grammar book final
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Spanish 3 Grammar Concepts
Sancho Flynn
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Table of Contents1. El Pretérito2. Preterite Triggers3. Car, Gar, Zars4. Spock Verbs5. Snake Verbs6. Snakey Verbs7. Cucharacha Irregulars and Triggers8. El Imperfecto9. Imperfect Triggers10. Imperfect Irregulars11. Preterite vs. Imperfect12. Ser vs. Estar
13. Verbs Like Gustar14. Comparatives/Superlatives15. Transition Words16. El Futuro17. Future Irregulars18. Future Trigger Words19. Por20. Para
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El Pretérito
• Has a fixed point and time• Has a beginning and end• Events that happen a specific number of times• Events that were part of a chain of events• Used for sudden changes in mood, feelings, or
emotions
-é
-ar verbs
-aste
-ó
-amos
-asteis
-aron
-í
-iste
-ió
-imos
-isteis
-ieron
-er /-ir verbs
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Preterite Trigger Words
• There are many triggers words that make it a little easier to distinguish when the preterite is being used including:– Ayer, después, el mes pasado, entonces, anoche,
and el otro día
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Car, Gar, Zars
-qué
-caste
-có
-camos
-casteis
-caron
-car verbs
-gué
-gaste
-gó
-gamos
-gasteis
-garon
-gar verbs
-cé
-zaste
-zó
-zamos
-zasteis
-zaron
-zar verbs
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Spock Verbs
ser
ir dar
ver
hacer
fui
fuiste
fue
fuimos
fuisteis
fueron
ser and ir -í
-ió
-imos
-iste -isteis
-ieron
dar and ver
hice
hiciste
hizo
hicimos
hicisteis
hicieron
hacer
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Snake Verbs
• Irregular preterites that change only in 3rd person (he, she, it)
• Verbs change from e-i or o-u– An example for e-i would be decir which changes
to dij-– An example for o-u would be dormir which
changes durm-
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Snakey Verbs
• Like Snake Verbs, Snakey Verbs also change only in 3rd person
• Verbs change from i-y or e-y– An example for i-y would be oír which changes to
oy-– An example for e-y would be leer which changes
to ley-
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Cucaracha Irregulars
• Examples of these would be: Andar- anduv Estar- estuv Poder- pud Poner- pus Querer- quis Saber- sup Tener- tuv Venir- vin
-e
-iste
-o
-imos
-isteis
-ieronAll end in:
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El Imperfecto
• Actions that were repeated habitually• For telling time• For stating one’s age• For mental states (usually)• For physical sensations (usually)• To describe the characteristics of people, things or conditions• For actions that “set the stage” for another past action
-aba
-abas
-aba
-ábamos
-abais
-aban
-ar verbs-ía-ías
-ía
-íamos
-íais
-ían
-er/-ir verbs
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Imperfect Trigger Words
• There are a variety of imperfect trigger words including:– a veces, a menudo, mientras, muchas veces, todos
los días, and cada día
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Imperfect Irregulars
• As shown below, ser, ir, and ver are all examples of irregular imperfect verbs
era
eras
era
éramos
erais
eran
ser
iba
ibas
iba
íbamos
ibais
iban
ir
veía
veías
veía
veíamos
veíais
veían
ver
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Preterite vs. Imperfect
Preteri
te
• The recent past
• Indicates a continuous action
• Has beginning or end
Imp
erfect
• The distant past
• Indicates an interrupting action
• Has no definite beginning or end
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Ser vs. Estar
• Ser is associated with the acronym DOCTOR PED which stands for:– D: description– O: origin– C: characteristics– T: time– O: occupation– R: relationship– P: possession– E: events– D: dates
• Estar is associated with the acronym HELPING which stands for:– H: health– E: emotions– L: location– P: present condition– I– N– G
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Verbs Like Gustar
• Some verbs like gustar are:– Encantar: to love– Molestar: to bother– Faltar: to lack– Fascinar: to fascinate– Apetecer: to wish for– Disgustar: to disgust– Interesar: to interest
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Comparatives/Superlatives
• The formula for comparatives and superlatives are:– más + adjective + que (más meaning more and que
meaning than)• Same thing for less than which is menos + adjective + que
– Other words for comparatives/superlatives are:• Tan como (as…as), tanto como (as much as), and el más
• There are four irregulars in bueno, viejo, malo, and joven– bueno mejor viejo mayor– malo peor joven menor
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Transition Words
Aunque Even though
También Also
Mientras While
A pesar de In spite of
Pero But
Por lo tanto Therefore
Sin embargo/no obstante
Nevertheless
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El Futuro
• Infinitive + ending• I, You, He/She, We, You All, They WILL• The endings are the same for -ar, -ir, and –er• Ser, ir, and estar are actually regular
-é-ás-á
-emos-éis-án
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Future Irregulars
Decir dirHacer harSalir saldrTener tendrValer valdrVenir vendr
• The future of “Hay es habrá” = There will be
Poder podrQuerer querrSaber sabrCaber cabrHaber habr
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Future Trigger Words
• En ___días, horas, semanas, años• El proximo día, hora, semana, año• Mañana, or any day of the to come
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Por
Passing through… PORtalGeneral rather than specific location… PORtugalHow long something lasts… POReverThe cause of somethingAn exchange… imPORt/exPORtDoing something in place of or instead of
someone else… I’m POR, pay for meA means of transportation… transPORtation
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Para
For whom something is done… surprise PARAtyDestination… PARAguayThe purpose for which something is done…
PARAsitesTo express an opinion… PARAdon me, butTo contrast or comPARATo express idea of deadline… PARAmedic
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Grammar Book Part 2
Sancho Flynn
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Conditional & Irregulars
Conditional Tense Irregulars• The conditional is often used to express
probability, possibility, and wonder and is usually understood to be would, could, must have or probably. Here is the suffix you would add onto –ar, -er, and –ir verbs:
• There are 12 irregular verbs in the conditional tense.
