grammar final

8/13/2019 Grammar Final

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But in fact, the adverb can modify other parts of speech aswell.

My only hobby is playing guitar.

-Linguists tend to criticize traditional grammar for being basedlargely on intuitions about grammatical meaning, for beingatomistic and not backed by an overall theory or model ofgrammar

-This grammar, however, provides modern linguistic with a lotof terms

7. What is immediate constituent grammar? Typicalfeatures?

- IC grammar is a type of grammar focusing on different layersof sentence structure within the sentence to identify differentmeanings. According to this grammar, language elements donot belong to the same layer but they belong to differentlayers, creating different meaning.

E.g: He satisfies the young lady with a rose. The abovesentence can be understood in 2 ways:

+ He uses a rose to satisfy the young lady.

+ He satisfies young lady who is with a rose.

8.What is constituent?

-Constitute is a linguistic unit (usually in sentence analysis)which is a part of a larger construction.

-E.g: In the word beautiful we can single out 3 constituents:beau, ti, ful.

In the phrase my lovely cat, there are 3 constituents:my, lovely, cat.

In the sentence He is my best friend, there are 5constituents: he, is, my, best, friend

9. What is immediate constituent analysis?

IC analysis is one of the most widely use technique fordisplaying sentence structure. It is based on the argument thatdifferent elements of language do not belong to the samelayers. They belong to different layers and create differentmeaning. This approach works through the different level ofstructure within a sentence in a number of steps. At each level,a construction is divided into its major constituent and theprocess continues until no further division can be made.

E.g: The girl helps this man. So, we can analyze the abovesentence as:

1, Identifying to the major constituents: The girl, helps thisman

2, Dividing the next biggest step constituent into helps and

this man. 3. Continuing to divide constituents into 2 until we can go nofurther:

The girl: The+ girl

This man: This+ man

10. What is functional grammar?

Functional grammar proposed by British linguistic Halliday is a

grammar studies 3 basic functions of language.1, The ideational function is to organize the speaker s or thewriter s experiences of the real or imaginary world that islanguage refer to real or imagined person, things, action,event, state

2, the interpersonal function is to indicate, establish ormaintain social relationship between people. It includes formsof address, speech function

3, Textual function is to create written or spoken texts which

cohere with themselves and which fit the particular situation inwhich they are used.

11. What is the interpersonal meaning of the functionalgrammar?

The interpersonal meaning is the meaning as form of action.The speaker or the writer wishes to do something to the readeror the listener by means of language. It s regulated bylanguage users concerned.

E.g: That rose in my class got bad mark again.


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Rose often symbolizes beauty but for all students in myclass, that means the problematic girl.

12. What is transformational/ generative grammar?

Transformational grammar was proposed by the Americanlinguistic Chomsky in 1957. Chomsky attended to provide amodel for the description of all languages. Transformationalgrammar tried to show with a system of rules, the knowledgewhich a native speaker of a language uses in forminggrammatical sentences. For example, this grammar studiesthe basic language patterns to create and transformsentences.

E.g:- Sentence= NP+ VP

They buy these English books.

-Sentence= NP1+ V+NP2=NP2+Auxiliary+Ved+by+NP1

These English books were bought by them.

IV. GRAMMAR UNITS

4.1. Morphemes and Words:

Cau 1. What is morpheme, stem, root and affix?

a/. Morpheme is the smallest meaningful linguistic unit oflanguage, not divisible or analyzable into smaller forms.

E.g: disagreement has 3 morphemes: dis, agree, ment.

b/. + Stem (also the based form) is the part of the word whichan inflectional affix is or can be added.

E.g: In English, the inflectional affix est can be added to thestem hard to form the superlative hardest.

+ The stem of a word can be:

- A simple stem consisting of only 1 morpheme ( root)

E.g: makes, larger, biggest, worked

- A root plus a derivation affix

E.g: scientists, teachers

- Two or more roots:

E.g: greenhouses, raindrops

c/. Root:

Root is a morpheme which is a basic unchangeable part ofthe word and which may occur on its own or maybe joinedto other roots. It conveys the main lexical meaning of theword.

E.g: desirable - undesirable- undesirables - contain theroot desire

Work- worked, workable, works, worker

d/. Affix: Affix is a letter or group of letters which is addedto a word and which changes the meaning or function ofthe word. Affixes are bound forms that can be added:

1.to the beginning of the word (prefix)

E.g: dislike, unemployed

2.to the end of the word (suffix)

e.g: capable, beautiful, statement

3.,within a word (infix)

E.g: craftsman, speedometer

e/ Base : A base is any form to which other morphemescan be attached. Stems differ from roots in that they maybe made up of more than one morphemes. All roots arestems, but many stems are not roots. (42).

Cau2: What is an allomorph?

- An allomorph is any variants of a morpheme which isdifferent in pronunciation or spelling.

E.g: /z/, /s/,/iz/ are allomorphs of the regular pluralmorpheme s.

/t/, /d/,/id/ are allomorphs of morpheme ed indicatingpast tense.

Cau 3: Describe the 5- rank hierarchy which is widelyused as model to identify grammatical unit in the study ofgrammar. Give examples of each unit.

- The five-rank hierarchy used to identify grammaticalunits in the study of grammar can be described asfollow:+ Sentences are analyzed into clause=> phrases=>words=> morphemes.+ Morphemes are used to build words=> phrases=>

clauses=> sentences.


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E.g: The woman who lives next to my house is a verybeautiful teacher.The sentence can be analyzed into:-clause: who lives next to my house-phrase: a very beautiful teacher-word: teacher-morpheme: teach + erCau 4. What is difference between free and boundmorpheme ?

- Free morphemes are those that can stand alone as aword because they carry full semantic weight.E.g: chair, watch, teach

- Bound morphemes are those that cannot stand aloneas a word. It only adds the meaning or grammaticalfunction of a free morpheme.

- E.g: teacher => teach is a free morphemeEr is a bound morpheme.

+dis agree, unchang ed , impatientCau 5: What is difference between inflectional andderivational morpheme?

- Derivational morpheme is a kind of bound morphemewhich is added to a word to make a new word, newmeaning or new part of speech. It can change the partof speech of the root (root morpheme) or the stem. E.g: teach+ er=> teacher

Work+ er=> worker- Inflectional morpheme is a kind of bound morpheme

which is added to a word in order to indicate thegrammaticality, specifically, degree of comparison.E.g: tall=> taller

Pretty=> prettierRich=> richer

Cau 6: what is difference between inflectional andderivational morphology?

- Inflectional morphology studies the way in which wordsvary or inflect in order to express grammatical contrastin sentences.E.g: ed can be used to form pas t tense: worked,stopped..

er est can be used to form comparative andsuperlative degree of one or two syllable adjectives.:large=> larger=> largest

- In contrast, derivational morphology studies principlesgoverning the construction of new words (withoutreference to specific grammatical role a word mightplay in the sentence).e.g: V+ er=> N: work +er= worker, paint+ er= painter.

Adj+ ize=> V: modern+ ize= modernize

Cau 7: What is difference between lexical andgrammatical morpheme?

- Lexical morpheme expresses lexical meaning, referringto things, events, actions, state or properties.E.g; under, yellow, against, beautiful

- While grammatical morpheme expresses commonmeaning referring to grammatical relationship withinand between sentences.

E.g: Some of the most commonly used grammaticalmorphemes: -s, -ed, -ing, -er,-est

Cau 8: what is difference between the compound wordand derived word in English?

- Compound words are words formed by combining twoor more roots or free morphemes together.E.g: baby-sitter, for-get-me- not, greenhouse.

- Whereas the derived words are words formed byadding either suffixes or prefixes or both to the root.e.g: dislike, disagreement, underdeveloped

Cau 9: What is zero derivation?

- Zero derivation (also known as conversion) is theformation of a new word by changing its word class part of speech without adding any affixes.E.g: to face- the face

To hammer- the hammerTo hand- the hand

Cau 10: the difference between word and morpheme? (40)

- Graphically, morpheme uses the hyphen while worddoes not use the hyphen.Hyphen is the distinction between word andmorpheme.E.g: girl- (morpheme)

Girl (word)

Cau 11: The bound morpheme -er can be used as aderivational morpheme and can also be used as aninflectional morpheme. Prove this with explanation andexamples.

