graphics, video, animation. use of good graphics, animation and video impacts on the effectiveness...
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Graphics, Video, Animation
• Use of good graphics, animation and video impacts on the effectiveness of the multimedia application.
• The creation of good quality computer graphics, animation and video can be both difficult and time consuming.
• Make the most of the graphics capabilities of the host computer and the tools that are available for production of material.
Graphics
• Fundamental to multimedia
• Pictures, drawings, diagrams, charts, graphs, photographs, paintings, cartoons or maps
• Research has proved effectiveness and importance of graphics in teaching and learning
Graphics - negative aspects
• Poor use of graphics can interfere with learning process
• Avoid using graphics gratuitously
• Avoid inclusion of too many graphics
Graphics - How they help
• attracting learner attention
• directing learner action
• illustrating quantifiable constructs
• representing concrete objects
• representing abstract concepts
• simplifying complex information
• Pictures are easily remembered
• Remembered better than textual information
Graphics - cultural issues
• Useful for cross-cultural instruction
• E.g. Reduce the size and number of editions of documents by fewer changes of written language
• reduce translation cost
• ease learning by reducing ambiguity and increasing memorability
• Be aware that non-verbal information is very much culturally determined
• Don’t assume that graphics mean the same thing or are interpreted in same way across cultures
• Downplay or disguise cultural or national differences
• Replace realistic graphics with simplified ones.
• Be wary of using religious or mythological symbols animals national emblems cartoons
Graphics - Types
• Bit-mapped (often called sprites)
• Object based (often called vector graphics)
Bitmaps• excellent for photo-realistic images
• reasonably fast display time
• easily scanned in
• scalable, but definition usually lost unless carried out in editing software
• editable but can be difficult
• highly inefficient in disc storage (large file sizes)
• uncompressed file sizes depends on colour resolution of the image
• e.g. 640x480x16 colours (4 bits) = 150 000 bytes
• 640x480x256 colours (8 bits) = 300 000 bytes
• 640x480x32k colours (16 bits) = 600 000 bytes
• variety of image formats (PCX, TIF, GIF, BMP, JPEG, PICT etc)
Object Based• 2-D/3-D drawings
• poor realistic images
• display time can sometimes be slow – depending on complexity of drawing
• not easily scanned in
• scalable with no loss of definition
• editable
• highly efficient in disc storage
• file size generally independent of colour resolution
General points• Authorware has its own very simple
and limited object-based graphics editor for use only within Authorware applications.
• Majority of multimedia authoring tools use only bit-mapped images and many support only a limited number of image formats
• Not all formats are cross platform It can be a minefield!
• Good bit-map image editing software should be capable of importing & exporting a wide range of bit-map images
• Also provide a wide range of image editing/manipulation features (e.g. scaling, rotation, cutting, pasting, colour touching, brightening, darkening, sharpening etc.)
Video
• Digital Video- (full motion, digitised images (films tv programmes etc.)
• Video is comparatively expensive and difficult to develop
• Only use when it serves a specific purpose or enhances the likelihood of learning
Video - Advantages
• Portrayal of concepts using motion the alteration of space and time the observation of dangerous processes in
a safe environment dramatisation of historical or complex
events demonstration of sequential processes the
viewer can review
Video - types of applications
• Clips of video
• Streamed video
• Navigable (virtual reality) video
Video - conversion
• Digitising
• reducing colours
• choosing frame rate
• sizing windows
• compression
Video - formats
• Audio Visual Interleave/AVI – Microsoft (PC)• QuickTime (QT,MOV) – Apple (MAC/PC)• MPEG – Platform independent /scaleable
/highly compressed• M-JPEG – Platform independent /scaleable
/highly compressed• DVI – Intel/IBM proprietary system
• Need specialist hardware/software to create/edit/view files
- video capture boards- file compression software to reduce file sizes- runtime software required to display files
(AVI/QT)- hardware decompression board/software
(MPEG/M-JPEG)
• Need acres of disc storage to capture/edit video
• 30 seconds of uncompressed video at 160x120x16-bit colour can occupy 15-30 MB of storage
• 1 minute of compressed video at 160x120x16-bit colour can occupy 10 Mb of storage
• Example video editing/splicing software
Adobe Premiere (MAC/PC)Digital Video Producer (PC)Avid Media Suite (MAC)Final Cut Pro (Mac)Final Cut Express (Mac)iMovie (MAC)
Animation
• Animation– Graphics may be simple, static images, simple moving images, or complex animated images
• Can also be achieved by changing the position of an object or sprite on Screen, to create illusion of movement
(e.g. motion icon in Authorware uses this technique)
• Use only when it is consistent with the learning task
• The influence of animation on learners is subtle
• Computer-based animation may be used to attract attention as much as it is to provide direct instruction
• Formats as for digital video
• Specialist software and hardware also needed
Types of Digital animation
• Frame-based animation - creating a series of individual cells
• Morphing - transforms the form of one object smoothly into another form
• 3-D animation - create objects that are more realistic in form and that appear to move through three dimensional space
Graphics, Video, Animation
• Use of good graphics, animation and video impacts on the effectiveness of the multimedia application.
