Beware of scalingBeware of scaling
Misleading GraphsMisleading Graphs
CNN’s fixed graphCNN’s fixed graph
Same data, but different scales
How do the scales effect our impression of the data?
Choosing ScalingChoosing Scaling Mayor Marcus is running for a second term against a Mayor Marcus is running for a second term against a
challenger. Which graph should he send to the local challenger. Which graph should he send to the local journalist who is journalist who is reporting on crime rates?reporting on crime rates?
Misleading GraphsMisleading Graphs
Beware of the Beware of the pictogram pictogram – Bars should have Bars should have
equal width equal width – If the entire area If the entire area
(width and height) (width and height) is changed, there is changed, there appears to be a appears to be a greater increase greater increase than really existsthan really exists
Which graph is better?Which graph is better?
What are some problems with this What are some problems with this graph?graph?
What’s wrong here?What’s wrong here?
Ways that Graphs may be Ways that Graphs may be ManipulatedManipulated
Scale and Axis Manipulation (Line, Bar Scale and Axis Manipulation (Line, Bar Graphs)Graphs)
Cropping to focus on desirable information Cropping to focus on desirable information (Especially w/ Line Graphs)(Especially w/ Line Graphs)
Three dimensional effects (e.g., Three dimensional effects (e.g., perspective & “volume”)perspective & “volume”)
Pictorial Embellishments (e.g., “cartoon” Pictorial Embellishments (e.g., “cartoon” effects, leading the readers’ eye)effects, leading the readers’ eye)
Mathematical Errors Mathematical Errors
What do all Graphs need?What do all Graphs need?
TitleTitle LabelsLabels LegendLegend Accurate scalingAccurate scaling Simplicity so the data is easy to readSimplicity so the data is easy to read