- The bound morpheme -er can be used as a) Derivational morpheme to form new word and it can

change the part of speech of the root (root morpheme)or the stem.E.g: teach+er=> teacher

Act+ or=> actorb) Inflectional morpheme to indicate the grammaticality,

specifically, degree of comparison.


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E.g: tall+ er=> tallerPretty+ er=> prettierRich+ er=> richer

Cu 12: What is the use of ed in English language? a. To form past tense and past participle of regular verbsEg: I will have graduated from Hanoi University by this June.

b. To form compound adjective (adj + N ed )Eg: short-sighted, kind-hearted

4.2: Phrases, clauses and sentences:

A. Phrases

1. What are the main ways to identify the phrasestructure?

4 main ways:

a. The substitution test: According to the substitution test,any word combination of the English sentence that canbe replaced by a single word without changing thegrammaticality of the sentence is called a phrase.E.g: Those people are very good at English.

They are very good at English.Those people can be replaced by they to make anew sentence sharing grammaticality. That is why we

can conclude that those people is a phrase. b. Movement criterion: According to movement criterion,

any word combination of the English sentence that canbe moved to another position in the sentence withoutchanging the meaning of the sentence is called aphrase.E.g: I saw that girl in my school in July.=> In July in my school I saw that girl.

Although the position of the adverb, the place in theabove sentences have changed, their meaningremains the same so we can conclude that In July

and in my school are phrases. c. The conjoining criterion: According to the conjoining

criterion, any word combination of the English sentencethat can be conjoined with the similar one withoutchanging the grammaticality of the sentence is called aphrase.E.g: we can have dinner at the restaurant.=> We can have dinner at the restaurant or in myhouse.in my house can be combined with a similarsequence to make a new sentence without changing

the grammaticality of the sentence. So they can bedetermined as phrases.

d. Anaphora criterion: According to the anaphoracriterion, the preceding word combination (antecedent)that can be replaced by pro-word is called a phrase.E.g: This outstandingly talented girl is my friend. She isvery beautiful too. this outstandingly talented girl can be replaced byshe. That is why we can conclude that it is a phrase.

2. Whats an antecedent? - The antecedent is a preceding word or phrase that is

referred back to by a single word in the next part ofspeech of the sentence or in the next sentence.E.g:This outstandingly talented girl is my friend. She is verybeautiful too.I want to find a part-time job . It can be a tutor or areceptionist.

3. What is the difference between endocentric andexocentric phrase?

- Endocentric phrases are those expanded from acentral element or head, having the same grammaticalfunction as the head. They have 3-part structure: E.g:Pre-modifier - Head - Post modifierThe international conference in Hanoi

All the dictionaries on the table- In contrast, exocentric phrases are those which cannot

be seen as an expansion of a central element and theirfunctions are varied.E.g:

Under the groundInside the garden

4. State different types of phrase in the Englishlanguage on the ground of part of speech andsyntactical function?a/ On the ground of part of speech:Phrases include:1,Noun phrase (NP):

E.g: A debate on economic problem A very talented writer

2, Adjective phrase (AP):E.g: really impressive

Quite difficult3, Verb Phrase (VP):E.g: is speaking

Have takenWill have been made

4,Prepositional phrase (PP):E.g: under the ground

Inside the garden


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b/ On the ground of syntactical function, It can bedivided into 5 types:1, Subject phrase:This ou t s t and ing ly t a l en ted g i r l is my friend.2, Object phrase:Don t ever ask me such s tup id ques t ion again.3, Complement phrase:I usually consider he r my s i s t e r .I often see her go ing ou t wi th he r boy f r i end .4, Attributive phrase:The girl runn ing tha t r e s t au ran t is very richThat tall black haired is my best friend.5, Adverbial phrase:I hate people talking beh ind o the r s back .

After 5 years of learning English, she still speaksEnglish with great d iff icul t ies .

11. What is difference between the phrase and theclause in English language?

- Phrase is a combination of words which doesn t consistof its own subject and predicate and is used as a singleword.E.g: a beautiful girl

My best friendCollecting stamps is not my liking.

- While clause is a part of a sentence which consists ofits own subject and predicative (a finite verb). However,its lexical meaning is incomplete.E.g: Why she comes here this morning means nothingto me

Sometimes I wonder we are friends or lovers.12. Can the same phrase function as an attribute

and as an adverbial when it is used in 2different sentences? Prove your point withexplanation.

- Yes, absolutelyTake the phrase at the gate as an example.

- The yellow bike at the gate is mine.at the gate in the abo ve sentence has the function ofattribute (what is the car?)

- Don t leave your car at the gate .at the gate in the second sentence has the function ofadverbial (where is the car?)13. List the syntactical functions the clause can

play in the sentence.

- Subject: Why he didn t tell me the truth is always ahaunting question to me.

- Object: I don t know how much they invested in thisproject.

- Attribute: The lady who is wearing red dress is myfriend.

- Adverbial/ adjunct: When I heard that bad news, myhead seemed to standstill.

- Complement: Our concern is how we can get goodmark at English grammar.

B. Clause and sentence:1. Compare the sentence and the clause in Englishlanguage?- The sentences and the clauses are similar in thatthey both have a finite verb and one or more subjects.However, the clause is a part of a sentence which hasits own subject and predicative but its meaning isincomplete and cannot be used independently.Meanwhile, a sentence is a complete grammar unitwhich has its own subject and predicate and itsmeaning is complete. Sentences are dependent in use.- The sentence is the largest grammar unit and can bevery complex consisting of one or more than oneclause.-The clause can be considered a simple sentence,being the focus of the sentence (main clause) ormodifying the meaning of the sentence (subordinateclause).E.g: The clause: we don t know which book she likes.

The sentence: The girl I am dating is the mostinteresting person I have ever met.

2. What is the difference between clause andsentence?

- Clause is a part of the sentence. It has its ownsubject and predicate but its meaning is incompleteand cannot be used independently.

- Sentence is a complete grammatical unit. It has itsown subject and predicate and its meaning iscomplete and it is independent in use.

- The sentence and clause are similar in that bothhave a finite verb and one or more subjects.

- The difference between them is:+ The sentence is the largest unit and can be verycomplex, consisting of more than 1 clause.

+ The clause can be considered as simplesentence embedded in a larger sentence, beingthe focus of the sentence (main clause) ormodifying the meaning of the sentence(subordinate clause).

I don t know why she left without saying any thing.


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2. Classify English sentences on the ground oftheir structure?- On the ground of their structure, English sentences

can be classified into 3 types: simple sentences,compound sentences and complex sentences.+ Simple sentences are those having a subject and apredicative.E.g: She is a good student.

It s raining outside. + Compound sentences are those having two or moreindependent clauses connected by means of co-ordination.E.g: She said goodbye and she went away.

It s ve ry hot now but my heart is very cold.It s raining but the stadium is burning with

excitement.

+ Complex sentence are those consisting of 1 mainclause and one or more sub-ordinate clauses.E.g: Have you read the email that I sent youyesterday?

What we ve seen drives us crazy.

3. Classify English sentences on the ground oftheir meaning?On the ground of their meaning, sentences can bedivided into 4 types: declarative, interrogative,imperative, exclamatory.

- Declarative sentences (to give information or to statefacts)E.g: We have been in London for 5 years

The flood destroyed many houses in the villagelast year.

- Interrogative sentences (to ask question):E.g: Should we go out to have dinner?

Can you help me learn English?- Imperative sentences (command) ( to induce someone

to fulfill a certain action)E.g: Open the book.

Let me know what I should do in thiscircumstance.

- Exclamatory sentenceE.g: What a beautiful woman!

How fascinating the place is!

4. What is difference between compound andcomplex sentence?- Compound sentence consists of 2 or more clauses,coordinated with each other ( by a coordinator).

E.g: I drink coca-cola and she chooses wine.She said goodbye and she went away.It s very hot now but my heart is very cold.

- Complex sentence consists of 2 or more clauses joinedby subordination. In most cases, one of clauses istreated as a principle and the other (others) assubordination, except for sentences which subject orpredicative clauses having no principle clause.E.g: : Have you read the email that I sent youyesterday?