• They are: caber (cabr-), poner (pondr-), decir (dira-) haber (habr-), salir (saldr-), hacer (har-), poder (podr-), tener (tendr-), querer (querr-), valer (valdr-), saber (sabr-), and venir (vendr-).
ía
ía
ías
íamos
íais
ían
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• The perfect tense is compound, formed with the verb haber and the past participle of another verb.– -ar verbs go to –ado; -er/-ir verbs go to –ido
• The action was completed recently.• The perfect tense is true in both the past and the
present.
Perfect Tense
he
has
ha
hemos
habeis
han
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• Poner puesto• Abrir abierto• Hacer hecho• Cubrir cubierto• Morir muerto• Escribir escrito• Volver vuelto• Decir dicho• Ir ido• Romper roto• Ver visto• Resolver resuelto
Perfect Tense Irregulars
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• The past perfect tense is formed by using the imperfect tense of the verb haber with the past participle.
• The past perfect tense is used when you had or have done something.
• Like the perfect tense, you drop the –ar and -er/-ir and add –ado and –ido.
Past Perfect Tense
había
habías
había
habíamos
habíais
habían
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• The subjunctive perfect tense is usually used to indicate that an action was completed with verbs in the present or perfect tense.– Used in the same types of clauses as the present
subjunctive.– Present subjunctive + past participle
Subjunctive Perfect Tense
haya
haya
hayas
hayamos
hayan
hayáis Past participle
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• We use ‘se’ to avoid specifying who is doing the action.
• The verb is always in the 3rd person when using ‘se.’– For example:• Se vende pan en el supermercado.
Impersonal Se
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• Saber– Used to express factual information.
• Yo no sé tu número de teléfono.
• Conocer– Associated with being unfamiliar with a person,
place, or object.• Yo no conozco a Sancho.
Saber vs. Conocer
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• Tan is used with adjectives and adverbs.– tan + adjective (adverb) + como– We are familiar with the phrase: tan…como (as…as)– Example: El libro es tan bueno como la película.
• Tanto is associated with nouns and adverbs.– tanto(-a,-os,-as) + noun + como– We are familiar with the phrase: tanto…como (as
many/much…as)– Example: Juan tiene tanto dinero como María.
Tan & Tanto
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• Affirmative:– Conjugate to the 3rd person endings: ar (a), er/ir (e)– Hablar habla Comer come escribir escribe
• Negative:– Conjugate to the tú form: ar (es), er/ir (as)– Hablar no hables Comer no comas Escribir no escribas
• Irregulars: di, haz, ve, pon, sal, sé, ten, ven• DOP/IOP:
– DOPs must be attached to the end of the affrimative command, and they must be placed in front of the command if it’s a negative command. • Example: Cómpralas, No las compres
– IOPs must be placed in front of DOPs when attached to the affirmative command and when it’s a negative command.• Example: Compramelo, No me lo compres
Informal Commands
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Formal Commands
• Usted:– Conjugate to the yo form, drop the O, and add the
opposite ending: ar (e), er/ir (a)• Ex: hablar hable comer coma escribir escriba
• Ustedes:– Conjugate to the yo form, drop the O, and add the
opposite ending of the third plural form: ar (en), er/ir (an)• Ex: hablar hablen comer coman escribir
escriban
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• Go to the yo form of the verb, drop the O and add the opposite nosotros form ending:– Comemos comamos
• Mono Verbs:– When you are making the verb reflexsive for nos,
you drop the s– Comemosnos Comemonos
Nosotros Commands
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• Indicative- facts, real, definite• Mood- attitudes, uncertainty, hypothetical• Put it in the yo form and change it to the
opposite ending: hablar hable, hables, hable, hablemos, hableís, hablen
• Que connects clauses• When there is no change in subject from
clause to clause, use infinitives.
Subjunctive
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• Car, gar, zar are the same they always are:– Conducir conduzca Decir diga Jugar
juegue Almorzar almuerce– Other irregulars are dar, estar, and saber.
• Hay haya
Subjunctive Irregulars
dé
des
den
demos
deís
den
dar
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• Impersonal Expressions:– Es bueno que, es malo que, es mejor que, es
importante que, es necesario que, es urgente que• All express a need, an order, or a desire
• Expressions of Emotion:– Sentir que, alegrarse que, temer que, esperar que• All express fear, joy, anger, regret, happiness, surprise,
and pity
Subjunctive Trigger Phrases
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• Serve the same function as they do in English (obviously)
• They are:– Este(a) (this), estos(as) (these)– Ese(a) (that), esos(as) (those)– Aquel(la) (that _ over there), aquellos(as) (those _
over there)
Demonstrative Adjectives & Pronouns