• The creation of good quality computer graphics, animation and video can be both difficult and time consuming.
• Make the most of the graphics capabilities of the host computer and the tools that are available for production of material.
Graphics
• Fundamental to multimedia
• Pictures, drawings, diagrams, charts, graphs, photographs, paintings, cartoons or maps
• Research has proved effectiveness and importance of graphics in teaching and learning
Graphics - negative aspects
• Poor use of graphics can interfere with learning process
• Avoid using graphics gratuitously
• Avoid inclusion of too many graphics
Graphics - How they help
• attracting learner attention
• directing learner action
• illustrating quantifiable constructs
• representing concrete objects
• representing abstract concepts
• simplifying complex information
• Pictures are easily remembered
• Remembered better than textual information
Graphics - cultural issues
• Useful for cross-cultural instruction
• E.g. Reduce the size and number of editions of documents by fewer changes of written language
• reduce translation cost
• ease learning by reducing ambiguity and increasing memorability
• Be aware that non-verbal information is very much culturally determined
• Don’t assume that graphics mean the same thing or are interpreted in same way across cultures
• Downplay or disguise cultural or national differences
• Replace realistic graphics with simplified ones.
• Be wary of using religious or mythological symbols animals national emblems cartoons
Graphics - Types
• Bit-mapped (often called sprites)
• Object based (often called vector graphics)
Bitmaps• excellent for photo-realistic images
• reasonably fast display time
• easily scanned in
• scalable, but definition usually lost unless carried out in editing software
• editable but can be difficult
• highly inefficient in disc storage (large file sizes)
• uncompressed file sizes depends on colour resolution of the image
• e.g. 640x480x16 colours (4 bits) = 150 000 bytes
• 640x480x256 colours (8 bits) = 300 000 bytes
• 640x480x32k colours (16 bits) = 600 000 bytes
• variety of image formats (PCX, TIF, GIF, BMP, JPEG, PICT etc)
Object Based• 2-D/3-D drawings
• poor realistic images
• display time can sometimes be slow – depending on complexity of drawing
• not easily scanned in
• scalable with no loss of definition
• editable
• highly efficient in disc storage
• file size generally independent of colour resolution
General points• Authorware has its own very simple
and limited object-based graphics editor for use only within Authorware applications.
• Majority of multimedia authoring tools use only bit-mapped images and many support only a limited number of image formats
• Not all formats are cross platform It can be a minefield!
• Good bit-map image editing software should be capable of importing & exporting a wide range of bit-map images
• Also provide a wide range of image editing/manipulation features (e.g. scaling, rotation, cutting, pasting, colour touching, brightening, darkening, sharpening etc.)
Video
• Digital Video- (full motion, digitised images (films tv programmes etc.)
• Video is comparatively expensive and difficult to develop
• Only use when it serves a specific purpose or enhances the likelihood of learning
Video - Advantages
• Portrayal of concepts using motion the alteration of space and time the observation of dangerous processes in
a safe environment dramatisation of historical or complex
events demonstration of sequential processes the
viewer can review
Video - types of applications
• Clips of video
• Streamed video
• Navigable (virtual reality) video
Video - conversion
• Digitising
• reducing colours
• choosing frame rate
• sizing windows
• compression
Video - formats
• Audio Visual Interleave/AVI – Microsoft (PC)• QuickTime (QT,MOV) – Apple (MAC/PC)• MPEG – Platform independent /scaleable
/highly compressed• M-JPEG – Platform independent /scaleable
/highly compressed• DVI – Intel/IBM proprietary system
• Need specialist hardware/software to create/edit/view files
- video capture boards- file compression software to reduce file sizes- runtime software required to display files
(AVI/QT)- hardware decompression board/software
(MPEG/M-JPEG)
• Need acres of disc storage to capture/edit video
• 30 seconds of uncompressed video at 160x120x16-bit colour can occupy 15-30 MB of storage
• 1 minute of compressed video at 160x120x16-bit colour can occupy 10 Mb of storage
• Example video editing/splicing software
Adobe Premiere (MAC/PC)Digital Video Producer (PC)Avid Media Suite (MAC)Final Cut Pro (Mac)Final Cut Express (Mac)iMovie (MAC)
Animation
• Animation– Graphics may be simple, static images, simple moving images, or complex animated images
• Can also be achieved by changing the position of an object or sprite on Screen, to create illusion of movement
(e.g. motion icon in Authorware uses this technique)
• Use only when it is consistent with the learning task
• The influence of animation on learners is subtle
• Computer-based animation may be used to attract attention as much as it is to provide direct instruction
• Formats as for digital video
• Specialist software and hardware also needed
Types of Digital animation
• Frame-based animation - creating a series of individual cells
• Morphing - transforms the form of one object smoothly into another form
• 3-D animation - create objects that are more realistic in form and that appear to move through three dimensional space