1. Describe 2 main ways of making sentence morecomplex. Give examples.

- The 2 main ways of making sentence more complex iscoordination and subordination.+ Coordination is to make the sentence more complexby joining 2 or more clauses of equal importance bymeans of a coordinating conjunction or connector,resulting in a compound sentence.E.g: She said goodbye and she went way

It s very hot now but my heart is very cold. It is raining but the stadium is burning with

excitement.+ Subordination is to make a sentence more complexby adding 1 or more subordinate clauses to a mainclause by means of subordinating conjunction orsubordinator, resulting in a complex sentence.E.g: Have you read the story book that I lent youyesterday?

He who goes here and there knows strange story.

7. What is the difference between coordinator andsubordinator?

- Coordinator connects words, group of words andindependent clauses. They can be used to express themeaning of addition (and, both), the opposite meaning (but,still, yet), the meaning of choices (or, otherwise), result orconsequences (so, thus, therefore).

To be or not to be is a big question.- Subordinator connects subordinate clauses with the

dependent clause. They can be used to introduce adverbialclauses of time, place, reason, concession Whenever you are not near me, my heart feels empty.

V. SYNTACTIC FUNCTION

1. What is subject and predicate?- Subject is a part of the sentences, controlling the predicate.- Predicate is a part of the sentence, controlled by thesubject.


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Eg: She drives carefully.

2, what is the difference between complement andattribute in the English language?

- Complement is a part of a sentence which gives furtheradditional meaning to complete the subject or theobject of the sentence. Complement is usuallyintroduced by the link verb or the be-like verb.E.g: She is a good student

We all seem tired after working.- In contrast, attribute is a part of sentence which gives

further information and adds more meaning to the nounor noun phrase.E.g: He is a blind man

The red car at the door is mine

The boy in black is my friend.There is nothing special here.The girl with red hair is my love.He made me crazy.

3, what is the difference between adverb and adverbial?

- Adverb refers to a part of speech (word class). It isused to modify and qualify verbs, adjectives, other andverbs or even clauses and sentences.E.g: She sings traditional songs very beautifully/ nicely.

- Adverbial (modifier) refers to the function of an adverbin a sentence. Adverbial can be a word, a clause or aphrase.E.g:I hate people talking beh ind o the r s back .

After 5 years of learning English, she still speaksEnglish with great d iff icul t ies .She went there for no reason.When we ask her about her results, she is only silent.

4, what is the difference between empty subject andpreparatory subject?Empty (vague) subject is the subject represented by theimpersonal pronoun it to express such phenomena asweather, time, temperature, environment and distance.

E.g: It is quite there./ It is about 45 minutes to come my home.

It is now 5 p.m/ It is 5 years since we graduated from thatschool.

Whereas preparatory or introductory subject is the subjectrepresented by the impersonal pronoun it to substitute aword, a word group or a clause to follow.

E.g: It is necessary to learn English./ It is very kind of you to

send me these flowers.It is impolite/ improper to chew and talk at the same time

in a Vietnamese meal.

It doesn t matter when you give it to me as long as you do.

It was such a shame that he treated his mother like that.

It was hard to tell him the truth.

VI. VERB

1. What is a verb? What type of verb can be divided into?

- The verb is a part of speech usually denoting actions,processes, experiences or state of being.

The main types of verb include:

1, Main verb and auxiliary verb:

I don t know why she comes here.

Auxiliary verb/ Main verb2, Finite verb and non-finite verb (tensed/ non- tensed): finiteverb shows the tense and doesn t need the help of otherwords while non- finite verb doesn t show the tense and needthe help of other words.

E.g: She wants to become a teacher.

Finite verb/ infinite verb

3, Notional verb : Notional verbs are verbs that have a lexical

meaning.E.g: she knows how to play the piano.

4, Transitive and intransitive verb : (Transitive verb requires anobject whereas intransitive verb doesn t require an object)

E.g: Please give me your dictionary. (Transitive verb)

He died suddenly. (Intransitive verb)

5, The link verb:

E.g: They seem very happy when receiving the results


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6, Phrase verb:

E.g: I cannot catch up with him.

She often gets up very early.

(Structurally and semantically : vo ghi)

2, In what way can verb be formed?

- New verbs in English can be formed in 3 main ways:a. Conversion: words of other classes are converted

into verbE.g: face- to face

Hand- to hand, hammer- to hammerb. Affixation : an affix ( either prefix or suffix) are

added to the root to form verb

E.g: enrich/ enlarge/enable/ dislike/ disagree/strengthen.

c. Composition: 2 or more roots or stems arecombined to form verbsE.g: to download

3, What does the term verb form refer to? Make the listof verb forms.Verb form refers to different forms of verb used in thesentence.They include finite and non-finite forms:

- Finites are verb forms with a tense (tensed verb).Theyusually have the subject and a tense.- Non-finites are those verb forms without a tense (non-

tensed verb). They include infinitive, gerund, presentparticiple, past participle.

Eg: The non- finites of the verb do are: to do, doing, done,having done, to have done.

4, What are notional verbs?

- Notional verbs are verbs having full lexical meaning of

their own and can be used in the sentence as a simplepredicate.E.g: He usually gets good mark in English.

5, What are auxiliary verbs?

Auxiliary verbs are verbs that have no lexical meaningof their own and often used as form-word, thus havingonly a purely structural function of forming negativeand interrogative sentences, passive voice and perfecttenses.E.g:The verb be in continuous tenses and passive voice

do in negative and interrogative forms of indefinitetenses. Have in perfect tenses.

6, What are link verbs?

- Link verbs are verbs that have partly lost their lexicalmeanings and used as part of a compound nominalpredicate. They can be followed directly by anadjective.E.g: They seem very happy when receiving theresults.* Note:No one was there to meet her (Notional verb)He is not very young (Link verb)She is sad and tired. (Stative verb) (be, seem,

understand, like, own)They are coming soon (Auxiliary verb).

7, What are modal auxiliaries? (79)

- Modal auxiliaries are verbs used with other verbs toexpress (one of the modalities): ability, possibility,likelihood, certainty, obligationof an action.E.g: I can do it.

They should finish their works before going home.

8, What are modal verbs?Modal verbs are those verbs which cannot be usedindependently unaccompanied by a notional verb,though they have lexical meaning of their own. Themeaning of action or process which is common to allverbs is very scare in modal verbs and is dominated bythe meaning of modality, i.e. of ability, necessity,delegation to perform an action denoted by anotional verb.

Eg: can may, must, shall, need

12. What are phrase verb? (69)

Phrase verbs are verbs making up of 2 or more words whichfunction semantically or grammatically as single verb.

Semantically, phrasal verb can be divided into 3 types:

+ Literal phrasal verbs are those verbs where theparticle retains its literal adverbial meaning.E.g: She stood up when her teacher asked her aquestion.


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+Completive phrasal verbs are those verbs where theparticle indicates completed action.E.g: I drank up my coffee when he came here. (burndown, burst out, cut off).+figurative phrasal verbs are those verbs where no

systematic way of semantically associating the verband the particle can be found.E.g: We looked over the house again before wedecided to rent it.

Could you turn the TV up?The rebels were forced to give in.

13. What is difference between transitive verb andintransitive verb? Give 3 of verbs can be used as bothtransitive and intransitive verb?

- Transitive verbs are verbs that are connected with theirobjective words directly. In other words, transitive verbs areverbs which take a direct object and they can be used in thepassive.

E.g: Please give me your dictionary. (Transitive verb)

I like jogging very much.

- Intransitive verbs are verbs that do not take a direct objectand cannot be used in the passive.

E.g: He died suddenly. (Intransitive verb)-3 verbs: + I am studying/ I am studying Chinese

+ Lan already ate/ I eat many deliciousdishes.

+I am reading/ I have read a lot of Englishstories. (plan, clean)

14, what are the uses of bare-infinitive?

-Bare infinitives are the base form of the verb (use d withoutto). Bare infinitives are used w ith different syntactic functions:

1. As a part of predicate after the modal verb orauxiliary verb in the negative and interrogativestructure.E.g: I cannot finish my test of English./ Should weleave Hanoi now?

2. As compliment especially object compliment inseveral structures.E.g: He saw that man steal her umbrella./ Pleasehelp me do my homework.

3. As the main verb in present subjunctive moodsentences E.g: I wish you be happy in Christmas.

4. As the main verb in the imperative sentences:E.g: Open your book, please

15, Present progressive ( 98)

- Event of action is in progress at the moment of thespeech.

E.g: He is meeting his old friend at the momentI am watching TV now

-Temporary activity ( action will end and therefore lacksthe permanence of the simple present tense):

E.g: He is working for that limited company.We are going to Ho Chi Minh city now.

- Repetition or iteration in a series of similar ongoingactions:

E.g: They are moving to the main hall.

- Expresses future (when event is planned, usually withfuture time adverbial):

E.g: She is going to Paris tomorrow morning.

-Emotional comment on present habit (usually co-occuring with always or forever):

E.g: She is always getting up late.

16, What is the difference between tense and aspect?(102)

-Tense is a linguistic expression of the relation between thehappening of an action and the time at which the actionhappens. Tense form may indicate whether an action or stateis past, present or future. There are 3 tenses: present tense,past tense and future tense.

-Aspect is a grammatical category of the verb showing the wayin which an action is performed or the different characteristic ofan action. There are 3 aspects:

1, the indefinite aspect which indicating:a. A habit or a repeated action:

E.g: He usually goes to school with his sister.b. A permanent property of an action:

E.g: She is absolutely intelligent.2, The progressive aspect, indicating:


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a. An action in progress at the moment of speaking:E.g: She is now learning English with his friend.

While his mother was cooking, his father wasreading the newspaper.

b. The continuity of an action:

E.g: They are working all the day.

c. Near future action


3, The perfect aspect, indicating:

a. An action completed before a certain moment.E.g: She has finished her assignment.

b. The duration of an action counting from the startingpoint up the a certain moment.E.g: We have been friends for 15 years.

18, what is the use of continuous aspect in the Englishlanguage?

3. The continuous aspect indicates:+ An action in progress at the moment of speaking:

E.g: She is now learning English with his friend.While his mother was cooking, his father was

reading the newspaper.

+The continuity of an action:E.g: They are working all the day.

+ the near future action


19,What is the use of present participle? (71)

Basically, it is used

+ To form continuous tenses.E.g: They are making an outline for the presentation.+ As attribute (it can either precede or follow the noun itmodifies).E.g: We have to prepare running shoes for our trips.Who is the girl standing out there?+ As adverbial modifier (in literary or formal style):

Time: When driving down the street, he saw a beautifulgirl

Coming up to the door, I found it locked. Cause: Being late for work, she was fired.

Being a Russian, she cannot get used to thisweather.

Conditional clauses: If going to his house, we must buysomething for his parents.

Clauses of concession: Even though admitting that hegave her a very treasured watch, he denied havingfallen in love with her.

Relative clauses: The girl sitting next to my mother isvery beautiful.

Clauses of manner: Let s go fishing together. In a number of set phrases: considering, providing,

generally speakingE.g: Generally speaking, she is a kind woman

20, What is the use of past participle?

Basically it is used : a, To form passive voice:E.g: The gift of the Magi was written by O Henry.

He was allowed to go out in the evening.b, To form the perfect tense:E.g: He has graduated from Hanoi University.c, As attribute (past participle can either precede orfollow it)E,g: The housed designed by that famous architect isvery large and beautiful.d, As adverbial clauses:E.g: If approved by the board of director, we canimplement this project.e, Relative clauses: The destruction of many housescaused by that flood is so severe.

21, what is the use of gerund? (75 or tailieu 12)

3. The gerund can be used as:a. Subject: Having a good job is very difficult.b. Subject complement: My favorite sport is jogging.c. Direct object: She likes learning English.d. Object complement: He saw a man stealing the

blue car.e. Object of a preposition in a phrase: I can do

everything expect washing.

As adverbial modifier: Because of losing a lot of money,she cried terribly.

As attribute: This is my writing pen. As complement: My hobby is reading book.

22/ In what ways is gerund a noun? And in what ways isgerund a verb?

Like a noun, gerund can be modified by the noun in thepossessive or by possessive adjective. The nominal


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characteristics of gerund are also expressed in itsfunctions as subject, object predicate, attribute, andadverbial modifier.Eg: complaining won t help.

Most boys like playing footballThe art of dancing is an ancient one.She answered without raising her head.

Like a verb, the gerund can Be followed by an indirect object:

buying my sister present is my happiness.Giving you my love is my happiness.Giving him a lesson is what I want now.

Take perfect form:I regretted having told him all my secrets.

I remembered having been taken to the zoo bymy grandmom.I m sorry for having broken your vase.

Be followed by a predicate adjective:Being made makes her blindGoing fat worries himI m afraid of being lonely.

Take a passive:I feel ashamed for being cheated by him

She becomes angry for being criticized.People in the world are afraid of being affectedby swine flu.

Be followed by an adverbial:Learning hard is the shortest way to success.He is fined for driving too fast.Working without rest is the best way to destroyyourself.

The difference between present participle and gerund:

Present participle and gerund both have verb-ing form, butthey are different in their functions. Gerund can be used as asubject and an object while pp cannot. They can both be usedas a compliment, but pp has the characteristics of an adj andgerund has the characteristics of a noun:

The film is boring- adj What I like is dancing noun

Gerund and pp can also be used as an attribute, but ppdenotes the action implemented by the noun it modifies andgerund denotes the function or purpose of the noun it modifies:

Running water pp Running shoes gerund

They can both be used as an adjunct, but pp is preceded bynothing or a conjunction while gerund is always preceded by apreposition:

When raining, I stay home. Because of raining, I stay home.

MOODS IN ENGLISH1, what are the four traditional moods in English? (90)

1, indicative mood: E.g: I want to play the piano.

He doesn t know where the shop is.

2, imperative mood: E.g: Be quite, please

Come here and help me.

3, Interrogative mood: E.g: What s your favorite subject? Do you understand the teacher s

lesson?

4, Exclamation mood: E.g: What a beautiful girl!

How interesting your story is!

2, What is the use of past subjunctive mood in English? (94)

-The past subjunctive mood is used to indicate an unreal past,a wish that never comes true. It also indicates unreality andrequest. Its structure is similar to that of past unreal condition.The past of subjunctive mood is also found after suchexpressions as: would rather, as if, It s (high) time

E.g: It is high time you bought a new coat.I d rather you made your own decision. He said as if he was the insider.


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3, Describe the subjunctive mood in English language? (94)

-Subjunctive mood in English is the form of verb often used toexpress uncertainty, wishes, desires,In contrast to indicativemood, the subjunctive mood usually refers to nonfactual orhypothetical situation. Their category of subjunctive may bedistinguished:

1, Mandative subjunctive:E,g: It is necessary that we should do all homeworkbefore going to class.

It is suggested that you make your own decision.2, The formulaic subjunctive: E.g: be that as it may/blessed be ! /far be it from me/ if it please the court/God bless [you | her | him | them | us every one/perish the thought

3, Subjunctive were:

If I were you, I would not say to him about the truth.

4, What is the use of past-subjunctive mood in Englishlanguage?The past subjunctive mood is used to express unreal past,wish that never become true. It also indicates unreality,improbability, regret Its structure is similar to that of pastunreal condition.

Eg: I suppose the story were true.

He looks as if he were ill.

CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

1, What are situations conditional sentences used to talkabout? (110)

-Basically, conditional sentences are used to talk about:

1, A situation which sometimes exists or existed:

E.g: If I go to Danang, I will visit my old friends.2, A situation which you know does not exist:E.g: If I had magic, I would make you become a cat.3,A situation which you don t know whether it exists or

not.E.g: If our assumption is right, we can solve theproblem easily.4, A situation which may exist in the future:E.g: If I won the lottery, I would buy you a present.

If I had enough money, I would go to Paris.

2, Identify different types of factual conditional sentencesand explain the uses? ( 113)

- Factual conditional sentences include 4 types:1, Generic factual conditionals which expressrelationships that are true and unchanged.E.g: if the gas is heated, it expends.

If the temperature is below O, the water freezes. If the water is heated, it evaporates.

2, Habitual factual conditionals resemble genericfactuals in that they also express a relationship that isnot bounded in time but the relationship is based onhabit instead of physical laws. They express either ofpast or present relationship that are typically ahabitually true.E.g: if I cook the meal, my sister washes the dishes.3, The Implicit inference factual conditionals expressinferences about specific time-bound relationships.They make use of a much wider range of tense andaspect markers and they also occur with certain modalauxiliaries. It tends to maintain the same tense andaspect or the same modal in both clauses.E.g: If we can eliminate air pollution in Hanoi, we cando it everywhere.

If we can save the bald eagle from extinction, wecan certainly ensure the survival of all endangeredspecies.4,The Explicit inference conditional is the only casewhere there is no strict parallelism, the 2 clauses havedifferent tense, aspect or modal in both clauses.E.g: If he owns this car, he must be very rich.

If that call is for me, it should be Hoa.


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PASSIVE VOICE

When is passive voice used in English language? (120)

- When the agent is redundant

E.g: English is spoken all over the world.Students are allowed to bring references.

-To emphasize the receiver or the result of an action.

E.g: Many houses were destroyed by the flood.

-To make a statement sound objective without revealingthe source of information.

E.g: It is rumored/ said that he loved this girl verymuch in the past.

It is believed that they stolen her car.

-To be tactful or evasion by not mentioning the agent orwhen the agent cannot be identified.

E.g: He was provided with wrong information about thepresident.

- When the passive is more appropriate than the active(usually in complex sentence)

E.g: The research on English speaking skill of second-year students in Hanoi University reveals a surprisingresult as Lan, Hoa, Quang and Anh proposed.=> The research on English speaking skill of second-year students in Hanoi University reveals a surprisingresult as proposed by Jane, Mathew, Peter and Jack.

-When the theme is given information and the agent is newinformation.

e.g: What a nice pen!Yes, it was given by one of my best friends.

2, State the rules to change the direct imperativesentences into reported one.- To change the direct imperative sentences into

reported one, the following changes are necessary1. The intro ductory verb say changes to a verb of

command or request such as tell, request,command, order, require) E.g: She said to her students: Open the book atpage 30

=> She told her students to open the book atpage 30.

2. The introductory verb of the indirect commandmust be followed by the person address and theinfinitive.

E.g: He said: Show me your book, Mai => He told Mai to show him her book.

In direct command, the person address is often notmentioned but in indirect command the person addressmust be included.

3, Negative commands are expressed by placing notbefore the infinitive.

E.g: He said: Don t leave your seat, Hoa => He told Hoa not to leave her seat.

4. Pronouns and adverbs of time and place changeas in statement.

E.g: He said: Don t bring your assignment tomorrowas I have another appointment, Peter.

=> He told Peter not to bring his assignment the nextday as he had another appointment.

SUBJECT VERB AGREEMENT

What does the term subject -verb agreement refer to?Write three sentences and analyze the subject-verbagreement in them.

Subject-verb agreement is the grammatical concord betweensubject and verb which means verb must agree with subject inperson and number.

Ex: When the subject is in singular, the verb must be insingular:

- That e-dictionary is very expensive.

When the subject is in plural, the verb must be in plural:

-Books are always necessary.

- 20 kilometers is not a great distance in these days of rapidtravel.

When a plural number applied to distances, weights,heights or amounts of money and represents a single figure orquantity, it is treated as singular and takes a singular verb.

- There is a teacher and 25 students in that room now.There are 25 students and one teacher in that room now.


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When the subject is the former there, the predicateagrees with the real subject. In case of homogeneous subject,it agrees with the one standing first.

- Professor Brown, together with her assistants has written anarticle on this problem.

Words joined to the subject by with, together, as well as,in addition to do not affect the predicate.

NOUNS IN THEENGLISH LANGUAGES

1. List the ways how are nouns formed in Englishlanguage.

3 main ways:

- Conversion: words of other classes are converted intonouns: ups and downs; the have

- Composition: words are formed by adding 2 or more roots orfree morpheme together: note-book

- Derivation: words are formed by adding affixes (eithersuffixes or prefixes or both) to some roots: unhappiness,uncarelessness.

2. What is zero derivation?Conversion (zero derivation) is the formation of a new wordclass without adding any affixes: hand---to hand; poor thepoor

3. How is the gender expressed in English language? Gender is not grammatically represented in nouns inEnglish. Most nouns have the same form for masculineand feminine. However in some cases, gender can beexpressed by lexical means:

By the means of different words: man- woman,wife- husband, boy- girl, cock- hen

By the suffix ess: actor - actress, waiter-

waitress, lion- lioness, tigress By the first stem of a compound noun: boy/girlfriend, man/woman teacher, he/shegoat/wolf/lamp

4. How are borrowed nouns in English language usedin their plural form?

In English, there are 3 main ways to make plural form of theborrowed nouns:

- Retaining their original plural form.

Eg: datum data; phenomenon phenomena; stimulus-stimuli /cactus-cacti/ focus-foci

- Applying the rule of forming plural nouns in English.Eg: formula fomulas; index indexes; Memorandum-

memorandums/ bureau- bureaus

- Using both the foreign and the English plural forms.Eg: memorandum morandums memoranda; index indexes - indice

5. How are the English compound nouns inflected forplural?

Compound noun in English can be inflected for plural in3 ways:+ The key element in the compound is inflected.E.g: passers-by/ mothers-in-law; lookers-on+ The last element is inflected.E.g: grownups/ forget-me-nots/ merry-go-rounds+ All elements are inflected( when the 1 st component ofthe compound is man or woman)E.g: man-teacher- men-teachers/ woman-writer-women-writers.

6. Can the plural form change the lexical meaning ofsingular noun in English language? Give 5 examples.

The plural form can change the lexical meaning of singularnoun in English.

Eg:

- Damage: loss or harm resulting from injury. Damages: some of money to be paid as compensation.

- Pain: physical disorder, sensation caused by injury. Pains: labour pain, great effort.

- Custom: established socially accepted practice Customs: the agency for collecting tax, duty.

- Good: something is good. Goods: merchandise.

- Drawer: a sliding box opened by pulling. Drawers: undergarment for the lower body.

7. State the function of noun phrase.The noun phrase can be used with such function as:


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- Subject: Those senior students study hard for their finalexams.

- Complement: They are students of English department.- Object: She wrote a long letter to her mother on the

Mother s Day. - Attribute: That five year old girl is my daughter.- Part of adverbial modifier: They are working in the rice field.

ADJECTIVE

1. What are main ways to form adjective?2 ways to form adjective:

- Derivation: The derived adjectives are the adjectives formedby adding affixes to the root morphemes.

- Composition: The composition adjectives are the adjectivesformed by combining two or more free morphemes together

and are often written with hyphens.N + P 2: state-owned

Adj + Adj: dark-purple, light purple

N + Adj: chocolate-brown

Adj + N: round-table, medium-size

Adj + N ed : handmade

Adj + P 1: good-looking, easy-going

Adj + P 2: new-born

Adv + P 2: well-known

2. What is the use of repetition of the comparative inthe English language?

The repetition of the comparative can convey the idea ofgeneral increase or decrease.

Eg: Consumption prices are getting higher and higher.

The construction of the + comparative, the + comparativecan show cause and effect relation.

Eg: the more she said, the less I believe her.

3. What is substantivized adjective and how its usedin English language?

The substantivization of adjective is a kind of conversion. Adjectives substantivized lose all or half of the characteristic

of the adjective and acquire all or half of the characteristic of

the noun. In modern English, there are 2 types ofsubstantivized adjective:

- Wholly/ fully substantivized adjective: all the adjectives thatacquire all the characteristics of nouns. They have plural

and possessive case inflections and may be associated withthe definite and indefinite article.

Eg: a native, a relative, a Russian, a German, etc

Note: Adjectives denoting the nationalities ending with sh,ch are not fully substantivized.

Eg: A Dutch---a Dutch man/woman

A French---a French man.

- Partially substantivized are adjectives that take only thedefinite article but they do not have any other characteristicsof the noun (they are neither inflected in the plural nor theycan be used in the possessive case).

Eg: the rich, the poor, the old, the young, the best, theliving, the dead.

4, Can an adjective be substantivized and used as a nounwithout the help of the article the? Prove your point.

- Yes. For example:+ An Ame rican s + A Vietnamese+A conservative/ progressive/ relative/native+ A weekly.

ADVERBS IN THE ENGLISH LAGUAGE

1. Give the description of adverb in English language.The adverb is a part of speech specifying action or quality.The function of adverb in the sentence is that of an adverbial

modifier. Adverbs can modify verbs (quickly), adjective (veryhappy) and other adverbs (fairly well).

Most adverbs do not change morphologically, but someadverbs have degree of comparison.

2. What are the functions of Adverb?The function of adverb in the sentence is that of an adverbialmodifier. On the ground of function and meaning, adverbs canbe classified:


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1, Adverb of manner: used to denote the manner of actions,the way in which something is carried out. E.g: He is listeningto the teacher s lesson carefully.

She reads the prescription carefully.

2, Adverb of place: used to denote location, position.

E.g: She has lived there for 8 years.He was too tired to walk straight.

3, Adverb of time: used to denote time of actions:

E.g: she and her fianc visited me yesterdayI ve been learning to play piano for 2 years.

4, Frequency: used to denote the frequency of actions eitherdefinitely or indefinitely:

E.g: I go to my university s librar y twice a weekShe usually chats with her boyfriend until midnight.

5, Adverb of degree: used to denote the degree to whichactions are performed:

E.g: quite, enough, much, ratherReading much can broaden your knowledge.

6, Adverb of intensifier: used with gradable adjective andadverb to strengthen the meaning:

E.g: She is extremely beautiful in this white shirt.It s very exciting to make friends with those people.

3. What is intensifier in English?The intensifier is a class of word which is used to modifygradable adjectives, adverbs, verbs or ed participle.

Eg: Their house was completely destroyed by a terrible storm.

4. Explain the ways of forming adverbs.5 ways:

- Adding -ly to and adjective: quickly, carefully - Adding -ly to a noun: daily, monthly - Adding -ways/ - ward/ wise to a noun: sideways,

homeward, clockwise - Adding a - to a noun: ahead, asleep - Adding in -/ out- to a noun: indoor, outdoor

5. What is the difference between adverb & adverbialmodifier?

- Adverb refers to parts o f speech (word class).It s used tomodify and qualify verbs, adjectives and another adverbs oreven clauses and sentences.

She is too moved to say anything now.

Don t speak so fast or they can t follow you.

Obviously , she doesn t want to talk about that in public.

- Adverbial (modifier) refers to the function of the adverb inthe sentence. Adverbial can be a word, a phrase, or aclause.

Don t drive too fast.

He lies flat on badHe is welcomed wherever he comes. 5, What is adverbial modifier? Adverbial is a part of sentence which modifies the verb moreclearly and precisely. Adverbial refers to the function of theadverb in the sentence. Adverbial can be a word, a phrase ora clause.

Eg: Don t drive too fast.

6. Explain the ways of forming adverbial modifier. Adverbial modifier can be formed by means of:

- An adverb: She can speak fluently- Prepositional phrase: Don t stand in my way- A clause: Where there is life, there is hope

7. What is difference between preposition and adverb

particle?Prepositions usually stand before the noun to formprepositional phrase.

Eg: my family lives in a beautiful house. / I like lying on thebeach./ It s climbing up the wall.

However, adverbial particles usually stand after the verband in many cases change the lexical meaning of the verb.

Eg: plane is about to take off, turn off the light


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PRONOUNS IN THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE

1. What are determiners?Determiners are function words which are used to specify thereference of a noun. Broadly, three groups may be identified:

- Pre- determiners: all, both, half, and multipliers like double, once, twice

- Central determiners: articles, denominative determiners(this, that, these, those), possessive determiners (his, her)

- Post determiners with 2 sub-groups:+ Ordinal numeral and semi- determiners (same, other,

latter, last, next) + Cardinal numeral and quantifying determiners (some, a lot

of, enough). 2. Give the description of pronoun in English?

The pronoun is a part of speech including words with a verygeneral or relative meaning. It is used as substitution of anoun or an adjective.

Pronoun indicates living beings, things, and their qualitywithout naming them. It is always clear from the context or thesituation what person is denoted by pronoun I, he, she, fo rexample, or what thing, quality is denoted by the pronoun itor this.

There are several features that pronouns have in commonwhich distinguish them from nouns

- They do not admit determiners.- They often have objective case, personal distinction and

overt gender contrast.- Their singular and plural form are not morphologically

related.3. What is the difference between the possessive

adjective and possessive pronoun?- Possessive adjectives must go with a noun or noun phrase.

Eg: Their house is bigger than mine- Possessive pronouns never go with a noun and are often

stressed in speech. They refer to equally to things, people,singular and plural.

Eg: That bicycle is mine.

4. What is the difference between determiner andpronoun?

A determiner is a word which is always followed by a noun andlimits the meaning of the noun in some ways whereas a

pronoun is a word that can be used in place of a noun or anoun phrase.

Ex: She wants to make some cakes for the holiday. Iwant some too.

DetPro

Her opinions is not appropriate so I don t likehers

DetPro

5. What is the use of reflexive pronouns in theEnglish language? Give examples for illustration.

- Reflexive pronouns (also called self pronouns) areused to express an action that returns to the doer of itor when you want to emphasize. They have thegrammatical category of person, number and gender(in the third person singular).

- Reflexive pronouns are used as noun-pronoun in oneof the following functions:1, As predicative showing feelings, emotion and statesE.g: She was not really herself yesterday.

What happened? You don t look yourself today. 2, As object (direct, indirect) or preposition indicating

that the action returns to the doer, that is when theobject and the subject are the same person.E.g: You only think of yourself.

She hates herself for doing it.3/ As adverbial modifier of manner emphasizing that aperson does something by himself or herself withoutany body s help. E.g: She made it by herself.

She sat by herself looking sad.4/ In a apposition:E.g: The director himself gave the final decision.

I need the original itself, not this photocopied one.6. State the use of reciprocal pronouns?- Reciprocal pronouns each other and one another

are used to indicate the relation of mutuality: People dothe same thing, do the same way and have the samerelationship. Traditionally, each other refers to 2people or things, one another refers to more than two. E.g: The couple loves each other a lot.

We all try and help one another


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I think we ve learned a lot about one another in thissession.

ARTICLES IN THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE

1. What is the use of article with names of seasons inthe year?- General speaking, the name of seasons in a year is

used with zero article in general sense.E.g: We often go to Da Nang in spring.

The flowers in spring are very beautiful.- When the name of seasons is definite by the context,

they re used with the definite article. E.g: The spring of 2000 is really special to us.

- The indefinite article is used before the name of the

season to denote a particular time when somethinghappen.E.g: I remember my little nephew was born in a winter.

2. What is the use of definite article the?

- The is used when the noun is definite by the situation orcontext.

Eg: The book you gave me is very interesting.

- The is used for classifying a certain class from otherclasses.

Eg: The tiger is dangerous.

- The used with plural name can refer to the group as awhole like: families, races, politics

Eg: The Smiths, the Beatles

- The is used with col lective nouns or plural countabledenoting specific groups, particular groups or community.

Eg: The police, the army

- The is used with a certain part of body, object, place. Eg: The head, the heart

- The is used to express time and time expressions. Eg: The beginning, at the moment

- The is used with superlatives and ordinal numerals. Eg: The most, the first

- The is used with unique objects, positions, items

Eg: The Sun, the Titanic

- The is used with musical instruments, with fixed phrasesThe + Adj + ER The + Adj + ER and with certainidiomatic expressions.

Eg: The sooner the better

Carlos plays the guitar- The is used with adjectives to form substantivized nouns

or abstract nouns.Eg: The poor, the blind

- The is used with plural name of countrie s, and full name ofcountries.

Eg: The Philippines, The Socialist Republic of Vietnam

NUMERALS IN ENGLISH

1. Give the rule to read fractions decimals in theEnglish

- The decimal is separated from the integral number by apoint and read separately.E.g: 3.148: three point one four eight

- In fraction numbers, the numerator is read with cardinalnumber and the denominator is read with ordinalnumber. If the numerator is more than one, thedenominator takes plural form.E.g: 3/5: three fifths; one-third 1/3; three and a half

2. Give the rules to read number 0 a. Nought: is often used in British E to talk the figure 0as part of a number.

A million is followed by six noughts.

- Oh : when saying or reading a telephone or bank accountnumber, etc. In British and Americ a E, we saying figure 0as letter 0.

The code is 47005 (four seven double oh five)

- Zero: is used especially in scientific, medical and

economic context.The temperature here rarely falls below zero.

- Nil: ia used when talking about score in a team game.The final score was 3-0 (three-nil)

- Love : is often used in tennis.The score in the game in court one is 30-0 (thirty-love)

3. What is the use of ordinal numeral?Ordinal numerals are used when we want to identify or

describe something by indicating where they come in a seriesor sequence, answering the question which. Most of ordinal


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numerals in English are formed with the help of the suffix -thadded to a cardinal numeral. Ordinal numerals are usuallyused with the definite article the. They can be used aspronouns and adv.

Eg: I will finish the third book this week.He ranks second in his class.She was the first to come.I don t want to go first.First is write down your name, second is fill in the

blanks. CONJUNCTIONS IN ENGLISH

1. What is the conjunction?- A conjunction is a word which joined words, phrases or

clauses together

Eg: but, and, or

She can sing so beautifully but her sister can t.

- Units larger than single word which function as conjunctionare sometimes known as conjunctive

Eg: so that, as long as, as if

He ran fast so that he would not miss the first lesson period.

- Adverbs which are used to introduce or connect clauses are

sometimes known as conjunctive adverb.Eg: However, otherwise

They tried hard, however, everything seems stagnant.

INVERSION AND EMPHASIS

1. Explain the use of inversion?Inversion is the grammatical phenomenon of E language inwhich the predicate is placed before the subject. The twomain cases of the use of the inversion are:

- Grammatical inversion: to construct certain type ofsentences:

+ Interrogative sentences: Is he working?+ Sentences are introduced by here or there: Here is your

ticket.+ Exclamatory sentences expressing wishes: Come what may

I never forgot you.- Stylistic inversion: to make a certain word in the sentence

more prominent.Eg: up go prices; such is life; never shall I talk to him again.

BI TP

5, Which of the following sentences is formal? Why? Andanalysis the structure used in each of the sentence?

A, It was essential for every member country to sign theagreement by December 15 th.

B, It was essential that every member country sign theagreement by December 15 th.

- The second sentence is more formal because sign isused on the present subjunctive mood, which is oftenfound in formal or literary style. The first sentence isless formal because the impersonal pronoun it + tobe+ adj (for sb)+ to inf is usually used in informal style.

6, Is the verb be in the following sentence usedcorrectly or incorrectly? Explain your choice.

It is proposed that an open-book test be used to measurethe students achievement in the subject of grammar.

- The verb be in the above sente nce is used correctly.Because be (simple form) is used in mandativesubjunctive after the structure It is proposed that toexpress the recommendation, resolution, demand Itis used chiefly in formal style.

6. I dont know nothing is considered corre ct andnatural by some grammarians while ungrammaticalby others. What is the theoretical basis of thisdisagreement?

- Whether the sentence is correct or incorrect,grammatical or grammatical, natural or unnaturaldepends on the speaker s grammatical point of view.

This sentence is correct if he bases himself ondescriptive grammar- the grammar that describes thegrammar system of language exactly as it is.

- In contrast, if the speaker bases himself on prescriptivegrammar which provides language users withnormative rules. For example, not to use doublenegative to express negative ideas; not to end thesentence with prepositionThe sentence would bewrong or unnatural/ ungrammatical.E.g: DG can accept such sentences as:I don t meet her last night

She don t care nothing.Long time no see.


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While PG consider those sentences wrong andungrammatical.

I wont do it no more is considered correct andnatural?Whether the above sentence is considered right orwrong depends on the theory of grammar that thespeakers base themselves on. Those who stands fordescriptive grammar would say the sentence is rightand natural because according to them, there isnothing imposed, in this way, what ppl in general oftenuse is correct.Prescriptive grammar followers, however, would saythis sentence is ungrammatical because according tothem, it is wrong using double negative to express anegative idea.Similar disagreement may be found in concerningsentences such as:She don t care/ I don t understand nothing.

23/ Write 5 sentences in which the gerund:

a/ is followed by an indirect object:

-Buying my sister some books is always my pleasure.

-Telling them the truth makes me feel better.

b/ takes perfect form:

-I m sorry for not having kept my promise.

I apologized to him for not having finished the job.

Takes perfect passive form:

-She denied having been told about that/ I regret having beencheated by him for such a long time.

c/ is followed by a predicative adjective:

- Living green is a healthy lifestyle.- Failing the exam makes her feel bad.

d/ takes a passive:

- I remember having been cheated by him when I wasyoung.

- She hates being criticized by people.e/ is followed by adverbial:

- Reading much can broaden your knowledge.- Working hard will help you achieve success.

8/ Write 2 sentences in each of these groups.

a/ With an adverbial clause of time:

- Whenever I see his smile, I feel very happy.- When I was a little girl, I was really fond of collecting

dolls.b/ With an adverbial clause of reason:

- As she didn t focus on revising, she failed the finalexam.

- Foreigners love Vietnamese people because they arevery hospitable.

c/ With an adverbial clause of purpose:

- I ll bring along an umbrella in case it s raining. - I ask them again to make sure that what I ve heard is

correct.d/ With an adverbial clause of concession:

-No matter how hard you try, I ll not change my final decision.

-Whatever he says, nobody cares.

Use modal verbs to make sentences expressing the ideaof:a/ a guess of uncertainty

Tomorrow I may not go to the park.

He might not know I ve eaten the cake.

b/ a polite request:

Could you open the window, please?

Would you mind giving me your pen?

c/ an absolute refusal:

Sorry, but I cannot go out with you.

Her mother urged her but she wouldn t listen.

d/ an obligation already planned:

We are to hand in our assignment next week.

We are to finish our lesson before 11th

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e/ Something wrong already done:

I should have had my teeth pulled out by the dentist.

f/ a particle preposition: Regarding their great effort, he

should be thankful to them.Given his age, he is really active.

g/ an object complement : I see her smiling/ I consider her mysister.

h/ adverbial of manner : Don t ask. Do exactly what I ve toldyou/ He ran as if he was traced by ghost.

i/ a modal verb expressing strong supposition : She must

be getting married. She looks really happy/ It must be 40outside.

g/ inversion used instead of conjunction : Were I you, Iwouldn t do that job/ Had she been younger, she wo uld havebeen more understanding.

h/ modal verb expressing mental ability : He can solvedifficult mathematics problems./ She was so scared that shecouldn t find any way out.

f/ with a modal verb expressing an obligation (must)

You must accomplish your tasks before going home

He must clean the whole house for his mother

i/ empty subject : It s noisy and dirty here/ It s 10 km from theschool to my house.

k/ with subjunctive were in hypothetical meaning:

You talked to me as if you were my mother

He asked me as if were the professor

l/ Introductory subject : It is necessary to learn English./ It isvery kind of you to send me these flowers.

It is impolite/ improper to chew and talk at the same timein a Vietnamese meal.

It doesn t matter when you give it to me as long as you do.

It was such a shame that he treated his mother like that.

m/ Prepositional object:

I want to make sure by asking him again.

I am interested in learning English.

n/ Gerundial phrase as adverbial:On arriving there, I saw a lot of people./ I stand therespeechless without knowing what to do.

o/ To infinitive as attribute:

I have no reason to trust you./ I have nothing to lose/ I have afight to go.

i/ in which a zero article is used in front of a proper noun

Vietnamese is 1 of 10 Asean countries.

Provide briefly explanations for the use of the in thefollowing sentences:

a/ The computer I have access to is very powerful.The is used when the noun is definite by the contextor situation.b/The earth is moving through space at approximately

72,360 km/h.The is used because earth is a unique object. c/ Do you think the poor are getting poorer?The is used with an adjective to form substantivizedadjective.d/The dog is a faithful animal.The is used to classify a certain class from others. e/ What are you doing at the moment?The is used to express time and fixed timeexpressions.

2, Make 2 sentences in each case with the word well,when it is used as:

a/ A noun:

- I don t like seeing visitors throwing money into the well. - The well is very deep and dark.

b/ An adjective:

- I m not feeling well right now. - Peter is well.c/ An adverb:


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- My little sister dances very well.- He can do this job really well.

d/ A verb:

- Her anger welled up when she heard that news.- Tears were welling up in her eyes.e/ An interjection:

- Well, Really! What a thing to say!- Well, it can t be helped.

Make sentences with welcome

a/ Noun:

The delegation was given a red carpet welcome by thepresident./ When I came to his house, they received me with a

cold welcome.b/ Verb : Those changes are welcomed by everyone/ It s mygreat pleasure to welcome you to my house.

c /Adj: I would not expect that I would be a welcome guest athis home./The fine weather made a welcome change.

d/ Interjection : Welcome home/ Welcome to Hanoi/ Welcometo the show.

8. Is the sentence correct or incorrect? Explain. Give me 2 black beers, please. The sentence is correct. Beer first means a kind ofdrink and it s used as uncountable noun. Beer canalso mean glass of beer. In this meaning, beer is acountable noun therefore the sentence Give me 2black beers can be understood as Give me 2 glassesof black beer.

9, What is the difference between semi and half in

the English language? Give examples.- Semi and half both mean half. However, semi is

a bound morphemes and it can t stand alone as aderivational morpheme (prefix), it is often used to formnew words.

Semi-circle / Semi-conductor/ Semi-final/ Semi-skilled

- Half is a free morpheme and it can stand alone in asentence. As a pronoun, it can be used as a noun oran adjective.

The second half of the match/ half an hour/ half aload is better than no bread.

1. What is the different between the gerund and theto infinitive when they follow the verb toforget? When to forget is followed by a gerund, the gerundexpresses a past action happening before the momentof speech. When the verb to forget is followed by ato infinitive, the to infinitive expres ses a future actionto happen after the moment of speech indicated byforget. Eg: - I forget saving his number in my phone already.- I forgot to wear my helmet so I was fined.

- 3 , A. What is the use of ed in the English language?

- ed is a derivational morpheme, it is used to formadjective. Eg: absentminded, far-sighted, narrow-minded, cold- hearted, learned,

- ed is an inflectional affix expressing past tense.Eg: burned, played,

B. What is the use of er in the English langua ge?

- er is a derivational morpheme, it is used to formnew word, it can change the part of speech of theroot. Eg: worker, teacher, founder, learner, leader,employer,

- er is an inflectional morpheme to indicate thegrammaticality, especially, degree of comparison.Eg: drier, windier, hotter, deeper,

What is the difference between ful and full?

ful is a bound morpheme and cannot stand alone. Itis used as a derivational morpheme with the meaningof having the quality of or the amount that fillssomething.Eg: kids, be careful when you use the knife!

I need a spoonful of honey for my tea.This group has only a handful of members.While full is a free morpheme being able to standalone. It is an adjective meaning containing as much as

possible or h aving had enough to eat and drink. full


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can be used in the function of both an adj and acompliment.Eg: the bus is full, that s why I can t get on. Have you read the full report of vn economic situation?

I can t download the full text of his speech. Thank you for your delicious food. I am so full that Icannot eat any more.

9, Why are dare, need, used to called semi -modals?

They called semi-modals because they can be used asboth modal and full verb.

E.g:+ Dare you play truant in my lesson? (Modal verb)

She doesn t dare to go out in the evening. (Full verb)

+ You don t need to do those exercises right now (Full V)

Need I help you solving your problem? (Modal V)

+ I used to play football with my friends. (Full V)

Used you to think about that man? (Modal V)

10, What is the difference between used to do st andwould do st when both of them are used to denotesomething, usually happening in the past?

-Would do is often used with a time indicator while used todoesn t need such an indicator of time. E.g: - He used to playfootball with his friends.

-I used to think that she was a good student.

- When I was a child, my mother would often takeme to the zoo in summer.

11, What makes must different from have to whenthey were used to express obligation?

- In statement of obligation with must these obligationsnormally comes from the speaker.

E.g: You must finish your works before going home.

-To talk abo ut an obligation that comes from outside forinstance, regulations or orders from somebody else, orimposed by circumstances, we usually prefer have to.

E.g: She has to do a lot of extra works when moving tonew company.

- Note: to be to do st indicates necessity or obligationresulting from instruction or order which are not to bediscussed.

E.g: You are to meet director after class.

Explain the difference in the following sentence in term ofsubject-verb agreement and meaning:

A, the number o f q ues t ions in the se exam was twice a slarge as what I has expected

B, A num ber o f u sed bo oks w ere on sa l e as the ca r pa rk .

In sentence A, the word number is definite in thecontext and it is subject of the sentence. As it issingular in form the verb is also in singular form.

In sentence B, the word number is indefinite. It is apart of a compound which is used in the function ofattribute (pre- modifier) then the group used books isthe subject of the sentence; therefore the verb is usedin its plural form.

17, What is the difference between the 2 sentences interms of tense and aspect and meaning:

1, She lived in London for 5 years.

2, She has been living in London for 5 years.In sentence 1, the past simple is used to express an actionwhich happened during a certain period in the past andalready completed, having nothing to do with the present time.The action is indefinite in the time of occurrence. The speakernames the action only.

However in sentence 2, the present perfect continuous isused to express an action which started in the past andcontinued up to the present time and it hasn t yet finished. Thespeaker wants to mention the incompleteness of the actioncounting to the present.

What tense is used in each of the following sentences:

a/ Oanh loves roses : Simple present used to expressemotion, mental perception.

b/ Oil floats on water : Simple present used to expressgeneral timeless truth.

c/ Quang was sneezing all night long last night . Pastprogressive used to express the repetition in an ongoing pastaction.


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d/ Ms Lan and her husband are leaving for Beijingtomorrow morning . Present progressive used to express thefuture action.

e/ They will have left before you come to their house .Future perfect used to express an action that wont becompleted in the future prior to some other future times orevents.

Write a paragraph using present participle and gerund:

There are 20 students sitting in the English class. They aretalking about learning skills which can help them improve theirEnglish. They are discussing so enthusiastically. According tothem, in learning a language, the 4 major skills of listening,

speaking, reading and writing are all equally important.Explain the use of the underlined structures:

a. It seems very likely to happen, if it should, weneed to be well- prepared.should refers to the possibility, a possible event inthe future.

b. Never did I imagine anything so wonderful.Inversion is used to emphasize the negative adverbof frequency never

c. If possible, you should be here by 7 a.m.Reduced if clause used in the structure: if+possible/necessary/important

d. I cant forgive myself for having been fined.Gerund takes perfect passive form and acts as aprepositional object.

e. It was they who dug up the old scandal. Anticipatory it is used to make an emphasis.

f. Give me two small whiskies, please.Name of materials can be used for container

(whiskies =glasses of whiskies)

g. She is high up on airs. Article affected manners

h. We stay with the Smiths during the Summer.The+Name+s= the family Proper name in pluralform represents the family.

i. Can I borrow your steps for a while?step in plural form means ladder.

j. He has got very good looks.Look in plural form means appearance.

Intensifier is a class of word, generally adverb, used tomodify gradable adj, verb, or past participle.

Eg: she is very angry now.Some men are much frightened.I absolutely agree with her.

Repetition of the comparative can convey the idea ofgeneral increase or decrease:

Eg: consumption prices are getting higher and higher.The global climate becomes warmer and warmer.

The construction of the+ comparative the+comparative can show cause and effect relation.

Eg: the more he talks, the less reliable he becomes.The higher the tax is, the higher the price will be.

What is the difference between a defining and a non-defining clause?

- Non-defining clauses are placed after nouns which

are more or less definite in meaning. They nearlyadd some more information about the nouns. Theyaren t essential in a sentence and can, therefore,be omitted without causing confusion. Theseclauses are separated from their noun by a comma.

The objective for m whom for people and therelative pronoun which (not that) for things mustnot be omitted.


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The preposition is normally placed beforewhom/which, though it is possible in conversationto move the preposition to the end of the clause.The relative p ronoun which can also be used torefer to the whole clause.

- Defining clauses, on the other hand, limits or definesthe antecedent more clearly. They are not separatedfrom their nouns by a comma.These clauses are the essential part of the sentenceand cannot be omitted without causing confusion.

State the use of present perfect?-The present perfect is used to express connectionbetween a completed action and the present situation:

a/ It denotes an action which began in the past and stillcontinues in the present.E.g: I have worked for this company since 2001.b/ It expresses a past experience with current relevant.E.g: She has changed her phone number and emailaddress.

They have moved into a new house.c/ It denotes a very recent completed action.E.g: The boy has just broken another beautiful vase.d. It denotes an action that went on over time in thepast and it is completed at the moment of speech.E.g: Vietnam s export of rice has increased in the last 5years.

They have spared no efforts to look for thediamond ring.e/ It is used with verbs in subordinate clauses of timeand condition.E.g: I wont get married until I have turned 25.

If she has passed the exam with a distinction, she

can have that position.Explain the grammatical difference between theunderlined word:Running shoes/ running boy Running in running shoes is a gerund indicating thefunction of the Noun that it modifies while running inrunning boy is a present participle indicating theaction of the noun it modifies.


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grammar final

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